// -*- related-file-name: "../include/lcdf/string.hh" -*-
/*
 * string.{cc,hh} -- a String class with shared substrings
 * Eddie Kohler
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * Copyright (c) 2001-2012 Eddie Kohler
 * Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Meraki, Inc.
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, subject to the conditions
 * listed in the Click LICENSE file. These conditions include: you must
 * preserve this copyright notice, and you cannot mention the copyright
 * holders in advertising related to the Software without their permission.
 * The Software is provided WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. This
 * notice is a summary of the Click LICENSE file; the license in that file is
 * legally binding.
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
# include <config.h>
#endif
#include <lcdf/string.hh>
#include <lcdf/straccum.hh>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <lcdf/inttypes.h>

#ifndef likely
#define likely(x) (x)
#endif
#ifndef unlikely
#define unlikely(x) (x)
#endif

/** @file string.hh
 * @brief The LCDF String class.
 */

/** @class String
 * @brief A string of characters.
 *
 * The String class represents a string of characters.  Strings may be
 * constructed from C strings, characters, numbers, and so forth.  They may
 * also be added together.  The underlying character arrays are dynamically
 * allocated; String operations allocate and free memory as needed.  A String
 * and its substrings generally share memory.  Accessing a character by index
 * takes O(1) time; so does creating a substring.
 *
 * <h3>Out-of-memory strings</h3>
 *
 * When there is not enough memory to create a particular string, a special
 * "out-of-memory" string is returned instead. Out-of-memory strings are
 * contagious: the result of any concatenation operation involving an
 * out-of-memory string is another out-of-memory string. Thus, the final
 * result of a series of String operations will be an out-of-memory string,
 * even if the out-of-memory condition occurs in the middle.
 *
 * Out-of-memory strings have zero characters, but they aren't equal to other
 * empty strings.  If @a s is a normal String (even an empty string), and @a
 * oom is an out-of-memory string, then @a s @< @a oom.
 *
 * All out-of-memory strings are equal and share the same data(), which is
 * different from the data() of any other string.  See
 * String::out_of_memory_data().  The String::make_out_of_memory() function
 * returns an out-of-memory string.
 */

const char String::null_data = '\0';
const char String::oom_data = '\0';
const char String::bool_data[] = "true\0false";
const char String::int_data[] = "0\0001\0002\0003\0004\0005\0006\0007\0008\0009";

#if HAVE_STRING_PROFILING > 1
# define MEMO_INITIALIZER_TAIL , 0, 0
#else
# define MEMO_INITIALIZER_TAIL
#endif

const String::rep_t String::null_string_rep = {
    &null_data, 0, 0
};
const String::rep_t String::oom_string_rep = {
    &oom_data, 0, 0
};

#if HAVE_STRING_PROFILING
uint64_t String::live_memo_count;
uint64_t String::memo_sizes[55];
uint64_t String::live_memo_sizes[55];
uint64_t String::live_memo_bytes[55];
# if HAVE_STRING_PROFILING > 1
String::memo_t *String::live_memos[55];
# endif
#endif

/** @cond never */
String::memo_t *
String::create_memo(char *space, int dirty, int capacity)
{
    assert(capacity > 0 && capacity >= dirty);
    memo_t *memo;
    if (space)
	memo = reinterpret_cast<memo_t *>(space);
    else
	memo = reinterpret_cast<memo_t *>(new char[MEMO_SPACE + capacity]);
    if (memo) {
	memo->capacity = capacity;
	memo->dirty = dirty;
	memo->refcount = (space ? 0 : 1);
#if HAVE_STRING_PROFILING
	int bucket = profile_memo_size_bucket(dirty, capacity);
	++memo_sizes[bucket];
	++live_memo_sizes[bucket];
	live_memo_bytes[bucket] += capacity;
	++live_memo_count;
# if HAVE_STRING_PROFILING > 1
	memo->pprev = &live_memos[bucket];
	if ((memo->next = *memo->pprev))
	    memo->next->pprev = &memo->next;
	*memo->pprev = memo;
# endif
#endif
    }
    return memo;
}

void
String::delete_memo(memo_t *memo)
{
    assert(memo->capacity > 0);
    assert(memo->capacity >= memo->dirty);
#if HAVE_STRING_PROFILING
    int bucket = profile_memo_size_bucket(memo->dirty, memo->capacity);
    --live_memo_sizes[bucket];
    live_memo_bytes[bucket] -= memo->capacity;
    --live_memo_count;
# if HAVE_STRING_PROFILING > 1
    if ((*memo->pprev = memo->next))
	memo->next->pprev = memo->pprev;
# endif
#endif
    delete[] reinterpret_cast<char *>(memo);
}


#if HAVE_STRING_PROFILING
void
String::one_profile_report(StringAccum &sa, int i, int examples)
{
    if (i <= 16)
	sa << "memo_dirty_" << i;
    else if (i < 25) {
	uint32_t s = (i - 17) * 2 + 17;
	sa << "memo_cap_" << s << '_' << (s + 1);
    } else if (i < 29) {
	uint32_t s = (i - 25) * 8 + 33;
	sa << "memo_cap_" << s << '_' << (s + 7);
    } else {
	uint32_t s1 = (1U << (i - 23)) + 1;
	uint32_t s2 = (s1 - 1) << 1;
	sa << "memo_cap_" << s1 << '_' << s2;
    }
    sa << '\t' << live_memo_sizes[i] << '\t' << memo_sizes[i] << '\t' << live_memo_bytes[i] << '\n';
    if (examples) {
# if HAVE_STRING_PROFILING > 1
	for (memo_t *m = live_memos[i]; m; m = m->next) {
	    sa << "    [" << m->dirty << "] ";
	    uint32_t dirty = m->dirty;
	    if (dirty > 0 && m->real_data[dirty - 1] == '\0')
		--dirty;
	    sa.append(m->real_data, dirty > 128 ? 128 : dirty);
	    sa << '\n';
	}
# endif
    }
}

void
String::profile_report(StringAccum &sa, int examples)
{
    uint64_t all_live_sizes = 0, all_sizes = 0, all_live_bytes = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 55; ++i) {
	if (memo_sizes[i])
	    one_profile_report(sa, i, examples);
	all_live_sizes += live_memo_sizes[i];
	all_sizes += memo_sizes[i];
	all_live_bytes += live_memo_bytes[i];
    }
    sa << "memo_total\t" << all_live_sizes << '\t' << all_sizes << '\t' << all_live_bytes << '\n';
}
#endif

/** @endcond never */


/** @brief Construct a base-10 string representation of @a x. */
String::String(int x)
{
    if (x >= 0 && x < 10)
	assign_memo(int_data + 2 * x, 1, 0);
    else {
	char buf[128];
	sprintf(buf, "%d", x);
	assign(buf, -1, false);
    }
}

/** @overload */
String::String(unsigned x)
{
    if (x < 10)
	assign_memo(int_data + 2 * x, 1, 0);
    else {
	char buf[128];
	sprintf(buf, "%u", x);
	assign(buf, -1, false);
    }
}

/** @overload */
String::String(long x)
{
    if (x >= 0 && x < 10)
	assign_memo(int_data + 2 * x, 1, 0);
    else {
	char buf[128];
	sprintf(buf, "%ld", x);
	assign(buf, -1, false);
    }
}

/** @overload */
String::String(unsigned long x)
{
    if (x < 10)
	assign_memo(int_data + 2 * x, 1, 0);
    else {
	char buf[128];
	sprintf(buf, "%lu", x);
	assign(buf, -1, false);
    }
}

String::String(double x)
{
    char buf[128];
    int len = sprintf(buf, "%.12g", x);
    assign(buf, len, false);
}

String
String::make_claim(char *str, int len, int capacity)
{
    assert(str && len > 0 && capacity >= len);
    memo_t *new_memo = create_memo(str - MEMO_SPACE, len, capacity);
    return String(str, len, new_memo);
}

String
String::make_stable(const char *s, int len)
{
    if (len < 0)
	len = (s ? strlen(s) : 0);
    return String(s, len, 0);
}

String
String::make_fill(int c, int len)
{
    String s;
    s.append_fill(c, len);
    return s;
}

void
String::assign_out_of_memory()
{
    if (_r.memo)
	deref();
    _r.memo = 0;
    _r.data = &oom_data;
    _r.length = 0;
}

void
String::assign(const char *s, int len, bool need_deref)
{
    if (!s) {
	assert(len <= 0);
	len = 0;
    } else if (len < 0)
	len = strlen(s);

    // need to start with dereference
    if (need_deref) {
	if (unlikely(_r.memo
		     && s >= _r.memo->real_data
		     && s + len <= _r.memo->real_data + _r.memo->capacity)) {
	    // Be careful about "String s = ...; s = s.c_str();"
	    _r.data = s;
	    _r.length = len;
	    return;
	} else
	    deref();
    }

    if (len == 0) {
	_r.memo = 0;
	_r.data = (s == &oom_data ? s : &null_data);

    } else {
	// Make the memo a multiple of 16 characters and bigger than 'len'.
	int memo_capacity = (len + 15 + MEMO_SPACE) & ~15;
	_r.memo = create_memo(0, len, memo_capacity - MEMO_SPACE);
	if (!_r.memo) {
	    assign_out_of_memory();
	    return;
	}
	memcpy(_r.memo->real_data, s, len);
	_r.data = _r.memo->real_data;
    }

    _r.length = len;
}

/** @brief Append @a len unknown characters to this string.
 * @return Modifiable pointer to the appended characters.
 *
 * The caller may safely modify the returned memory. Null is returned if
 * the string becomes out-of-memory. */
char *
String::append_uninitialized(int len)
{
    // Appending anything to "out of memory" leaves it as "out of memory"
    if (unlikely(len <= 0) || out_of_memory())
	return 0;

    // If we can, append into unused space. First, we check that there's
    // enough unused space for 'len' characters to fit; then, we check
    // that the unused space immediately follows the data in '*this'.
    uint32_t dirty;
    if (_r.memo
	&& ((dirty = _r.memo->dirty), _r.memo->capacity > dirty + len)) {
	char *real_dirty = _r.memo->real_data + dirty;
	if (real_dirty == _r.data + _r.length) {
	    _r.memo->dirty = dirty + len;
	    _r.length += len;
	    assert(_r.memo->dirty < _r.memo->capacity);
#if HAVE_STRING_PROFILING
	    profile_update_memo_dirty(_r.memo, dirty, dirty + len, _r.memo->capacity);
#endif
	    return real_dirty;
	}
    }

    // Now we have to make new space. Make sure the memo is a multiple of 16
    // bytes and that it is at least 16. But for large strings, allocate a
    // power of 2, since power-of-2 sizes minimize waste in frequently-used
    // allocators, like Linux kmalloc.
    int want_memo_len = _r.length + len + MEMO_SPACE;
    int memo_capacity;
    if (want_memo_len <= 1024)
	memo_capacity = (want_memo_len + 15) & ~15;
    else
	for (memo_capacity = 2048; memo_capacity < want_memo_len; )
	    memo_capacity *= 2;

    memo_t *new_memo = create_memo(0, _r.length + len, memo_capacity - MEMO_SPACE);
    if (!new_memo) {
	assign_out_of_memory();
	return 0;
    }

    char *new_data = new_memo->real_data;
    memcpy(new_data, _r.data, _r.length);

    deref();
    _r.data = new_data;
    new_data += _r.length;	// now new_data points to the garbage
    _r.length += len;
    _r.memo = new_memo;
    return new_data;
}

void
String::append(const char *s, int len, memo_t *memo)
{
    if (!s) {
	assert(len <= 0);
	len = 0;
    } else if (len < 0)
	len = strlen(s);

    if (s == &oom_data)
	// Appending "out of memory" to a regular string makes it "out of
	// memory"
	assign_out_of_memory();
    else if (len == 0)
	/* do nothing */;
    else if (_r.length == 0 && memo && !out_of_memory()) {
	deref();
	assign_memo(s, len, memo);
    } else if (likely(!(_r.memo
			&& s >= _r.memo->real_data
			&& s + len <= _r.memo->real_data + _r.memo->capacity))) {
	if (char *space = append_uninitialized(len))
	    memcpy(space, s, len);
    } else {
	String preserve_s(*this);
	if (char *space = append_uninitialized(len))
	    memcpy(space, s, len);
    }
}

/** @brief Append @a len copies of character @a c to this string. */
void
String::append_fill(int c, int len)
{
    assert(len >= 0);
    if (char *space = append_uninitialized(len))
	memset(space, c, len);
}

/** @brief Ensure the string's data is unshared and return a mutable
    pointer to it. */
char *
String::mutable_data()
{
    // If _memo has a capacity (it's not one of the special strings) and it's
    // uniquely referenced, return _data right away.
    if (_r.memo && _r.memo->refcount == 1)
	return const_cast<char *>(_r.data);

    // Otherwise, make a copy of it. Rely on: deref() doesn't change _data or
    // _length; and if _capacity == 0, then deref() doesn't free _real_data.
    assert(!_r.memo || _r.memo->refcount > 1);
    // But in multithreaded situations we must hold a local copy of memo!
    String do_not_delete_underlying_memo(*this);
    deref();
    assign(_r.data, _r.length, false);
    return const_cast<char *>(_r.data);
}

char *
String::mutable_c_str()
{
    (void) mutable_data();
    (void) c_str();
    return const_cast<char *>(_r.data);
}

/** @brief Return a substring of this string, consisting of the @a len
    characters starting at index @a pos.
    @param pos substring's first position relative to the string
    @param len length of substring

    If @a pos is negative, starts that far from the end of the string. If @a
    len is negative, leaves that many characters off the end of the string.
    If @a pos and @a len specify a substring that is partly outside the
    string, only the part within the string is returned. If the substring is
    beyond either end of the string, returns an empty string (but this
    should be considered a programming error; a future version may generate
    a warning for this case).

    @note String::substring() is intended to behave like Perl's substr(). */
String
String::substring(int pos, int len) const
{
    if (pos < 0)
	pos += _r.length;

    int pos2;
    if (len < 0)
	pos2 = _r.length + len;
    else if (pos >= 0 && len >= _r.length) // avoid integer overflow
	pos2 = _r.length;
    else
	pos2 = pos + len;

    if (pos < 0)
	pos = 0;
    if (pos2 > _r.length)
	pos2 = _r.length;

    if (pos >= pos2)
	return String();
    else
	return String(_r.data + pos, pos2 - pos, _r.memo);
}

int
String::find_left(char c, int start) const
{
    if (start < 0)
	start = 0;
    for (int i = start; i < _r.length; i++)
	if (_r.data[i] == c)
	    return i;
    return -1;
}

int
String::find_left(const String &str, int start) const
{
    if (start < 0)
	start = 0;
    int max_pos = length() - str.length();
    for (int i = start; i <= max_pos; ++i)
	if (memcmp(_r.data + i, str.data(), str.length()) == 0)
	    return i;
    return -1;
}

int
String::find_right(char c, int start) const
{
    if (start >= _r.length)
	start = _r.length - 1;
    for (int i = start; i >= 0; i--)
	if (_r.data[i] == c)
	    return i;
    return -1;
}

static String
hard_lower(const String &s, int pos)
{
    String new_s(s.data(), s.length());
    char *x = const_cast<char *>(new_s.data()); // know it's mutable
    int len = s.length();
    for (; pos < len; pos++)
	x[pos] = tolower((unsigned char) x[pos]);
    return new_s;
}

/** @brief Return a lowercased version of this string.

    Translates the ASCII characters 'A' through 'Z' into their lowercase
    equivalents. */
String
String::lower() const
{
    // avoid copies
    if (!out_of_memory())
	for (int i = 0; i < _r.length; i++)
	    if (_r.data[i] >= 'A' && _r.data[i] <= 'Z')
		return hard_lower(*this, i);
    return *this;
}

static String
hard_upper(const String &s, int pos)
{
    String new_s(s.data(), s.length());
    char *x = const_cast<char *>(new_s.data()); // know it's mutable
    int len = s.length();
    for (; pos < len; pos++)
	x[pos] = toupper((unsigned char) x[pos]);
    return new_s;
}

/** @brief Return an uppercased version of this string.

    Translates the ASCII characters 'a' through 'z' into their uppercase
    equivalents. */
String
String::upper() const
{
    // avoid copies
    for (int i = 0; i < _r.length; i++)
	if (_r.data[i] >= 'a' && _r.data[i] <= 'z')
	    return hard_upper(*this, i);
    return *this;
}

static String
hard_printable(const String &s, int pos, int type)
{
    StringAccum sa(s.length() * 2);
    sa.append(s.data(), pos);
    const unsigned char *x = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(s.data());
    int len = s.length();
    for (; pos < len; pos++) {
	if (x[pos] >= 32 && x[pos] < 127)
	    sa << x[pos];
	else if (x[pos] < 32 && type != 1)
	    sa << '^' << (unsigned char)(x[pos] + 64);
	else if (char *buf = sa.extend(4, 1))
	    sprintf(buf, "\\%03o", x[pos]);
    }
    return sa.take_string();
}

/** @brief Return a "printable" version of this string.
    @param type quoting type

    The default quoting type (0) translates control characters 0-31 into
    "control" sequences, such as "^@" for the null character, and characters
    127-255 into octal escape sequences, such as "\377" for 255. Quoting
    type 1 translates all characters outside of 32-126 into octal escape
    sequences. */
String
String::printable(int type) const
{
    // avoid copies
    if (!out_of_memory())
	for (int i = 0; i < _r.length; i++)
	    if (_r.data[i] < 32 || _r.data[i] > 126)
		return hard_printable(*this, i, type);
    return *this;
}

hashcode_t
String::hashcode(const char *begin, const char *end)
{
    if (end <= begin)
	return 0;

    uint32_t hash = end - begin;
    int rem = hash & 3;
    end -= rem;
    uint32_t last16;

#if !HAVE_INDIFFERENT_ALIGNMENT
    if (!(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(begin) & 1)) {
#endif
#define get16(p) (*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t *>((p)))
	for (; begin != end; begin += 4) {
	    hash += get16(begin);
	    uint32_t tmp = (get16(begin + 2) << 11) ^ hash;
	    hash = (hash << 16) ^ tmp;
	    hash += hash >> 11;
	}
	if (rem >= 2) {
	    last16 = get16(begin);
	    goto rem2;
	}
#undef get16
#if !HAVE_INDIFFERENT_ALIGNMENT
    } else {
# if WORDS_BIGENDIAN
#  define get16(p) (((unsigned char) (p)[0] << 8) + (unsigned char) (p)[1])
# elif WORDS_LITTLEENDIAN
#  define get16(p) ((unsigned char) (p)[0] + ((unsigned char) (p)[1] << 8))
# else
#  error "unknown byte order"
# endif
	// should be exactly the same as the code above
	for (; begin != end; begin += 4) {
	    hash += get16(begin);
	    uint32_t tmp = (get16(begin + 2) << 11) ^ hash;
	    hash = (hash << 16) ^ tmp;
	    hash += hash >> 11;
	}
	if (rem >= 2) {
	    last16 = get16(begin);
	    goto rem2;
	}
# undef get16
    }
#endif

    /* Handle end cases */
    if (0) {			// weird organization avoids uninitialized
      rem2:			// variable warnings
	if (rem == 3) {
	    hash += last16;
	    hash ^= hash << 16;
	    hash ^= ((unsigned char) begin[2]) << 18;
	    hash += hash >> 11;
	} else {
	    hash += last16;
	    hash ^= hash << 11;
	    hash += hash >> 17;
	}
    } else if (rem == 1) {
	hash += (unsigned char) *begin;
	hash ^= hash << 10;
	hash += hash >> 1;
    }

    /* Force "avalanching" of final 127 bits */
    hash ^= hash << 3;
    hash += hash >> 5;
    hash ^= hash << 4;
    hash += hash >> 17;
    hash ^= hash << 25;
    hash += hash >> 6;

    return hash;
}

#if 0
// 11.Apr.2008 -- This old hash function was swapped out in favor of
// SuperFastHash, above.
hashcode_t
String::hashcode() const
{
    int l = length();
    const char *d = data();
    if (!l)
	return 0;
    else if (l == 1)
	return d[0] | (d[0] << 8);
    else if (l < 4)
	return d[0] + (d[1] << 3) + (l << 12);
    else
	return d[0] + (d[1] << 8) + (d[2] << 16) + (d[3] << 24)
	    + (l << 12) + (d[l-1] << 10);
}
#endif

bool
String::equals(const char *s, int len) const
{
    // It'd be nice to make "out-of-memory" strings compare unequal to
    // anything, even themselves, but this would be a bad idea for Strings
    // used as (for example) keys in hashtables. Instead, "out-of-memory"
    // strings compare unequal to other null strings, but equal to each other.
    if (len < 0)
	len = strlen(s);
    if (_r.length != len)
	return false;
    else if (_r.data == s)
	return true;
    else if (len == 0)
	return (s != &oom_data && _r.data != &oom_data);
    else
	return memcmp(_r.data, s, len) == 0;
}

bool
String::starts_with(const char *s, int len) const
{
    // See note on equals() re: "out-of-memory" strings.
    if (len < 0)
	len = strlen(s);
    if (_r.length < len)
	return false;
    else if (_r.data == s)
	return true;
    else if (len == 0)
	return (s != &oom_data && _r.data != &oom_data);
    else
	return memcmp(_r.data, s, len) == 0;
}

int
String::compare(const char *s, int len) const
{
    if (len < 0)
	len = strlen(s);
    if (_r.data == s)
	return _r.length - len;
    else if (_r.data == &oom_data)
	return 1;
    else if (s == &oom_data)
	return -1;
    else if (_r.length == len)
	return memcmp(_r.data, s, len);
    else if (_r.length < len) {
	int v = memcmp(_r.data, s, _r.length);
	return (v ? v : -1);
    } else {
	int v = memcmp(_r.data, s, len);
	return (v ? v : 1);
    }
}

void
String::align(int n)
{
    int offset = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(_r.data) % n;
    if (offset) {
	String s;
	s.append_uninitialized(_r.length + n + 1);
	offset = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(s._r.data) % n;
	memcpy((char *)s._r.data + n - offset, _r.data, _r.length);
	s._r.data += n - offset;
	s._r.length = _r.length;
	*this = s;
    }
}
