@ngdoc overview
@name Migrating from Previous Versions
@sortOrder 550
@description

# Migrating an App to a newer version

Minor version releases in AngularJS introduce several breaking changes that may require changes to your
application's source code; for instance from 1.0 to 1.2 and from 1.2 to 1.3.

Although we try to avoid breaking changes, there are some cases where it is unavoidable:

* AngularJS has undergone thorough security reviews to make applications safer by default,
which drives many of these changes.
* Several new features, especially animations, would not be possible without a few changes.
* Finally, some outstanding bugs were best fixed by changing an existing API.



## Contents

<ul class="nav nav-list">
  <li>{@link guide/migration#migrating-from-1-4-to-1-5 Migrating from 1.4 to 1.5}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#migrating-from-1-3-to-1-4 Migrating from 1.3 to 1.4}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#migrating-from-1-2-to-1-3 Migrating from 1.2 to 1.3}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#migrating-from-1-0-to-1-2 Migrating from 1.0 to 1.2}</li>
</ul>





## Migrating from 1.4 to 1.5

Angular 1.5 takes a big step towards preparing developers for a smoother transition to Angular 2 in
the future. Architecting your applications using components, multi-slot transclusion, one-way
bindings in isolate scopes, using lifecycle hooks in directive controllers and relying on native ES6
features (such as classes and arrow functions) are now all possible with Angular 1.5.


This release includes numerous bug and security fixes, as well as performance improvements to core
services, directives, filters and helper functions. Existing applications can start enjoying the
benefits of such changes in `$compile`, `$parse`, `$animate`, `$animateCss`, `$sanitize`, `ngOptions`,
`currencyFilter`, `numberFilter`, `copy()` (to name but a few) without any change in code.

New features have been added to more than a dozen services, directives and filters across 8 modules.
Among them, a few stand out:

* `angular.component()`: Introducing "components", a special sort of directive that are easy to
  configure and promote best practices (plus can bring Angular 1 applications closer to Angular 2's
  style of architecture).
* Multi-slot transclusion: Enabling the design of more powerful and complex UI elements with a much
  simpler configuration and reduced boilerplate.
* `$onInit` lifecycle hook: Introducing a new lifecycle hook for directive controllers, called after
  all required controllers have been constructed. This enables access to required controllers from
  a directive's controller, without having to rely on the linking function.
* `ngAnimateSwap`: A new directive in `ngAnimate`, making it super easy to create rotating
  banner-like components.
* Testing helpers: New helper functions in `ngMock`, simplifying testing for animations, component
  controllers and routing.

Also, notable is the improved support for ES6 features, such as classes and arrow functions. These
features are now more reliably detected and correctly handled within the core.


All this goodness doesn't come without a price, though. Below is a list of breaking changes (grouped
by module) that need to be taken into account while migrating from 1.4. Fortunately, the majority of
them should have a pretty low impact on most applications.


### Core

We tried to keep the breaking changes inside the core components to a bare minimum. Still, a few of
them were unavoidable.

#### Services (`$parse`)

Due to [0ea53503](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/0ea535035a3a1a992948490c3533bffb83235052),
a new special property, `$locals`, will be available for accessing the locals from an expression.
This is a breaking change, only if a `$locals` property does already exist (and needs to be
referenced) either on the `scope` or on the `locals` object. Your expressions should be changed to
access such existing properties as `this.$locals` and `$locals.$locals` respectively.


#### Directives (`ngOptions`)

A fair amount of work has been put into the `ngOptions` directive, fixing bugs and corner-cases and
neutralizing browser quirks. A couple of breaking changes were made in the process:

Due to [b71d7c3f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/b71d7c3f3c04e65b02d88b33c22dd90ae3cdfc27),
falsy values (`''`, `0`, `false` and `null`) are properly recognized as option group identifiers for
options passed to `ngOptions`. Previously, all of these values were ignored and the option was not
assigned to any group. `undefined` is still interpreted as "no group".
If you have options with falsy group indentifiers that should still not be assigned to any group,
then you must filter the values before passing them to `ngOptions`, converting falsy values to
`undefined`.

Due to [ded25187](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/ded2518756d4409fdfda0d4af243f2125bea01b5),
`ngOptions` now explicitly requires `ngModel` on the same element, thus an error will be thrown if
`ngModel` is not found. Previously, `ngOptions` would silently fail, which could lead to
hard-to-debug errors.
This is not expected to have any significant impact on applications, since `ngOptions` didn't work
without `ngModel` before either. The main difference is that now it will fail with a more
informative error message.


#### Filters (`orderBy`)

Due to [2a85a634](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/2a85a634f86c84f15b411ce009a3515fca7ba580),
passing a non-array-like value (other than `undefined` or `null`) through the `orderBy` filter will
throw an error. Previously, the input was returned unchanged, which could lead to hard-to-spot bugs
and was not consistent with other filters (e.g. `filter`).
Objects considered array-like include: arrays, array subclasses, strings, NodeLists,
jqLite/jQuery collections


### ngAria

Due to [d06431e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/d06431e5309bb0125588877451dc79b935808134),
the `ngAria`-enhanced directives (e.g. `ngModel`, `ngDisabled` etc) will not apply ARIA attributes
to native inputs, unless necessary. Previously, ARIA attributes were always applied to native
inputs, despite this being unnecessary in most cases.
In the context of `ngAria`, elements considered "native inputs" include:
`<a>`, `<button>`, `<details>`, `<input>`, `<select>`, `<summary>`, `<textarea>`

This change will not affect the accessibility of your applications (since native inputs are
accessible by default), but if you relied on ARIA attributes being present on native inputs (for
whatever reason), you'll have to add and update them manually.

Additionally, the `aria-multiline` attribute, which was previously added to elements with a `type`
or `role` of `textbox`, will not be added anymore, since there is no way `ngAria` can tell if the
textbox element is multiline or not.
If you relied on `aria-multiline="true"` being automatically added by `ngAria`, you need to apply it
yourself. E.g. change your code from `<div role="textbox" ng-model="..." ...>` to
`<div role="textbox" ng-model="..." ... aria-multiline="true">`.


### ngMessages (`ngMessage`)

Due to [4971ef12](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/4971ef12d4c2c268cb8d26f90385dc96eba19db8),
the `ngMessage` directive is now compiled with a priority of 1, which means directives on the same
element as `ngMessage` with a priority lower than 1 will be applied when `ngMessage` calls its
`$transclude` function. Previously, they were applied during the initial compile phase and were
passed the comment element created by the transclusion of `ngMessage`.
If you have custom directives that relied on the previous behavior, you need to give them a priority
of 1 or greater.


### ngResource (`$resource`)

The `$resource` service underwent a minor internal refactoring to finally solve a long-standing bug
preventing requests from being cancelled using promises. Due to the nature of `$resource`'s
configuration, it was not possible to follow the `$http` convention. A new `$cancelRequest()` method
was introduced instead.

Due to [98528be3](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/98528be311b48269ba0e15ba4e3e2ad9b89693a9),
using a promise as `timeout` in `$resource` is no longer supported and will log a warning. This is
hardly expected to affect the behavior of your application, since a promise as `timeout` didn't work
before either, but it will now warn you explicitly when trying to pass one.
If you need to be able to cancel pending requests, you can now use the new `$cancelRequest()` that
will be available on `$resource` instances.


### ngRoute (`ngView`)

Due to [983b0598](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/983b0598121a8c5a3a51a30120e114d7e3085d4d),
a new property will be available on the scope of the route, allowing easy access to the route's
resolved values from the view's template. The default name for this property is `$resolve`. This is
a breaking change, only if a `$resolve` property is already available on the scope, in which case
the existing property will be hidden or overwritten.
To fix this, you should choose a custom name for this property, that does not collide with other
properties on the scope, by specifying the `resolveAs` property on the route.


### ngSanitize (`$sanitize`, `linky`)

The HTML sanitizer has been re-implemented using inert documents, increasing security, fixing some
corner-cases that were difficult to handle and reducing its size by about 20% (in terms of loc). In
order to make it more secure by default, a couple of breaking changes have been introduced:

Due to [181fc567](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/181fc567d873df065f1e84af7225deb70a8d2eb9),
SVG support in `$sanitize` is now an opt-in feature (i.e. disabled by default), as it could make
an application vulnerable to click-hijacking attacks. If your application relies on it, you can
still turn it on with `$sanitizeProvider.enableSvg(true)`, but you extra precautions need to be
taken in order to keep your application secure. Read the documentation for more information about
the dangers and ways to mitigate them.

Due to [7a668cdd](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7a668cdd7d08a7016883eb3c671cbcd586223ae8),
the `$sanitize` service will now remove instances of the `<use>` tag from the content passed to it.
This element is used to import external SVG resources, which is a security risk as the `$sanitize`
service does not have access to the resource in order to sanitize it.

Similarly, due to [234053fc](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/234053fc9ad90e0d05be7e8359c6af66be94c094),
the `$sanitize` service will now also remove instances of the `usemap` attribute from any elements
passed to it. This attribute is used to reference another element by `name` or `id`. Since the
`name` and `id` attributes are already blacklisted, a sanitized `usemap` attribute could only
reference unsanitized content, which is a security risk.

Due to [98c2db7f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/98c2db7f9c2d078a408576e722407d518c7ee10a),
passing a non-string value (other than `undefined` or `null`) through the `linky` filter will throw
an error. This is not expected to have any significant impact on applications, since the input was
always assumed to be of type 'string', so passing non-string values never worked correctly anyway.
The main difference is that now it will fail faster and with a more informative error message.


## ngTouch (`ngClick`)

Due to [0dfc1dfe](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/0dfc1dfebf26af7f951f301c4e3848ac46f05d7f),
the `ngClick` override directive from the `ngTouch` module is **deprecated and disabled by default**.
This means that on touch-based devices, users might now experience a 300ms delay before a click
event is fired.

If you rely on this directive, you can still enable it using
`$touchProvider.ngClickOverrideEnabled()`:

```js
angular.module('myApp').config(function($touchProvider) {
  $touchProvider.ngClickOverrideEnabled(true);
});
```

Going forward, we recommend using [FastClick](https://github.com/ftlabs/fastclick) or perhaps one of
the [Angular 3rd party touch-related modules](http://ngmodules.org/tags/touch) that provide similar
functionality.

Also note that modern browsers already remove the 300ms delay under some circumstances:

- **Chrome and Firefox for Android** remove the 300ms delay when the well-known
  `<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">` is set.
- **Internet Explorer** removes the delay, when the `touch-action` css property is set to `none` or
  `manipulation`.
- Since **iOS 8, Safari** removes the delay on so-called "slow taps".

For more info on the topic, you can take a look at this
[article by Telerik](http://developer.telerik.com/featured/300-ms-click-delay-ios-8/).

<div class="alert alert-warning">
  **Note:** This change does **not** affect the `ngSwipe` directive.
</div>





## Migrating from 1.3 to 1.4

Angular 1.4 fixes major animation issues and introduces a new API for `ngCookies`. Further, there
are changes to `ngMessages`, `$compile`, `ngRepeat`, `ngOptions `and some fixes to core filters:
`limitTo` and `filter`.

The reason for the ngAnimate refactor was to fix timing issues and to expose new APIs to allow
for developers to construct more versatile animations.  We now have access to `$animateCss`
and the many timing-oriented bugs were fixed which results in smoother animations.
If animation is something of interest, then please read over the breaking changes below for animations when
`ngAnimate` is used.

`ngMessages` has been upgraded to allow for dynamic message resolution. This handy feature allows for developers
to render error messages with ngMessages that are listed with a directive such as ngRepeat. A great usecase for this
involves pulling error message data from a server and then displaying that data via the mechanics of ngMessages. Be
sure to read the breaking change involved with `ngMessagesInclude` to upgrade your template code.

Other changes, such as the ordering of elements with ngRepeat and ngOptions, may also affect the behavior of your
application. And be sure to also read up on the changes to `$cookies`. The migration jump from 1.3 to 1.4 should be
relatively straightforward otherwise.




### Animation (`ngAnimate`)

Animations in 1.4 have been refactored internally, but the API has stayed much the same. There are, however,
some breaking changes that need to be addressed when upgrading to 1.4.

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
JavaScript and CSS animations can no longer be run in
parallel. With earlier versions of ngAnimate, both CSS and JS animations
would be run together when multiple animations were detected. This
feature has been removed, however, the same effect, with even more
possibilities, can be achieved by injecting `$animateCss` into a
JavaScript-defined animation and creating custom CSS-based animations
from there.

By using `$animateCss` inside of a JavaScript animation in Angular 1.4, we can trigger custom CSS-based animations
directly from our JavaScript code.

```js
ngModule.animation('.slide-animation', ['$animateCss', function($animateCss) {
  return {
    enter: function(element, doneFn) {
      // this will trigger a `.ng-enter` and `.ng-enter-active` CSS animation
      var animation = $animateCss(element, {
        event: 'enter'
        // any other CSS-related properties
        //   addClass: 'some-class',
        //   removeClass: 'some-other-class',
        //   from: {},
        //   to: {}
      });

      // make sure to read the ngAnimate docs to understand how this works
      animation.start().done(doneFn);
    }
  }
}]);
```

{@link ngAnimate.$animateCss Click here to learn how to use $animateCss in your animation code}

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
animation-related callbacks are now fired on `$animate.on` instead of directly being on the element.

```js
// < 1.4
element.on('$animate:before', function(e, data) {
  if (data.event === 'enter') { ... }
});
element.off('$animate:before', fn);

// 1.4+
$animate.on('enter', element, function(data) {
  //...
});
$animate.off('enter', element, fn);
```

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
the function params for `$animate.enabled()` when an element is used are now flipped. This fix allows
the function to act as a getter when a single element param is provided.

```js
// < 1.4
$animate.enabled(false, element);

// 1.4+
$animate.enabled(element, false);
```

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
in addition to disabling the children of the element, `$animate.enabled(element, false)` will now also
disable animations on the element itself.

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
there is no need to call `$scope.$apply` or `$scope.$digest` inside of a animation promise callback anymore
since the promise is resolved within a digest automatically. (Not to worry, any extra digests will not be
run unless the promise is used.)

```js
// < 1.4
$animate.enter(element).then(function() {
  $scope.$apply(function() {
    $scope.explode = true;
  });
});

// 1.4+
$animate.enter(element).then(function() {
  $scope.explode = true;
});
```

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
when an enter, leave or move animation is triggered then it will always end any pending or active parent
class based animations (animations triggered via ngClass) in order to ensure that any CSS styles are resolved in time.




### Forms (`ngMessages`, `ngOptions`, `select`)

#### ngMessages
The ngMessages module has also been subject to an internal refactor to allow it to be more flexible
and compatible with dynamic message data. The `ngMessage` directive now supports a new attribute
called `ng-message-exp` which will evaluate an expression and will keep track of that expression
as it changes in order to re-evaluate the listed messages.

[Click here to learn more about dynamic ng-messages](https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ngMessages#dynamic-messaging)

There is only one breaking change. Please consider the following when including remote
message templates via `ng-messages-include`:

Due to [c9a4421f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c9a4421fc3c97448527eadef1f42eb2f487ec2e0),
the `ngMessagesInclude` attribute has now been removed and cannot be used in the same element containing
the `ngMessages` directive. Instead, `ngMessagesInclude` is to be used on its own element inline with
other inline messages situated as children within the `ngMessages` container directive.

```html
<!-- AngularJS 1.3.x -->
<div ng-messages="model.$error" ng-messages-include="remote.html">
  <div ng-message="required">Your message is required</div>
</div>

<!-- AngularJS 1.4.x -->
<div ng-messages="model.$error">
  <div ng-message="required">Your message is required</div>
  <div ng-messages-include="remote.html"></div>
</div>
```

Depending on where the `ngMessagesInclude` directive is placed it will be prioritized inline with the other messages
before and after it.

Also due to [c9a4421f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c9a4421fc3c97448527eadef1f42eb2f487ec2e0),
it is no longer possible to use interpolation inside the `ngMessages` attribute expression. This technique
is generally not recommended, and can easily break when a directive implementation changes. In cases
where a simple expression is not possible, you can delegate accessing the object to a function:

```html
<div ng-messages="ctrl.form['field_{{$index}}'].$error">...</div>
```
would become
```html
<div ng-messages="ctrl.getMessages($index)">...</div>
```
where `ctrl.getMessages()`
```javascript
ctrl.getMessages = function($index) {
  return ctrl.form['field_' + $index].$error;
}
```

#### ngOptions

The `ngOptions` directive has also been refactored and as a result some long-standing bugs
have been fixed. The breaking changes are comparatively minor and should not affect most applications.

Due to [7fda214c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7fda214c4f65a6a06b25cf5d5aff013a364e9cef),
when `ngOptions` renders the option values within the DOM, the resulting HTML code is different.
Normally this should not affect your application at all, however, if your code relies on inspecting
the value property of `<option>` elements (that `ngOptions` generates) then be sure
to [read the details](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7fda214c4f65a6a06b25cf5d5aff013a364e9cef).

Due to [7fda214c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7fda214c4f65a6a06b25cf5d5aff013a364e9cef),
when iterating over an object's properties using the `(key, value) in obj` syntax
the order of the elements used to be sorted alphabetically. This was an artificial
attempt to create a deterministic ordering since browsers don't guarantee the order.
But in practice this is not what people want and so this change iterates over properties
in the order they are returned by Object.keys(obj), which is almost always the order
in which the properties were defined.

Also due to [7fda214c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7fda214c4f65a6a06b25cf5d5aff013a364e9cef),
setting the ngOptions attribute expression after the element is compiled, will no longer trigger the ngOptions behavior.
This worked previously because the ngOptions logic was part of the select directive, while
it is now implemented in the ngOptions directive itself.

#### select

Due to [7fda214c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7fda214c4f65a6a06b25cf5d5aff013a364e9cef),
the `select` directive will now use strict comparison of the `ngModel` scope value against `option`
values to determine which option is selected. This means non-string scope values (such as `Number` or `Boolean`)
will not be matched against equivalent option strings (such as the strings `"123"`, `"true"` or `"false"`).

In Angular 1.3.x, setting `scope.x = 200` would select the option with the value 200 in the following `select`:

```
<select ng-model="x">
  <option value="100">100</option>
  <option value="200">200</option>
</select>
```

In Angular 1.4.x, the 'unknown option' will be selected.

To remedy this, you can initialize the model as a string: `scope.x = '200'`, or if you want to
keep the model as a `Number`, you can do the conversion via `$formatters` and `$parsers` on `ngModel`:

```js
ngModelCtrl.$parsers.push(function(value) {
  return parseInt(value, 10); // Convert option value to number
});

ngModelCtrl.$formatters.push(function(value) {
  return value.toString(); // Convert scope value to string
});
```


### form

Due to [94533e57](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/94533e570673e6b2eb92073955541fa289aabe02),
the `name` attribute of `form` elements can now only contain characters that can be evaluated as part
of an Angular expression. This is because Angular uses the value of `name` as an assignable expression
to set the form on the `$scope`. For example, `name="myForm"` assigns the form to `$scope.myForm` and
`name="myObj.myForm"` assigns it to `$scope.myObj.myForm`.

Previously, it was possible to also use names such `name="my:name"`, because Angular used a special setter
function for the form name. Now the general, more robust `$parse` setter is used.

The easiest way to migrate your code is therefore to remove all special characters from the `name` attribute.

If you need to keep the special characters, you can use the following directive, which will replace
the `name` with a value that can be evaluated as an expression in the compile function, and then
re-set the original name in the postLink function. This ensures that (1), the form is published on
the scope, and (2), the form has the original name, which might be important if you are doing server-side
form submission.

```js
angular.module('myApp').directive('form', function() {
  return {
    restrict: 'E',
    priority: 1000,
    compile: function(element, attrs) {
      var unsupportedCharacter = ':'; // change accordingly
      var originalName = attrs.name;
      if (attrs.name && attrs.name.indexOf(unsupportedCharacter) > 0) {
        attrs.$set('name', 'this["' + originalName + '"]');
      }

      return postLinkFunction(scope, element) {
        // Don't trigger $observers
        element.setAttribute('name', originalName);
      }
    }
  };
});
```

### Templating (`ngRepeat`, `$compile`, `ngInclude`)

#### ngRepeat

Due to [c260e738](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c260e7386391877625eda086480de73e8a0ba921),
previously, the order of items when using ngRepeat to iterate over object properties was guaranteed to be consistent
by sorting the keys into alphabetic order.

Now, the order of the items is browser dependent based on the order returned
from iterating over the object using the `for key in obj` syntax.

It seems that browsers generally follow the strategy of providing
keys in the order in which they were defined, although there are exceptions
when keys are deleted and reinstated. See
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/delete#Cross-browser_issues

The best approach is to convert Objects into Arrays by a filter such as
https://github.com/petebacondarwin/angular-toArrayFilter
or some other mechanism, and then sort them manually in the order you need.


#### $compile

Due to [6a38dbfd](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6a38dbfd3c34c8f9efff503d17eb3cbeb666d422),
previously, '&' expressions would always set up a function in the isolate scope. Now, if the binding
is marked as optional and the attribute is not specified, no function will be added to the isolate scope.

Due to [62d514b](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/62d514b06937cc7dd86e973ea11165c88343b42d),
returning an object from a controller constructor function will now override the scope. Views that use the
controllerAs method will no longer get the this reference, but the returned object.

#### ngInclude
Due to [3c6e8ce044446735eb2e70d0061db8c6db050289](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/3c6e8ce044446735eb2e70d0061db8c6db050289), the `src` attribute of ngInclude no longer accepts an
expression that returns the result of `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl`. This will now cause an infinite digest:

Before:
```html
<div ng-include="findTemplate('https://example.com/templates/myTemplate.html')"></div>
```

```js
$scope.findTemplate = function(templateName) {
  return $sce.trustAsResourceUrl(templateName);
};
```

To migrate, either cache the result of `trustAsResourceUrl()`, or put the template url in the resource
whitelist in the `config()` function:

After:

```js
var templateCache = {};
$scope.findTemplate = function(templateName) {
  if (!templateCache[templateName]) {
    templateCache[templateName] = $sce.trustAsResourceUrl(templateName);
  }

  return templateCache[templateName];
};

// Alternatively, use `$sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlWhitelist()`, which means you don't
// have to use `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl()` at all:

angular.module('myApp', []).config(function($sceDelegateProvider) {
  $sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlWhitelist(['self', 'https://example.com/templates/**'])
});
```


### Cookies (`ngCookies`)

Due to [38fbe3ee](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/38fbe3ee8370fc449b82d80df07b5c2ed2cd5fbe),
`$cookies` will no longer expose properties that represent the current browser cookie
values. `$cookies` no longer polls the browser for changes to the cookies and ***no longer copies
cookie values onto the `$cookies` object***.

This was changed because the polling is expensive and caused issues with the `$cookies` properties
not synchronizing correctly with the actual browser cookie values (The reason the polling
was originally added was to allow communication between different tabs,
but there are better ways to do this today, for example `localStorage`.)

The new API on `$cookies` is as follows:

 * `get`
 * `put`
 * `getObject`
 * `putObject`
 * `getAll`
 * `remove`

You must explicitly use the methods above in order to access cookie data. This also means that
you can no longer watch the properties on `$cookies` to detect changes
that occur on the browsers cookies.

This feature is generally only needed if a 3rd party library was programmatically
changing the cookies at runtime. If you rely on this then you must either write code that
can react to the 3rd party library making the changes to cookies or implement your own polling
mechanism.

**DEPRECATION NOTICE**

`$cookieStore` is now deprecated as all the useful logic
has been moved to `$cookies`, to which `$cookieStore` now simply
delegates calls.


### Server Requests (`$http`)

Due to [5da1256](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/5da1256fc2812d5b28fb0af0de81256054856369),
`transformRequest` functions can no longer modify request headers.

Before this commit `transformRequest` could modify request headers, ex.:

```javascript
function requestTransform(data, headers) {
    headers = angular.extend(headers(), {
      'X-MY_HEADER': 'abcd'
    });
  }
  return angular.toJson(data);
}
```

This behavior was unintended and undocumented, so the change should affect very few applications. If one
needs to dynamically add / remove headers it should be done in a header function, for example:

```javascript
$http.get(url, {
  headers: {
    'X-MY_HEADER': function(config) {
      return 'abcd'; //you've got access to a request config object to specify header value dynamically
    }
  }
})
```


### Filters (`filter`, `limitTo`)

#### `filter` filter
Due to [cea8e751](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/cea8e75144e6910b806b63a6ec2a6d118316fddd),
the `filter` filter will throw an error when used with a non-array. Beforehand it would silently
return an empty array.

If necessary, this can be worked around by converting an object to an array,
using a filter such as https://github.com/petebacondarwin/angular-toArrayFilter.

#### `limitTo` filter
Due to [a3c3bf33](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/a3c3bf3332e5685dc319c46faef882cb6ac246e1),
the limitTo filter has changed behavior when the provided limit value is invalid.
Now, instead of returning empty object/array, it returns unchanged input.




## Migrating from 1.2 to 1.3

### Controllers

Due to [3f2232b5](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/3f2232b5a181512fac23775b1df4a6ebda67d018),
`$controller` will no longer look for controllers on `window`.
The old behavior of looking on `window` for controllers was originally intended
for use in examples, demos, and toy apps. We found that allowing global controller
functions encouraged poor practices, so we resolved to disable this behavior by
default.

To migrate, register your controllers with modules rather than exposing them
as globals:

Before:

```javascript
function MyController() {
  // ...
}
```

After:

```javascript
angular.module('myApp', []).controller('MyController', [function() {
  // ...
}]);
```

Although it's not recommended, you can re-enable the old behavior like this:

```javascript
angular.module('myModule').config(['$controllerProvider', function($controllerProvider) {
  // this option might be handy for migrating old apps, but please don't use it
  // in new ones!
  $controllerProvider.allowGlobals();
}]);
```

### Angular Expression Parsing (`$parse` + `$interpolate`)

- due to [77ada4c8](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/77ada4c82d6b8fc6d977c26f3cdb48c2f5fbe5a5),

You can no longer invoke .bind, .call or .apply on a function in angular expressions.
This is to disallow changing the behaviour of existing functions
in an unforeseen fashion.

  - due to [6081f207](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6081f20769e64a800ee8075c168412b21f026d99),

The (deprecated) __proto__ property does not work inside angular expressions
anymore.


- due to [48fa3aad](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/48fa3aadd546036c7e69f71046f659ab1de244c6),

This prevents the use of __{define,lookup}{Getter,Setter}__ inside angular
expressions. If you really need them for some reason, please wrap/bind them to make them
less dangerous, then make them available through the scope object.


- due to [528be29d](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/528be29d1662122a34e204dd607e1c0bd9c16bbc),

This prevents the use of `Object` inside angular expressions.
If you need Object.keys, make it accessible in the scope.


- due to [bdfc9c02](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/bdfc9c02d021e08babfbc966a007c71b4946d69d),
  values 'f', '0', 'false', 'no', 'n', '[]' are no longer
treated as falsy. Only JavaScript falsy values are now treated as falsy by the
expression parser; there are six of them: false, null, undefined, NaN, 0 and "".


- due to [fa6e411d](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/fa6e411da26824a5bae55f37ce7dbb859653276d),
  promise unwrapping has been removed. It has been deprecated since 1.2.0-rc.3.
  It can no longer be turned on.
  Two methods have been removed:
  * `$parseProvider.unwrapPromises`
  * `$parseProvider.logPromiseWarnings`


- **$interpolate:** due to [88c2193c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/88c2193c71954b9e7e7e4bdf636a2b168d36300d),
  the function returned by `$interpolate`
  no longer has a `.parts` array set on it.

  Instead it has two arrays:
  * `.expressions`, an array of the expressions in the
    interpolated text. The expressions are parsed with
    `$parse`, with an extra layer converting them to strings
    when computed
  * `.separators`, an array of strings representing the
    separations between interpolations in the text.
    This array is **always** 1 item longer than the
    `.expressions` array for easy merging with it




### Miscellaneous Angular helpers

- **Angular.copy:** due to [b59b04f9](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/b59b04f98a0b59eead53f6a53391ce1bbcbe9b57),

This changes `angular.copy` so that it applies the prototype of the original
object to the copied object.  Previously, `angular.copy` would copy properties
of the original object's prototype chain directly onto the copied object.

This means that if you iterate over only the copied object's `hasOwnProperty`
properties, it will no longer contain the properties from the prototype.
This is actually much more reasonable behaviour and it is unlikely that
applications are actually relying on this.

If this behaviour is relied upon, in an app, then one should simply iterate
over all the properties on the object (and its inherited properties) and
not filter them with `hasOwnProperty`.

**Be aware that this change also uses a feature that is not compatible with
IE8.**  If you need this to work on IE8 then you would need to provide a polyfill
for `Object.create` and `Object.getPrototypeOf`.


- **forEach:** due to [55991e33](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/55991e33af6fece07ea347a059da061b76fc95f5),
  forEach will iterate only over the initial number of items in
the array. So if items are added to the array during the iteration, these won't
be iterated over during the initial forEach call.

This change also makes our forEach behave more like Array#forEach.


- **angular.toJson:** due to [c054288c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c054288c9722875e3595e6e6162193e0fb67a251),
  `toJson()` will no longer strip properties starting with a single `$`. If you relied on
`toJson()`'s stripping these types of properties before, you will have to do it manually now.
It will still strip properties starting with `$$` though.




### jqLite / JQuery

- **jqLite:** due to [a196c8bc](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/a196c8bca82a28c08896d31f1863cf4ecd11401c),
  previously it was possible to set jqLite data on Text/Comment
nodes, but now that is allowed only on Element and Document nodes just like in
jQuery. We don't expect that app code actually depends on this accidental feature.


- **jqLite:** due to [d71dbb1a](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/d71dbb1ae50f174680533492ce4c7db3ff74df00),
  the jQuery `detach()` method does not trigger the `$destroy` event.
  If you want to destroy Angular data attached to the element, use `remove()`.





### Angular HTML Compiler (`$compile`)


- due to [2ee29c5d](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/2ee29c5da81ffacdc1cabb438f5d125d5e116cb9),

The isolated scope of a component directive no longer leaks into the template
that contains the instance of the directive.  This means that you can no longer
access the isolated scope from attributes on the element where the isolated
directive is defined.

See https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/10236 for an example.

- due to [2cde927e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/2cde927e58c8d1588569d94a797e43cdfbcedaf9),


Requesting isolate scope and any other scope on a single element is an error.
Before this change, the compiler let two directives request a child scope
and an isolate scope if the compiler applied them in the order of non-isolate
scope directive followed by isolate scope directive.

Now the compiler will error regardless of the order.

If you find that your code is now throwing a `$compile:multidir` error,
check that you do not have directives on the same element that are trying
to request both an isolate and a non-isolate scope and fix your code.


- due to [eec6394a](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/eec6394a342fb92fba5270eee11c83f1d895e9fb), The `replace` flag for defining directives that
  replace the element that they are on will be removed in the next major angular version.
  This feature has difficult semantics (e.g. how attributes are merged) and leads to more
  problems compared to what it solves. Also, with Web Components it is normal to have
  custom elements in the DOM.


- due to [299b220f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/299b220f5e05e1d4e26bfd58d0b2fd7329ca76b1),
  calling `attr.$observe` no longer returns the observer function, but a
    deregistration function instead. To migrate the code follow the example below:

Before:

    directive('directiveName', function() {
      return {
        link: function(scope, elm, attr) {
          var observer = attr.$observe('someAttr', function(value) {
            console.log(value);
          });
        }
      };
    });

After:

    directive('directiveName', function() {
      return {
        link: function(scope, elm, attr) {
          var observer = function(value) {
            console.log(value);
          };

          attr.$observe('someAttr', observer);
        }
      };
    });

  - due to [531a8de7](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/531a8de72c439d8ddd064874bf364c00cedabb11),
`$observe` no longer registers on undefined attributes. For example, if you were using `$observe` on
an absent optional attribute to set a default value, the following would not work anymore:

```html
<my-dir></my-dir>
```

```js
// Link function for directive myDir
link: function(scope, element, attr) {
  attr.$observe('myAttr', function(newVal) {
    scope.myValue = newVal ? newVal : 'myDefaultValue';
  })
}
```

Instead, check if the attribute is set before registering the observer:

```js
link: function(scope, element, attr) {
  if (attr.myAttr) {
    // register the observer
  } else {
    // set the default
  }
}
```





### Forms, Inputs and ngModel

- due to [1be9bb9d](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1be9bb9d3527e0758350c4f7417a4228d8571440),


If an expression is used on ng-pattern (such as `ng-pattern="exp"`) or on the
pattern attribute (something like on `pattern="{{ exp }}"`) and the expression
itself evaluates to a string then the validator will not parse the string as a
literal regular expression object (a value like `/abc/i`).  Instead, the entire
string will be created as the regular expression to test against. This means
that any expression flags will not be placed on the RegExp object. To get around
this limitation, use a regular expression object as the value for the expression.

    //before
    $scope.exp = '/abc/i';

    //after
    $scope.exp = /abc/i;


- **ngModelOptions:** due to [adfc322b](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/adfc322b04a58158fb9697e5b99aab9ca63c80bb),


This commit changes the API on `NgModelController`, both semantically and
in terms of adding and renaming methods.

* `$setViewValue(value)` -
This method still changes the `$viewValue` but does not immediately commit this
change through to the `$modelValue` as it did previously.
Now the value is committed only when a trigger specified in an associated
`ngModelOptions` directive occurs. If `ngModelOptions` also has a `debounce` delay
specified for the trigger then the change will also be debounced before being
committed.
In most cases this should not have a significant impact on how `NgModelController`
is used: If `updateOn` includes `default` then `$setViewValue` will trigger
a (potentially debounced) commit immediately.
* `$cancelUpdate()` - is renamed to `$rollbackViewValue()` and has the same meaning,
which is to revert the current `$viewValue` back to the `$lastCommittedViewValue`,
to cancel any pending debounced updates and to re-render the input.

To migrate code that used `$cancelUpdate()` follow the example below:

Before:

```js
$scope.resetWithCancel = function (e) {
  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    $scope.myForm.myInput1.$cancelUpdate();
    $scope.myValue = '';
  }
};
```

After:

```js
$scope.resetWithCancel = function (e) {
  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    $scope.myForm.myInput1.$rollbackViewValue();
    $scope.myValue = '';
  }
}
```

- types date, time, datetime-local, month, week now always
  require a `Date` object as model ([46bd6dc8](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/46bd6dc88de252886d75426efc2ce8107a5134e9),
   [#5864](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/5864))


- {@link input[checkbox] `input[checkbox]`} now supports constant expressions in `ngTrueValue` and
  `ngFalseValue`, making it now possible to e.g. use boolean and integer values. Previously, these attributes would
  always be treated as strings, whereas they are now parsed as expressions, and will throw if an expression
  is non-constant. To convert non-constant strings into constant expressions, simply wrap them in an
  extra pair of quotes, like so:

    `<input type="checkbox" ng-model="..." ng-true-value="'truthyValue'">`

  See [c90cefe1614](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c90cefe16142d973a123e945fc9058e8a874c357)


### Scopes and Digests (`$scope`)

- due to [8c6a8171](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/8c6a8171f9bdaa5cdabc0cc3f7d3ce10af7b434d),
  Scope#$id is now of type number rather than string. Since the
id is primarily being used for debugging purposes this change should not affect
anyone.


- due to [82f45aee](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/82f45aee5bd84d1cc53fb2e8f645d2263cdaacbc),
  [#7445](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/7445),
  [#7523](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/7523)
  `$broadcast` and `$emit` will now reset the `currentScope` property of the event to
  null once the event finished propagating. If any code depends on asynchronously accessing their
  `currentScope` property, it should be migrated to use `targetScope` instead. All of these cases
  should be considered programming bugs.





### Server Requests (`$http`, `$resource`)
- **$http:** due to [ad4336f9](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/ad4336f9359a073e272930f8f9bcd36587a8648f),


Previously, it was possible to register a response interceptor like so:

```js
// register the interceptor as a service
$provide.factory('myHttpInterceptor', function($q, dependency1, dependency2) {
  return function(promise) {
    return promise.then(function(response) {
      // do something on success
      return response;
    }, function(response) {
      // do something on error
      if (canRecover(response)) {
        return responseOrNewPromise
      }
      return $q.reject(response);
    });
  }
});

$httpProvider.responseInterceptors.push('myHttpInterceptor');
```

Now, one must use the newer API introduced in v1.1.4 (4ae46814), like so:

```js
$provide.factory('myHttpInterceptor', function($q) {
  return {
    response: function(response) {
      // do something on success
      return response;
    },
    responseError: function(response) {
      // do something on error
      if (canRecover(response)) {
        return responseOrNewPromise
      }
      return $q.reject(response);
    }
  };
});

$httpProvider.interceptors.push('myHttpInterceptor');
```

More details on the new interceptors API (which has been around as of v1.1.4) can be found at
{@link $http#interceptors interceptors}



- **$httpBackend:** due to [6680b7b9](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6680b7b97c0326a80bdccaf0a35031e4af641e0e), the JSONP behavior for erroneous and empty responses changed:
    Previously, a JSONP response was regarded as erroneous if it was empty. Now Angular is listening to the
    correct events to detect errors, i.e. even empty responses can be successful.


- **$resource:** due to [d3c50c84](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/d3c50c845671f0f8bcc3f7842df9e2fb1d1b1c40),

  If you expected `$resource` to strip these types of properties before,
  you will have to manually do this yourself now.





### Modules and Injector (`$inject`)

- due to [c0b4e2db](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c0b4e2db9cbc8bc3164cedc4646145d3ab72536e),

Previously, config blocks would be able to control behaviour of provider registration, due to being
invoked prior to provider registration. Now, provider registration always occurs prior to configuration
for a given module, and therefore config blocks are not able to have any control over a providers
registration.

**Example**:

Previously, the following:

```js
angular.module('foo', [])
  .provider('$rootProvider', function() {
    this.$get = function() { ... }
  })
  .config(function($rootProvider) {
    $rootProvider.dependentMode = "B";
  })
  .provider('$dependentProvider', function($rootProvider) {
     if ($rootProvider.dependentMode === "A") {
       this.$get = function() {
        // Special mode!
       }
     } else {
       this.$get = function() {
         // something else
       }
    }
  });
```

would have "worked", meaning behaviour of the config block between the registration of "$rootProvider"
and "$dependentProvider" would have actually accomplished something and changed the behaviour of the
app. This is no longer possible within a single module.



### Filters (`orderBy`)

- due to [a097aa95](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/a097aa95b7c78beab6d1b7d521c25f7d9d7843d9),
  `orderBy` now treats `null` values (which in JavaScript have type `object`) as having a string
  representation of `'null'`.


### Animation (`ngAnimate`)


- due to [1cb8584e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1cb8584e8490ecdb1b410a8846c4478c6c2c0e53),
`$animate` will no longer default the after parameter to the last element of the parent
container. Instead, when after is not specified, the new element will be inserted as the
first child of the parent container.

To update existing code, change all instances of `$animate.enter()` or `$animate.move()` from:

`$animate.enter(element, parent);`

to:

`$animate.enter(element, parent, angular.element(parent[0].lastChild));`



- due to [1bebe36a](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1bebe36aa938890d61188762ed618b1b5e193634),

  Any class-based animation code that makes use of transitions
and uses the setup CSS classes (such as class-add and class-remove) must now
provide an empty transition value to ensure that its styling is applied right
away. In other words if your animation code is expecting any styling to be
applied that is defined in the setup class then it will not be applied
"instantly" unless a `transition:0s none` value is present in the styling
for that CSS class. This situation is only the case if a transition is already
present on the base CSS class once the animation kicks off.

Before:

    .animated.my-class-add {
      opacity:0;
      transition:0.5s linear all;
    }
    .animated.my-class-add.my-class-add-active {
      opacity:1;
    }

After:

    .animated.my-class-add {
      transition:0s linear all;
      opacity:0;
    }
    .animated.my-class-add.my-class-add-active {
      transition:0.5s linear all;
      opacity:1;
    }

Please view the documentation for ngAnimate for more info.


### Testing

- due to [85880a64](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/85880a64900fa22a61feb926bf52de0965332ca5), some deprecated features of
Protractor tests no longer work.

`by.binding(descriptor)` no longer allows using the surrounding interpolation
markers in the descriptor (the default interpolation markers are `{{}}`).
Previously, these were optional.

Before:

    var el = element(by.binding('{{foo}}'));

After:

    var el = element(by.binding('foo'));

Prefixes `ng_` and `x-ng-` are no longer allowed for models. Use `ng-model`.

`by.repeater` cannot find elements by row and column which are not children of
the row. For example, if your template is

    <div ng-repeat="foo in foos">{{foo.name}}</div>

Before:

    var el = element(by.repeater('foo in foos').row(2).column('foo.name'))

After:

You may either enclose `{{foo.name}}` in a child element

    <div ng-repeat="foo in foos"><span>{{foo.name}}</span></div>

or simply use:

    var el = element(by.repeater('foo in foos').row(2))


### Internet Explorer 8

- due to [eaa1d00b](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/eaa1d00b24008f590b95ad099241b4003688cdda),
  As communicated before, IE8 is no longer supported.





## Migrating from 1.0 to 1.2


<div class="alert alert-warning">
<p>**Note:** AngularJS versions 1.1.x are considered "experimental" with breaking changes between minor releases.
Version 1.2 is the result of several versions on the 1.1 branch, and has a stable API.</p>

<p>If you have an application on 1.1 and want to migrate it to 1.2, everything in the guide
below should still apply, but you may want to consult the
[changelog](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) as well.</p>
</div>

<ul class="nav nav-list">
  <li class="nav-header">Summary of Breaking Changes</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#ngroute-has-been-moved-into-its-own-module ngRoute has been moved into its own module}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#templates-no-longer-automatically-unwrap-promises Templates no longer automatically unwrap promises}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#syntax-for-named-wildcard-parameters-changed-in-route- Syntax for named wildcard parameters changed in <code>$route</code>}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#you-can-only-bind-one-expression-to-src-ng-src-or-action- You can only bind one expression to <code>*[src]</code>, <code>*[ng-src]</code> or <code>action</code>}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#interpolations-inside-dom-event-handlers-are-now-disallowed Interpolations inside DOM event handlers are now disallowed}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#directives-cannot-end-with-start-or-end Directives cannot end with -start or -end}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#in-q-promise-always-has-been-renamed-promise-finally In $q, promise.always has been renamed promise.finally}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#ngmobile-is-now-ngtouch ngMobile is now ngTouch}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#resource-then-has-been-removed resource.$then has been removed}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#resource-methods-return-the-promise Resource methods return the promise}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#resource-promises-are-resolved-with-the-resource-instance Resource promises are resolved with the resource instance}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#-location-search-supports-multiple-keys $location.search supports multiple keys}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#ngbindhtmlunsafe-has-been-removed-and-replaced-by-ngbindhtml ngBindHtmlUnsafe has been removed and replaced by ngBindHtml}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#form-names-that-are-expressions-are-evaluated Form names that are expressions are evaluated}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#hasownproperty-disallowed-as-an-input-name hasOwnProperty disallowed as an input name}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#directives-order-of-postlink-functions-reversed Directives: Order of postLink functions reversed}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#directive-priority Directive priority}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#ngscenario ngScenario}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#nginclude-and-ngview-replace-its-entire-element-on-update ngInclude and ngView replace its entire element on update}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#urls-are-now-sanitized-against-a-whitelist URLs are now sanitized against a whitelist}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#isolate-scope-only-exposed-to-directives-with-scope-property Isolate scope only exposed to directives with <code>scope</code> property}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#change-to-interpolation-priority Change to interpolation priority}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#underscore-prefixed-suffixed-properties-are-non-bindable Underscore-prefixed/suffixed properties are non-bindable}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#you-cannot-bind-to-select-multiple- You cannot bind to select[multiple]}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#uncommon-region-specific-local-files-were-removed-from-i18n Uncommon region-specific local files were removed from i18n}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#services-can-now-return-functions Services can now return functions}</li>
</ul>


### ngRoute has been moved into its own module

Just like `ngResource`, `ngRoute` is now its own module.

Applications that use `$route`, `ngView`, and/or `$routeParams` will now need to load an
`angular-route.js` file and have their application's module dependency on the `ngRoute` module.

Before:

```html
<script src="angular.js"></script>
```

```javascript
var myApp = angular.module('myApp', ['someOtherModule']);
```

After:

```html
<script src="angular.js"></script>
<script src="angular-route.js"></script>
```

```javascript
var myApp = angular.module('myApp', ['ngRoute', 'someOtherModule']);
```

See [5599b55b](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/5599b55b04788c2e327d7551a4a699d75516dd21).


### Templates no longer automatically unwrap promises

`$parse` and templates in general will no longer automatically unwrap promises.

Before:

```javascript
$scope.foo = $http({method: 'GET', url: '/someUrl'});
```

```html
<p>{{foo}}</p>
```

After:

```javascript
$http({method: 'GET', url: '/someUrl'})
  .success(function(data) {
    $scope.foo = data;
  });
```

```html
<p>{{foo}}</p>
```

This feature has been deprecated. If absolutely needed, it can be reenabled for now via the
`$parseProvider.unwrapPromises(true)` API.

See [5dc35b52](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/5dc35b527b3c99f6544b8cb52e93c6510d3ac577),
[b6a37d11](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/b6a37d112b3e1478f4d14a5f82faabf700443748).


### Syntax for named wildcard parameters changed in `$route`

To migrate the code, follow the example below. Here, `*highlight` becomes `:highlight*`

Before:

```javascript
$routeProvider.when('/Book1/:book/Chapter/:chapter/*highlight/edit',
          {controller: noop, templateUrl: 'Chapter.html'});
```

After:

```javascript
$routeProvider.when('/Book1/:book/Chapter/:chapter/:highlight*/edit',
        {controller: noop, templateUrl: 'Chapter.html'});
```

See [04cebcc1](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/04cebcc133c8b433a3ac5f72ed19f3631778142b).


### You can only bind one expression to `*[src]`, `*[ng-src]` or `action`

With the exception of `<a>` and `<img>` elements, you cannot bind more than one expression to the
`src` or `action` attribute of elements.

This is one of several improvements to security introduces by Angular 1.2.

Concatenating expressions makes it hard to understand whether some combination of concatenated
values are unsafe to use and potentially subject to XSS vulnerabilities. To simplify the task of
auditing for XSS issues, we now require that a single expression be used for `*[src/ng-src]`
bindings such as bindings for `iframe[src]`, `object[src]`, etc. In addition, this requirement is
enforced for `form` tags with `action` attributes.

<table class="table table-bordered code-table">
<thead>
<tr>
  <th>Examples</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
  <td><code>&lt;img src="{{a}}/{{b}}"&gt;</code></td>
  <td class="success">ok</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>&lt;iframe src="{{a}}/{{b}}"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</code></td>
  <td class="error">bad</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>&lt;iframe src="{{a}}"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</code></td>
  <td class="success">ok</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


To migrate your code, you can combine multiple expressions using a method attached to your scope.

Before:

```javascript
scope.baseUrl = 'page';
scope.a = 1;
scope.b = 2;
```

```html
<!-- Are a and b properly escaped here? Is baseUrl controlled by user? -->
<iframe src="{{baseUrl}}?a={{a}&b={{b}}">
```

After:

```javascript
var baseUrl = "page";
scope.getIframeSrc = function() {

  // One should think about their particular case and sanitize accordingly
  var qs = ["a", "b"].map(function(value, name) {
      return encodeURIComponent(name) + "=" +
             encodeURIComponent(value);
    }).join("&");

  // `baseUrl` isn't exposed to a user's control, so we don't have to worry about escaping it.
  return baseUrl + "?" + qs;
};
```

```html
<iframe src="{{getIframeSrc()}}">
```

See [38deedd6](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/38deedd6e3d806eb8262bb43f26d47245f6c2739).


### Interpolations inside DOM event handlers are now disallowed

DOM event handlers execute arbitrary Javascript code. Using an interpolation for such handlers
means that the interpolated value is a JS string that is evaluated. Storing or generating such
strings is error prone and leads to XSS vulnerabilities. On the other hand, `ngClick` and other
Angular specific event handlers evaluate Angular expressions in non-window (Scope) context which
makes them much safer.

To migrate the code follow the example below:

Before:

```
JS:   scope.foo = 'alert(1)';
HTML: <div onclick="{{foo}}">
```

After:

```
JS:   scope.foo = function() { alert(1); }
HTML: <div ng-click="foo()">
```

See [39841f2e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/39841f2ec9b17b3b2920fd1eb548d444251f4f56).


### Directives cannot end with -start or -end

This change was necessary to enable multi-element directives. The best fix is to rename existing
directives so that they don't end with these suffixes.

See [e46100f7](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/e46100f7097d9a8f174bdb9e15d4c6098395c3f2).


### In $q, promise.always has been renamed promise.finally

The reason for this change is to align `$q` with the [Q promise
library](https://github.com/kriskowal/q), despite the fact that this makes it a bit more difficult
to use with non-ES5 browsers, like IE8.

`finally` also goes well together with the `catch` API that was added to `$q` recently and is part
of the [DOM promises standard](http://dom.spec.whatwg.org/).

To migrate the code follow the example below.

Before:

```javascript
$http.get('/foo').always(doSomething);
```

After:

```javascript
$http.get('/foo').finally(doSomething);
```

Or for IE8-compatible code:

```javascript
$http.get('/foo')['finally'](doSomething);
```

See [f078762d](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/f078762d48d0d5d9796dcdf2cb0241198677582c).


### ngMobile is now ngTouch

Many touch-enabled devices are not mobile devices, so we decided to rename this module to better
reflect its concerns.

To migrate, replace all references to `ngMobile` with `ngTouch` and `angular-mobile.js` with
`angular-touch.js`.

See [94ec84e7](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/94ec84e7b9c89358dc00e4039009af9e287bbd05).


### resource.$then has been removed

Resource instances do not have a `$then` function anymore. Use the `$promise.then` instead.

Before:

```javascript
Resource.query().$then(callback);
```

After:

```javascript
Resource.query().$promise.then(callback);
```

See [05772e15](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/05772e15fbecfdc63d4977e2e8839d8b95d6a92d).


### Resource methods return the promise

Methods of a resource instance return the promise rather than the instance itself.

Before:

```javascript
resource.$save().chaining = true;
```

After:

```javascript
resource.$save();
resource.chaining = true;
```

See [05772e15](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/05772e15fbecfdc63d4977e2e8839d8b95d6a92d).


### Resource promises are resolved with the resource instance

On success, the resource promise is resolved with the resource instance rather than HTTP response object.

Use interceptor API to access the HTTP response object.

Before:

```javascript
Resource.query().$then(function(response) {...});
```

After:

```javascript
var Resource = $resource('/url', {}, {
  get: {
    method: 'get',
    interceptor: {
      response: function(response) {
        // expose response
        return response;
      }
    }
  }
});
```

See [05772e15](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/05772e15fbecfdc63d4977e2e8839d8b95d6a92d).


### $location.search supports multiple keys

{@link ng.$location#search `$location.search`} now supports multiple keys with the
same value provided that the values are stored in an array.

Before this change:

* `parseKeyValue` only took the last key overwriting all the previous keys.
* `toKeyValue` joined the keys together in a comma delimited string.

This was deemed buggy behavior. If your server relied on this behavior then either the server
should be fixed, or a simple serialization of the array should be done on the client before
passing it to `$location`.

See [80739409](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/807394095b991357225a03d5fed81fea5c9a1abe).


### ngBindHtmlUnsafe has been removed and replaced by ngBindHtml

`ngBindHtml` provides `ngBindHtmlUnsafe` like
behavior (evaluate an expression and innerHTML the result into the DOM) when bound to the result
of `$sce.trustAsHtml(string)`. When bound to a plain string, the string is sanitized via
`$sanitize` before being innerHTML'd. If the `$sanitize` service isn't available (`ngSanitize`
module is not loaded) and the bound expression evaluates to a value that is not trusted an
exception is thrown.

When using this directive you can either include `ngSanitize` in your module's dependencies (See the
example at the {@link ngBindHtml} reference) or use the {@link $sce} service to set the value as
trusted.

See [dae69473](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/dae694739b9581bea5dbc53522ec00d87b26ae55).


### Form names that are expressions are evaluated

If you have form names that will evaluate as an expression:

```
<form name="ctrl.form">
```

And if you are accessing the form from your controller:

Before:

```javascript
function($scope) {
  $scope['ctrl.form'] // form controller instance
}
```

After:

```javascript
function($scope) {
  $scope.ctrl.form // form controller instance
}
```

This makes it possible to access a form from a controller using the new "controller as" syntax.
Supporting the previous behavior offers no benefit.

See [8ea802a1](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/8ea802a1d23ad8ecacab892a3a451a308d9c39d7).


### hasOwnProperty disallowed as an input name

Inputs with name equal to `hasOwnProperty` are not allowed inside form or ngForm directives.

Before, inputs whose name was "hasOwnProperty" were quietly ignored and not added to the scope.
Now a badname exception is thrown. Using "hasOwnProperty" for an input name would be very unusual
and bad practice. To migrate, change your input name.

See [7a586e5c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7a586e5c19f3d1ecc3fefef084ce992072ee7f60).


### Directives: Order of postLink functions reversed

The order of postLink fn is now mirror opposite of the order in which corresponding preLinking and compile functions execute.

Previously the compile/link fns executed in order, sorted by priority:

<table class="table table-bordered table-striped code-table">
<thead>
<tr>
  <th>#</th>
  <th>Step</th>
  <th align="center">Old Sort Order</th>
  <th align="center">New Sort Order</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
  <td>1</td>
  <td>Compile Fns</td>
  <td align="center" colspan="2">High → Low</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>2</td>
  <td colspan="3">Compile child nodes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>3</td>
  <td>PreLink Fns</td>
  <td align="center" colspan="2">High → Low</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>4</td>
  <td colspan="3">Link child nodes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>5</td>
  <td>PostLink Fns</td>
  <td align="center">High → Low</td>
  <td align="center">**Low → High**</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<small>"High → Low" here refers to the `priority` option of a directive.</small>

Very few directives in practice rely on the order of postLinking functions (unlike on the order
of compile functions), so in the rare case of this change affecting an existing directive, it might
be necessary to convert it to a preLinking function or give it negative priority.

You can look at [the diff of this
commit](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/31f190d4d53921d32253ba80d9ebe57d6c1de82b) to see how an internal
attribute interpolation directive was adjusted.

See [31f190d4](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/31f190d4d53921d32253ba80d9ebe57d6c1de82b).


### Directive priority

the priority of ngRepeat, ngSwitchWhen, ngIf, ngInclude and ngView has changed. This could affect directives that explicitly specify their priority.

In order to make ngRepeat, ngSwitchWhen, ngIf, ngInclude and ngView work together in all common scenarios their directives are being adjusted to achieve the following precedence:


Directive        | Old Priority | New Priority
-----------------|--------------|-------------
ngRepeat         | 1000         | 1000
ngSwitchWhen     | 500          | 800
ngIf             | 1000         | 600
ngInclude        | 1000         | 400
ngView           | 1000         | 400

See [b7af76b4](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/b7af76b4c5aa77648cc1bfd49935b48583419023).


### ngScenario

browserTrigger now uses an eventData object instead of direct parameters for mouse events.
To migrate, place the `keys`,`x` and `y` parameters inside of an object and place that as the
third parameter for the browserTrigger function.

See [28f56a38](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/28f56a383e9d1ff378e3568a3039e941c7ffb1d8).


### ngInclude and ngView replace its entire element on update

Previously `ngInclude` and `ngView` only updated its element's content. Now these directives will
recreate the element every time a new content is included.

This ensures that a single rootElement for all the included contents always exists, which makes
definition of css styles for animations much easier.

See [7d69d52a](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7d69d52acff8578e0f7d6fe57a6c45561a05b182),
[aa2133ad](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/aa2133ad818d2e5c27cbd3933061797096356c8a).


### URLs are now sanitized against a whitelist

A whitelist configured via `$compileProvider` can be used to configure what URLs are considered safe.
By default all common protocol prefixes are whitelisted including `data:` URIs with mime types `image/*`.
This change shouldn't impact apps that don't contain malicious image links.

See [1adf29af](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1adf29af13890d61286840177607edd552a9df97),
[3e39ac7e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/3e39ac7e1b10d4812a44dad2f959a93361cd823b).


### Isolate scope only exposed to directives with `scope` property

If you declare a scope option on a directive, that directive will have an
[isolate scope](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/wiki/Understanding-Scopes). In Angular 1.0, if a
directive with an isolate scope is used on an element, all directives on that same element have access
to the same isolate scope. For example, say we have the following directives:

```
// This directive declares an isolate scope.
.directive('isolateScope', function() {
  return {
    scope: {},
    link: function($scope) {
      console.log('one = ' + $scope.$id);
    }
  };
})

// This directive does not.
.directive('nonIsolateScope', function() {
  return {
    link: function($scope) {
      console.log('two = ' + $scope.$id);
    }
  };
});
```

Now what happens if we use both directives on the same element?

```
<div isolate-scope non-isolate-scope></div>
```

In Angular 1.0, the nonIsolateScope directive will have access to the isolateScope directive’s scope. The
log statements will print the same id, because the scope is the same. But in Angular 1.2, the nonIsolateScope
will not use the same scope as isolateScope. Instead, it will inherit the parent scope. The log statements
will print different id’s.

If your code depends on the Angular 1.0 behavior (non-isolate directive needs to access state
from within the isolate scope), change the isolate directive to use scope locals to pass these explicitly:

**Before**

```
<input ng-model="$parent.value" ng-isolate>

.directive('ngIsolate', function() {
  return {
    scope: {},
    template: '{{value}}'
  };
});
```

**After**

```
<input ng-model="value" ng-isolate>

.directive('ngIsolate', function() {
  return {
    scope: {value: '=ngModel'},
    template: '{{value}}
  };
});
```

See [909cabd3](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/909cabd36d779598763cc358979ecd85bb40d4d7),
[#1924](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/1924) and
[#2500](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/2500).


### Change to interpolation priority

Previously, the interpolation priority was `-100` in 1.2.0-rc.2, and `100` before 1.2.0-rc.2.
Before this change the binding was setup in the post-linking phase.

Now the attribute interpolation (binding) executes as a directive with priority 100 and the
binding is set up in the pre-linking phase.

See [79223eae](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/79223eae5022838893342c42dacad5eca83fabe8),
[#4525](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/4525),
[#4528](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/4528), and
[#4649](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/4649)

### Underscore-prefixed/suffixed properties are non-bindable

<div class="alert alert-info">
<p>**Reverted**: This breaking change has been reverted in 1.2.1, and so can be ignored if you're using **version 1.2.1 or higher**</p>
</div>

This change introduces the notion of "private" properties (properties
whose names begin and/or end with an underscore) on the scope chain.
These properties will not be available to Angular expressions (i.e. {{
}} interpolation in templates and strings passed to `$parse`)  They are
freely available to JavaScript code (as before).

**Motivation**

Angular expressions execute in a limited context. They do not have
direct access to the global scope, `window`, `document` or the Function
constructor. However, they have direct access to names/properties on
the scope chain. It has been a long standing best practice to keep
sensitive APIs outside of the scope chain (in a closure or your
controller.) That's easier said than done for two reasons:

1. JavaScript does not have a notion of private properties so if you need
someone on the scope chain for JavaScript use, you also expose it to
Angular expressions
2. The new `controller as` syntax that's now in increased usage exposes the
entire controller on the scope chain greatly increasing the exposed surface.

Though Angular expressions are written and controlled by the developer, they:

1. Typically deal with user input
2. Don't get the kind of test coverage that JavaScript code would

This commit provides a way, via a naming convention, to allow restricting properties from
controllers/scopes. This means Angular expressions can access only those properties that
are actually needed by the expressions.

See [3d6a89e8](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/3d6a89e8888b14ae5cb5640464e12b7811853c7e).


### You cannot bind to select[multiple]

Switching between `select[single]` and `select[multiple]` has always been odd due to browser quirks.
This feature never worked with two-way data-binding so it's not expected that anyone is using it.

If you are interested in properly adding this feature, please submit a pull request on Github.

See [d87fa004](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/d87fa0042375b025b98c40bff05e5f42c00af114).


### Uncommon region-specific local files were removed from i18n

AngularJS uses the Google Closure library's locale files. The following locales were removed from
Closure, so Angular is not able to continue to support them:

`chr`, `cy`, `el-polyton`, `en-zz`, `fr-rw`, `fr-sn`, `fr-td`, `fr-tg`, `haw`, `it-ch`, `ln-cg`,
`mo`, `ms-bn`, `nl-aw`, `nl-be`, `pt-ao`, `pt-gw`, `pt-mz`, `pt-st`, `ro-md`, `ru-md`, `ru-ua`,
`sr-cyrl-ba`, `sr-cyrl-me`, `sr-cyrl`, `sr-latn-ba`, `sr-latn-me`, `sr-latn`, `sr-rs`, `sv-fi`,
`sw-ke`, `ta-lk`, `tl-ph`, `ur-in`, `zh-hans-hk`, `zh-hans-mo`, `zh-hans-sg`, `zh-hans`,
`zh-hant-hk`, `zh-hant-mo`, `zh-hant-tw`, `zh-hant`

Although these locales were removed from the official AngularJS repository, you can continue to
load and use your copy of the locale file provided that you maintain it yourself.

See [6382e21f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6382e21fb28541a2484ac1a241d41cf9fbbe9d2c).

### Services can now return functions

Previously, the service constructor only returned objects regardless of whether a function was returned.

Now, `$injector.instantiate` (and thus `$provide.service`) behaves the same as the native
`new` operator and allows functions to be returned as a service.

If using a JavaScript preprocessor it's quite possible when upgrading that services could start behaving incorrectly.
Make sure your services return the correct type wanted.

**Coffeescript example**

```
myApp.service 'applicationSrvc', ->
  @something = "value"
  @someFunct = ->
    "something else"
```

pre 1.2 this service would return the whole object as the service.

post 1.2 this service returns `someFunct` as the value of the service

you would need to change this services to

```
myApp.service 'applicationSrvc', ->
  @something = "value"
  @someFunct = ->
    "something else"
  return
```

to continue to return the complete instance.

See [c22adbf1](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c22adbf160f32c1839fbb35382b7a8c6bcec2927).
