.. Copyright (C) Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
..
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
..
.. This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
.. License, v. 2.0.  If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
.. file, you can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
..
.. See the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this work for additional
.. information regarding copyright ownership.

.. highlight: console

.. iscman:: dnssec-keygen
.. program:: dnssec-keygen
.. _man_dnssec-keygen:

dnssec-keygen: DNSSEC key generation tool
-----------------------------------------

Synopsis
~~~~~~~~

:program:`dnssec-keygen` [**-3**] [**-A** date/offset] [**-a** algorithm] [**-b** keysize] [**-C**] [**-c** class] [**-D** date/offset] [**-d** bits] [**-D** sync date/offset] [**-E** engine] [**-f** flag] [**-F**] [**-G**] [**-h**] [**-I** date/offset] [**-i** interval] [**-K** directory] [**-k** policy] [**-L** ttl] [**-l** file] [**-n** nametype] [**-M** tag_min:tag_max] [**-P** date/offset] [**-P** sync date/offset] [**-p** protocol] [**-q**] [**-R** date/offset] [**-S** key] [**-s** strength] [**-T** rrtype] [**-t** type] [**-V**] [**-v** level] {name}

Description
~~~~~~~~~~~

:program:`dnssec-keygen` generates keys for DNSSEC (Secure DNS), as defined in
:rfc:`2535` and :rfc:`4034`.

The ``name`` of the key is specified on the command line. For DNSSEC
keys, this must match the name of the zone for which the key is being
generated.

Options
~~~~~~~

.. option:: -3

   This option uses an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC
   key. If this option is used with an algorithm that has both NSEC
   and NSEC3 versions, then the NSEC3 version is selected; for
   example, ``dnssec-keygen -3 -a RSASHA1`` specifies the NSEC3RSASHA1
   (deprecated) algorithm.

.. option:: -a algorithm

   This option selects the cryptographic algorithm. For DNSSEC keys,
   the value of ``algorithm`` must be one of RSASHA1 (deprecated),
   NSEC3RSASHA1 (deprecated), RSASHA256, RSASHA512, ECDSAP256SHA256,
   ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519, or ED448.

   These values are case-insensitive. In some cases, abbreviations
   are supported, such as ECDSA256 for ECDSAP256SHA256 and ECDSA384
   for ECDSAP384SHA384. If RSASHA1 (deprecated) is specified along
   with the :option:`-3` option, NSEC3RSASHA1 (deprecated) is used
   instead.

   This parameter *must* be specified except when using the :option:`-S`
   option, which copies the algorithm from the predecessor key.

   In prior releases, HMAC algorithms could be generated for use as TSIG
   keys, but that feature was removed in BIND 9.13.0. Use
   :iscman:`tsig-keygen` to generate TSIG keys.

.. option:: -b keysize

   This option specifies the number of bits in the key. The choice of key size
   depends on the algorithm used: RSA keys must be between 1024 and 4096
   bits; Diffie-Hellman keys must be between 128 and 4096 bits. Elliptic
   curve algorithms do not need this parameter.

   If the key size is not specified, some algorithms have pre-defined
   defaults. For example, RSA keys for use as DNSSEC zone-signing keys
   have a default size of 1024 bits; RSA keys for use as key-signing
   keys (KSKs, generated with :option:`-f KSK <-f>`) default to 2048 bits.

.. option:: -C

   This option enables compatibility mode, which generates an old-style key, without any timing
   metadata. By default, :program:`dnssec-keygen` includes the key's
   creation date in the metadata stored with the private key; other
   dates may be set there as well, including publication date, activation date,
   etc. Keys that include this data may be incompatible with older
   versions of BIND; the :option:`-C` option suppresses them.

.. option:: -c class

   This option indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have the
   specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.

.. option:: -d bits

   This option specifies the key size in bits. For the algorithms RSASHA1, NSEC3RSASA1, RSASHA256, and
   RSASHA512 the key size must be between 1024 and 4096 bits; DH size is between 128
   and 4096 bits. This option is ignored for algorithms ECDSAP256SHA256,
   ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519, and ED448.

.. option:: -E engine

   This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.

   When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
   engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
   hardware service module (usually ``pkcs11``).

.. option:: -f flag

   This option sets the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
   The only recognized flags are ZSK (Zone-Signing Key), KSK (Key-Signing Key)
   and REVOKE.

   Note that ZSK is not a physical flag in the DNSKEY record, it is merely used
   to explicitly tell that you want to create a ZSK. Setting :option:`-f` in
   conjunction with :option:`-k` will result in generating keys that only
   match the given role set with this option.

.. option:: -F

   This options turns on FIPS (US Federal Information Processing Standards)
   mode if the underlying crytographic library supports running in FIPS
   mode.

.. option:: -G

   This option generates a key, but does not publish it or sign with it. This option is
   incompatible with :option:`-P` and :option:`-A`.

.. option:: -h

   This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
   :program:`dnssec-keygen`.

.. option:: -K directory

   This option sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.

.. option:: -k policy

   This option creates keys for a specific ``dnssec-policy``. If a policy uses multiple keys,
   :program:`dnssec-keygen` generates multiple keys. This also
   creates a ".state" file to keep track of the key state.

   This option creates keys according to the ``dnssec-policy`` configuration, hence
   it cannot be used at the same time as many of the other options that
   :program:`dnssec-keygen` provides.

.. option:: -L ttl

   This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a
   DNSKEY RR. This is the TTL used when the key is imported into a zone,
   unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in
   place, in which case the existing TTL takes precedence. If this
   value is not set and there is no existing DNSKEY RRset, the TTL
   defaults to the SOA TTL. Setting the default TTL to ``0`` or ``none``
   is the same as leaving it unset.

.. option:: -l file

   This option provides a configuration file that contains a ``dnssec-policy`` statement
   (matching the policy set with :option:`-k`).

.. option:: -M tag_min:tag_max

   This option sets the range of acceptable key tag values that ``dnssec-keygen``
   will produce. If the key tag of the new key or the key tag of
   the revoked version of the new key is outside this range,
   the new key will be rejected and another new key will be generated.
   This is designed to be used when generating keys in a multi-signer
   scenario, where each operator is given a range of key tags to
   prevent collisions among different operators.  The valid values
   for ``tag_min`` and ``tag_max`` are [0..65535].  The default allows all
   key tag values to be produced.  This option is ignored when ``-k policy``
   is specified.

.. option:: -n nametype

   This option specifies the owner type of the key. The value of ``nametype`` must
   either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY
   (for a key associated with a host (KEY)), USER (for a key associated
   with a user (KEY)), or OTHER (DNSKEY). These values are
   case-insensitive. The default is ZONE for DNSKEY generation.

.. option:: -p protocol

   This option sets the protocol value for the generated key, for use with
   :option:`-T KEY <-T>`. The protocol is a number between 0 and 255. The default
   is 3 (DNSSEC). Other possible values for this argument are listed in
   :rfc:`2535` and its successors.

.. option:: -q

   This option sets quiet mode, which suppresses unnecessary output, including progress
   indication. Without this option, when :program:`dnssec-keygen` is run
   interactively to generate an RSA or DSA key pair, it prints a
   string of symbols to ``stderr`` indicating the progress of the key
   generation. A ``.`` indicates that a random number has been found which
   passed an initial sieve test; ``+`` means a number has passed a single
   round of the Miller-Rabin primality test; and a space ( ) means that the
   number has passed all the tests and is a satisfactory key.

.. option:: -S key

   This option creates a new key which is an explicit successor to an existing key.
   The name, algorithm, size, and type of the key are set to match
   the existing key. The activation date of the new key is set to
   the inactivation date of the existing one. The publication date is
   set to the activation date minus the prepublication interval,
   which defaults to 30 days.

.. option:: -s strength

   This option specifies the strength value of the key. The strength is a number
   between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined purpose in DNSSEC.

.. option:: -T rrtype

   This option specifies the resource record type to use for the key. ``rrtype``
   must be either DNSKEY or KEY. The default is DNSKEY when using a
   DNSSEC algorithm, but it can be overridden to KEY for use with
   SIG(0).

.. option:: -t type

   This option indicates the type of the key for use with :option:`-T KEY <-T>`. ``type``
   must be one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default
   is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate data, and
   CONF to the ability to encrypt data.

.. option:: -V

   This option prints version information.

.. option:: -v level

   This option sets the debugging level.

Timing Options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
(which is the format used inside key files),
or 'Day Mon DD HH:MM:SS YYYY' (as printed by ``dnssec-settime -p``),
or UNIX epoch time (as printed by ``dnssec-settime -up``),
or the literal ``now``.

The argument can be followed by ``+`` or ``-`` and an offset from the
given time. The literal ``now`` can be omitted before an offset. The
offset can be followed by one of the suffixes ``y``, ``mo``, ``w``,
``d``, ``h``, or ``mi``, so that it is computed in years (defined as
365 24-hour days, ignoring leap years), months (defined as 30 24-hour
days), weeks, days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix,
the offset is computed in seconds.

To unset a date, use ``none``, ``never``, or ``unset``.

.. option:: -P date/offset

   This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After
   that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used
   to sign it. If not set, and if the :option:`-G` option has not been used, the
   default is the current date.

   .. program:: dnssec-keygen -P
   .. option:: sync date/offset

      This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key
      are to be published to the zone.

.. program:: dnssec-keygen

.. option:: -A date/offset

   This option sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date,
   the key is included in the zone and used to sign it. If not set,
   and if the :option:`-G` option has not been used, the default is the current date. If set,
   and :option:`-P` is not set, the publication date is set to the
   activation date minus the prepublication interval.

.. option:: -R date/offset

   This option sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date, the
   key is flagged as revoked. It is included in the zone and
   is used to sign it.

.. option:: -I date/offset

   This option sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date, the
   key is still included in the zone, but it is not used to
   sign it.


.. option:: -D date/offset

   This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the
   key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key
   repository.)

   .. program:: dnssec-keygen -D
   .. option:: sync date/offset

      This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
      key are to be deleted.

.. program:: dnssec-keygen

.. option:: -i interval

   This option sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the
   publication and activation dates must be separated by at least this
   much time. If the activation date is specified but the publication
   date is not, the publication date defaults to this much time
   before the activation date; conversely, if the publication date is
   specified but not the activation date, activation is set to
   this much time after publication.

   If the key is being created as an explicit successor to another key,
   then the default prepublication interval is 30 days; otherwise it is
   zero.

   As with date offsets, if the argument is followed by one of the
   suffixes ``y``, ``mo``, ``w``, ``d``, ``h``, or ``mi``, the interval is
   measured in years, months, weeks, days, hours, or minutes,
   respectively. Without a suffix, the interval is measured in seconds.

Generated Keys
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When :program:`dnssec-keygen` completes successfully, it prints a string of the
form ``Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii`` to the standard output. This is an
identification string for the key it has generated.

-  ``nnnn`` is the key name.

-  ``aaa`` is the numeric representation of the algorithm.

-  ``iiiii`` is the key identifier (or footprint).

:program:`dnssec-keygen` creates two files, with names based on the printed
string. ``Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key`` contains the public key, and
``Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private`` contains the private key.

The ``.key`` file contains a DNSKEY or KEY record. When a zone is being
signed by :iscman:`named` or :option:`dnssec-signzone -S`, DNSKEY records are
included automatically. In other cases, the ``.key`` file can be
inserted into a zone file manually or with an ``$INCLUDE`` statement.

The ``.private`` file contains algorithm-specific fields. For obvious
security reasons, this file does not have general read permission.

Example
~~~~~~~

To generate an ECDSAP256SHA256 zone-signing key for the zone
``example.com``, issue the command:

``dnssec-keygen -a ECDSAP256SHA256 example.com``

The command prints a string of the form:

``Kexample.com.+013+26160``

In this example, :program:`dnssec-keygen` creates the files
``Kexample.com.+013+26160.key`` and ``Kexample.com.+013+26160.private``.

To generate a matching key-signing key, issue the command:

``dnssec-keygen -a ECDSAP256SHA256 -f KSK example.com``

See Also
~~~~~~~~

:iscman:`dnssec-signzone(8) <dnssec-signzone>`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, :rfc:`2539`,
:rfc:`2845`, :rfc:`4034`.
