.. _network_config_v2:

Networking config Version 2
***************************

``Cloud-init``'s support for Version 2 network config is a subset of the
Version 2 format defined for the `Netplan`_ tool. ``Cloud-init`` supports
both reading and writing of Version 2. Writing support requires a
distro with Netplan present.

.. _Netplan_passthrough:

Netplan passthrough
===================

On a system with Netplan present, ``cloud-init`` will pass Version 2
configuration through to Netplan without modification. On such systems, you do
not need to limit yourself to the below subset of Netplan's configuration
format.

.. warning::
   If you are writing or generating network configuration that may be used on
   non-netplan systems, you **must** limit yourself to the subset described in
   this document, or you will see network configuration failures on
   non-netplan systems.

Version 2 configuration format
==============================

The ``network`` key has at least two required elements. First, it must include
``version: 2`` and one or more of possible device ``types``.

``Cloud-init`` will read this format from :ref:`base_config_reference`.

For example the following could be present in
:file:`/etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/custom-networking.cfg`: ::

  network:
    version: 2
    ethernets: {}

It may also be provided in other locations including the
:ref:`datasource_nocloud`. See :ref:`network_config` for other places.

Supported device ``types`` values are as follows:

- ``ethernets``: Ethernets
- ``bonds``: Bonds
- ``bridges``: Bridges
- ``vlans``: VLANs

Each ``type`` block contains device definitions as a map (where the keys are
called "configuration IDs"). Each entry under the ``types`` may include IP
and/or device configuration.

Device configuration IDs
========================

The key names below the per-device-type definition maps (like ``ethernets:``)
are called "ID"s. They must be unique throughout the entire set of
configuration files. Their primary purpose is to serve as anchor names for
composite devices, for example to enumerate the members of a bridge that is
currently being defined.

There are two physically/structurally different classes of device definitions,
and the ID field has a different interpretation for each:

Physical devices (e.g., ethernet, Wi-Fi)
----------------------------------------

These can dynamically come and go between reboots and even during runtime
(hotplugging). In the generic case, they can be selected by ``match:``
rules on desired properties, such as name/name pattern, MAC address,
or driver. In general these will match any number of
devices (unless they refer to properties which are unique such as the full
path or MAC address), so without further knowledge about the hardware,
these will always be considered as a group.

It is valid to specify no match rules at all, in which case the ID field is
simply the interface name to be matched. This is mostly useful if you want
to keep simple cases simple, and it's how network device configuration has
been done for a long time.

If there are ``match:`` rules, then the ID field is a purely opaque name
which is only being used for references from definitions of compound
devices in the config.

Virtual devices (e.g., veth, bridge, bond)
------------------------------------------

These are fully under the control of the config file(s) and the network
stack, i.e., these devices are being created instead of matched. Thus
``match:`` and ``set-name:`` are not applicable for these, and the ID field
is the name of the created virtual device.

Common properties for physical device types
===========================================

``match: <(mapping)>``
----------------------

This selects a subset of available physical devices by various hardware
properties. The following configuration will then apply to all matching
devices, as soon as they appear. *All* specified properties must match.
The following properties for creating matches are supported:

``name: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Current interface name. Globs are supported, and the primary use case
for matching on names, as selecting one fixed name can be more easily
achieved with having no ``match:`` at all and just using the ID (see
above). Note that currently only ``networkd`` supports globbing,
``NetworkManager`` does not.

Example: ::

  # all cards on second PCI bus
  match:
    name: enp2*

``macaddress: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Device's MAC address in the form xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx. Globs are not allowed.
Letters must be lowercase.

Example: ::

  # fixed MAC address
  match:
    macaddress: "11:22:33:aa:bb:ff"

.. note::
   It is best practice to "quote" all MAC addresses, since an unquoted MAC
   address might be incorrectly interpreted as an integer in `YAML`_.

``driver: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Kernel driver name, corresponding to the ``DRIVER`` udev property. Globs are
supported. Matching on driver is *only* supported with ``networkd``.

Example: ::

  # first card of driver ``ixgbe``
  match:
    driver: ixgbe
    name: en*s0

``set-name: <(scalar)>``
------------------------

When matching on unique properties such as MAC, match rules
can be written so that they match only one device. Then this property can be
used to give that device a more specific/desirable/nicer name than the default
from udev’s ``ifnames``. Any additional device that satisfies the match rules
will then fail to get renamed and keep the original kernel name (and dmesg
will show an error).

While multiple properties can be used in a match, ``macaddress`` is
**required** for cloud-init to perform the rename.

.. note::
    On a netplan-based system, cloud-init will perform the rename
    independently and prior to netplan.

``wakeonlan: <(bool)>``
-----------------------

Enable wake on LAN. Off by default.

Common properties for all device types
======================================

``renderer: <(scalar)>``
------------------------

Use the given networking backend for this definition. Currently supported are
``networkd`` and ``NetworkManager``. This property can be specified globally
in ``networks:``, for a device type (e.g., in ``ethernets:``) or for a
particular device definition. Default is ``networkd``.

.. note::
   ``Cloud-init`` only supports networkd backend if rendering ``version2``
   config to the instance.

``dhcp4: <(bool)>``
-------------------

Enable DHCP for IPv4. Off by default.

``dhcp6: <(bool)>``
-------------------

Enable DHCP for IPv6. Off by default.

``dhcp4-overrides and dhcp6-overrides: <(mapping)>``
----------------------------------------------------

DHCP behaviour overrides. Overrides will only have an effect if
the corresponding DHCP type is enabled. Refer to `Netplan#dhcp-overrides`_
for more documentation.

.. note::
   These properties are only consumed on ``netplan`` and ``networkd``
   renderers.

The ``netplan`` renderer :ref:`passes through <Netplan_passthrough>`
everything and the ``networkd`` renderer consumes the following sub-properties:

* ``hostname`` *
* ``route-metric`` *
* ``send-hostname`` *
* ``use-dns``
* ``use-domains``
* ``use-hostname``
* ``use-mtu`` *
* ``use-ntp``
* ``use-routes`` *

.. note::
   Sub-properties marked with a ``*`` are unsupported for ``dhcp6-overrides``
   when used with the ``networkd`` renderer.

Example: ::

  dhcp4-overrides:
    hostname: hal
    route-metric: 1100
    send-hostname: false
    use-dns: false
    use-domains: false
    use-hostname: false
    use-mtu: false
    use-ntp: false
    use-routes: false

``addresses: <(sequence of scalars)>``
--------------------------------------

Add static addresses to the interface in addition to the ones received
through DHCP or RA. Each sequence entry is in CIDR notation, i.e., of the
form ``addr/prefixlen``. ``addr`` is an IPv4 or IPv6 address as recognized
by ``inet_pton(3)`` and ``prefixlen`` the number of bits of the subnet.

Example: ``addresses: [192.168.14.2/24, 2001:1::1/64]``

``gateway4: or gateway6: <(scalar)>``
-------------------------------------

Deprecated, see `Netplan#default-routes`_.
Set default gateway for IPv4/6, for manual address configuration. This
requires setting ``addresses`` too. Gateway IPs must be in a form
recognized by ``inet_pton(3)``

Example for IPv4: ``gateway4: 172.16.0.1``
Example for IPv6: ``gateway6: 2001:4::1``

``mtu: <MTU SizeBytes>``
------------------------

The MTU key represents a device's Maximum Transmission Unit, the largest size
packet or frame, specified in octets (eight-bit bytes), that can be sent in a
packet- or frame-based network. Specifying ``mtu`` is optional.

``optional: <(bool)>``
------------------------

Mark a device as not required for booting. By default networkd will wait for
all configured interfaces to be configured before continuing to boot. This
option causes networkd to not wait for the interface. This is only supported
by networkd. The default is false.

``nameservers: <(mapping)>``
----------------------------

Set DNS servers and search domains, for manual address configuration. There
are two supported fields: ``addresses:`` is a list of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses
similar to ``gateway*``, and ``search:`` is a list of search domains.

Example: ::

  nameservers:
    search: [lab, home]
    addresses: [8.8.8.8, FEDC::1]

``routes: <(sequence of mapping)>``
-----------------------------------

Add device specific routes. Each mapping includes a ``to``, ``via`` key
with an IPv4 or IPv6 address as value. ``metric`` is an optional value.

Example: ::

  routes:
   - to: 0.0.0.0/0
     via: 10.23.2.1
     metric: 3

Ethernets
=========

Ethernet device definitions do not support any specific properties beyond the
common ones described above.

Bonds
=====

``interfaces: <(sequence of scalars)>``
---------------------------------------

All devices matching this ID list will be added to the bond.

Example: ::

  ethernets:
    switchports:
      match: {name: "enp2*"}
  [...]
  bonds:
    bond0:
      interfaces: [switchports]

``parameters: <(mapping)>``
---------------------------

Customisation parameters for special bonding options. Time values are
specified in seconds unless otherwise specified.

``mode: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Set the bonding mode used for the interfaces. The default is
``balance-rr`` (round robin). Possible values are ``balance-rr``,
``active-backup``, ``balance-xor``, ``broadcast``, ``802.3ad``,
``balance-tlb``, and ``balance-alb``.

``lacp-rate: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Set the rate at which LACPDUs are transmitted. This is only useful
in 802.3ad mode. Possible values are ``slow`` (30 seconds, default),
and ``fast`` (every second).

``mii-monitor-interval: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Specifies the interval for MII monitoring (verifying if an interface
of the bond has carrier). The default is ``0``; which disables MII
monitoring.

``min-links: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The minimum number of links up in a bond to consider the bond
interface to be up.

``transmit-hash-policy: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Specifies the transmit hash policy for the selection of slaves. This
is only useful in balance-xor, 802.3ad and balance-tlb modes.
Possible values are ``layer2``, ``layer3+4``, ``layer2+3``,
``encap2+3``, and ``encap3+4``.

``ad-select: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Set the aggregation selection mode. Possible values are ``stable``,
``bandwidth``, and ``count``. This option is only used in 802.3ad mode.

``all-slaves-active: <(bool)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If the bond should drop duplicate frames received on inactive ports,
set this option to ``false``. If they should be delivered, set this
option to ``true``. The default value is false, and is the desirable
behaviour in most situations.

``arp-interval: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Set the interval value for how frequently ARP link monitoring should
happen. The default value is ``0``, which disables ARP monitoring.

``arp-ip-targets: <(sequence of scalars)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

IPs of other hosts on the link which should be sent ARP requests in
order to validate that a slave is up. This option is only used when
``arp-interval`` is set to a value other than ``0``. At least one IP
address must be given for ARP link monitoring to function. Only IPv4
addresses are supported. You can specify up to 16 IP addresses. The
default value is an empty list.

``arp-validate: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Configure how ARP replies are to be validated when using ARP link
monitoring. Possible values are ``none``, ``active``, ``backup``,
and ``all``.

``arp-all-targets: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Specify whether to use any ARP IP target being up as sufficient for
a slave to be considered up; or if all the targets must be up. This
is only used for ``active-backup`` mode when ``arp-validate`` is
enabled. Possible values are ``any`` and ``all``.

``up-delay: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Specify the delay before enabling a link once the link is physically
up. The default value is ``0``.

``down-delay: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Specify the delay before disabling a link once the link has been
lost. The default value is ``0``.

``fail-over-mac-policy: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Set whether to set all slaves to the same MAC address when adding
them to the bond, or how else the system should handle MAC addresses.
The possible values are ``none``, ``active``, and ``follow``.

``gratuitous-arp: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Specify how many ARP packets to send after failover. Once a link is
up on a new slave, a notification is sent and possibly repeated if
this value is set to a number greater than ``1``. The default value
is ``1`` and valid values are between ``1`` and ``255``. This only
affects ``active-backup`` mode.

``packets-per-slave: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

In ``balance-rr`` mode, specifies the number of packets to transmit
on a slave before switching to the next. When this value is set to
``0``, slaves are chosen at random. Allowable values are between
``0`` and ``65535``. The default value is ``1``. This setting is
only used in ``balance-rr`` mode.

``primary-reselect-policy: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Set the reselection policy for the primary slave. On failure of the
active slave, the system will use this policy to decide how the new
active slave will be chosen and how recovery will be handled. The
possible values are ``always``, ``better``, and ``failure``.

``learn-packet-interval: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Specify the interval between sending Learning packets to each slave.
The value range is between ``1`` and ``0x7fffffff``. The default
value is ``1``. This option only affects ``balance-tlb`` and
``balance-alb`` modes.


Bridges
=======

``interfaces: <(sequence of scalars)>``
---------------------------------------

All devices matching this ID list will be added to the bridge.

Example: ::

  ethernets:
    switchports:
      match: {name: "enp2*"}
  [...]
  bridges:
    br0:
      interfaces: [switchports]

``parameters: <(mapping)>``
---------------------------

Customisation parameters for special bridging options. Time values are
specified in seconds unless otherwise stated.

``ageing-time: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Set the period of time to keep a MAC address in the forwarding database after
a packet is received.

``priority: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Set the priority value for the bridge. This value should be a number between
``0`` and ``65535``. Lower values mean higher priority. The bridge with the
higher priority will be elected as the root bridge.

``forward-delay: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Specify the period of time the bridge will remain in Listening and
Learning states before getting to the Forwarding state. This value
should be set in seconds for the ``systemd`` backend, and in milliseconds
for the ``NetworkManager`` backend.

``hello-time: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Specify the interval between two hello packets being sent out from
the root and designated bridges. Hello packets communicate
information about the network topology.

``max-age: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Set the maximum age of a hello packet. If the last hello packet is
older than that value, the bridge will attempt to become the root
bridge.

``path-cost: <(scalar)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Set the cost of a path on the bridge. Faster interfaces should have
a lower cost. This allows a finer control on the network topology
so that the fastest paths are available whenever possible.

``stp: <(bool)>``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Define whether the bridge should use Spanning Tree Protocol. The
default value is "true", which means that Spanning Tree should be
used.

VLANs
=====

``id: <(scalar)>``
------------------

VLAN ID, a number between 0 and 4094.

``link: <(scalar)>``
--------------------

ID of the underlying device definition on which this VLAN gets created.

Example: ::

  ethernets:
    eno1: {...}
  vlans:
    en-intra:
      id: 1
      link: eno1
      dhcp4: yes
    en-vpn:
      id: 2
      link: eno1
      address: ...


Examples
========

Configure an ethernet device with ``networkd``, identified by its name, and
enable DHCP: ::

  network:
    version: 2
    ethernets:
      eno1:
        dhcp4: true

This is a complex example which shows most available features: ::

  network:
    version: 2
    ethernets:
      # opaque ID for physical interfaces, only referred to by other stanzas
      id0:
        match:
          macaddress: '00:11:22:33:44:55'
        wakeonlan: true
        dhcp4: true
        addresses:
          - 192.168.14.2/24
          - 2001:1::1/64
        gateway4: 192.168.14.1
        gateway6: 2001:1::2
        nameservers:
          search: [foo.local, bar.local]
          addresses: [8.8.8.8]
        # static routes
        routes:
          - to: 192.0.2.0/24
            via: 11.0.0.1
            metric: 3
      lom:
        match:
          driver: ixgbe
        # you are responsible for setting tight enough match rules
        # that only match one device if you use set-name
        set-name: lom1
        dhcp6: true
      switchports:
        # all cards on second PCI bus; unconfigured by themselves, will be added
        # to br0 below
        match:
          name: enp2*
        mtu: 1280
    bonds:
      bond0:
        interfaces: [id0, lom]
    bridges:
      # the key name is the name for virtual (created) interfaces; no match: and
      # set-name: allowed
      br0:
        # IDs of the components; switchports expands into multiple interfaces
        interfaces: [wlp1s0, switchports]
        dhcp4: true
    vlans:
      en-intra:
        id: 1
        link: id0
        dhcp4: yes

.. _Netplan: https://netplan.io
.. _YAML: https://yaml.org/type/int.html
.. _Netplan#default-routes: https://netplan.io/reference#default-routes
.. _Netplan#dhcp-overrides: https://netplan.io/reference#dhcp-overrides
