/***************************************************************************
 * nmap.cc -- Currently handles some of Nmap's port scanning features as   *
 * well as the command line user interface.  Note that the actual main()   *
 * function is in main.cc                                                  *
 *                                                                         *
 ***********************IMPORTANT NMAP LICENSE TERMS************************
 *                                                                         *
 * The Nmap Security Scanner is (C) 1996-2015 Insecure.Com LLC. Nmap is    *
 * also a registered trademark of Insecure.Com LLC.  This program is free  *
 * software; you may redistribute and/or modify it under the terms of the  *
 * GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software            *
 * Foundation; Version 2 ("GPL"), BUT ONLY WITH ALL OF THE CLARIFICATIONS  *
 * AND EXCEPTIONS DESCRIBED HEREIN.  This guarantees your right to use,    *
 * modify, and redistribute this software under certain conditions.  If    *
 * you wish to embed Nmap technology into proprietary software, we sell    *
 * alternative licenses (contact sales@nmap.com).  Dozens of software      *
 * vendors already license Nmap technology such as host discovery, port    *
 * scanning, OS detection, version detection, and the Nmap Scripting       *
 * Engine.                                                                 *
 *                                                                         *
 * Note that the GPL places important restrictions on "derivative works",  *
 * yet it does not provide a detailed definition of that term.  To avoid   *
 * misunderstandings, we interpret that term as broadly as copyright law   *
 * allows.  For example, we consider an application to constitute a        *
 * derivative work for the purpose of this license if it does any of the   *
 * following with any software or content covered by this license          *
 * ("Covered Software"):                                                   *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Integrates source code from Covered Software.                         *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Reads or includes copyrighted data files, such as Nmap's nmap-os-db   *
 * or nmap-service-probes.                                                 *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Is designed specifically to execute Covered Software and parse the    *
 * results (as opposed to typical shell or execution-menu apps, which will *
 * execute anything you tell them to).                                     *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Includes Covered Software in a proprietary executable installer.  The *
 * installers produced by InstallShield are an example of this.  Including *
 * Nmap with other software in compressed or archival form does not        *
 * trigger this provision, provided appropriate open source decompression  *
 * or de-archiving software is widely available for no charge.  For the    *
 * purposes of this license, an installer is considered to include Covered *
 * Software even if it actually retrieves a copy of Covered Software from  *
 * another source during runtime (such as by downloading it from the       *
 * Internet).                                                              *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Links (statically or dynamically) to a library which does any of the  *
 * above.                                                                  *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Executes a helper program, module, or script to do any of the above.  *
 *                                                                         *
 * This list is not exclusive, but is meant to clarify our interpretation  *
 * of derived works with some common examples.  Other people may interpret *
 * the plain GPL differently, so we consider this a special exception to   *
 * the GPL that we apply to Covered Software.  Works which meet any of     *
 * these conditions must conform to all of the terms of this license,      *
 * particularly including the GPL Section 3 requirements of providing      *
 * source code and allowing free redistribution of the work as a whole.    *
 *                                                                         *
 * As another special exception to the GPL terms, Insecure.Com LLC grants  *
 * permission to link the code of this program with any version of the     *
 * OpenSSL library which is distributed under a license identical to that  *
 * listed in the included docs/licenses/OpenSSL.txt file, and distribute   *
 * linked combinations including the two.                                  *
 *                                                                         *
 * Any redistribution of Covered Software, including any derived works,    *
 * must obey and carry forward all of the terms of this license, including *
 * obeying all GPL rules and restrictions.  For example, source code of    *
 * the whole work must be provided and free redistribution must be         *
 * allowed.  All GPL references to "this License", are to be treated as    *
 * including the terms and conditions of this license text as well.        *
 *                                                                         *
 * Because this license imposes special exceptions to the GPL, Covered     *
 * Work may not be combined (even as part of a larger work) with plain GPL *
 * software.  The terms, conditions, and exceptions of this license must   *
 * be included as well.  This license is incompatible with some other open *
 * source licenses as well.  In some cases we can relicense portions of    *
 * Nmap or grant special permissions to use it in other open source        *
 * software.  Please contact fyodor@nmap.org with any such requests.       *
 * Similarly, we don't incorporate incompatible open source software into  *
 * Covered Software without special permission from the copyright holders. *
 *                                                                         *
 * If you have any questions about the licensing restrictions on using     *
 * Nmap in other works, are happy to help.  As mentioned above, we also    *
 * offer alternative license to integrate Nmap into proprietary            *
 * applications and appliances.  These contracts have been sold to dozens  *
 * of software vendors, and generally include a perpetual license as well  *
 * as providing for priority support and updates.  They also fund the      *
 * continued development of Nmap.  Please email sales@nmap.com for further *
 * information.                                                            *
 *                                                                         *
 * If you have received a written license agreement or contract for        *
 * Covered Software stating terms other than these, you may choose to use  *
 * and redistribute Covered Software under those terms instead of these.   *
 *                                                                         *
 * Source is provided to this software because we believe users have a     *
 * right to know exactly what a program is going to do before they run it. *
 * This also allows you to audit the software for security holes.          *
 *                                                                         *
 * Source code also allows you to port Nmap to new platforms, fix bugs,    *
 * and add new features.  You are highly encouraged to send your changes   *
 * to the dev@nmap.org mailing list for possible incorporation into the    *
 * main distribution.  By sending these changes to Fyodor or one of the    *
 * Insecure.Org development mailing lists, or checking them into the Nmap  *
 * source code repository, it is understood (unless you specify otherwise) *
 * that you are offering the Nmap Project (Insecure.Com LLC) the           *
 * unlimited, non-exclusive right to reuse, modify, and relicense the      *
 * code.  Nmap will always be available Open Source, but this is important *
 * because the inability to relicense code has caused devastating problems *
 * for other Free Software projects (such as KDE and NASM).  We also       *
 * occasionally relicense the code to third parties as discussed above.    *
 * If you wish to specify special license conditions of your               *
 * contributions, just say so when you send them.                          *
 *                                                                         *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but     *
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of              *
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the Nmap      *
 * license file for more details (it's in a COPYING file included with     *
 * Nmap, and also available from https://svn.nmap.org/nmap/COPYING)        *
 *                                                                         *
 ***************************************************************************/

/* $Id: nmap.cc 35407 2015-11-10 04:26:26Z dmiller $ */

#include "nmap.h"
#include "osscan.h"
#include "osscan2.h"
#include "scan_engine.h"
#include "FPEngine.h"
#include "idle_scan.h"
#include "timing.h"
#include "NmapOps.h"
#include "MACLookup.h"
#include "traceroute.h"
#include "nmap_tty.h"
#include "nmap_dns.h"
#include "nmap_ftp.h"
#include "services.h"
#include "protocols.h"
#include "targets.h"
#include "TargetGroup.h"
#include "Target.h"
#include "service_scan.h"
#include "charpool.h"
#include "nmap_error.h"
#include "utils.h"
#include "xml.h"

#ifndef NOLUA
#include "nse_main.h"
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SIGNAL
#include <signal.h>
#endif

#include <fcntl.h>

#ifdef HAVE_PWD_H
#include <pwd.h>
#endif

#ifdef WIN32
#include "winfix.h"
/* This name collides in the following include. */
#undef PS_NONE
#include <shlobj.h>
#endif

#if HAVE_OPENSSL
#include <openssl/opensslv.h>
#endif

/* To get the version number only. */
#ifdef WIN32
#include "libdnet-stripped/include/dnet_winconfig.h"
#else
#include "libdnet-stripped/include/config.h"
#endif
#define DNET_VERSION VERSION

#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>

/* global options */
extern char *optarg;
extern int optind;
extern NmapOps o;  /* option structure */

static bool target_needs_new_hostgroup(std::vector<Target *> &targets,
                                       const Target *target);
static void display_nmap_version();

/* A mechanism to save argv[0] for code that requires that. */
static const char *program_name = NULL;

void set_program_name(const char *name) {
  program_name = name;
}

static const char *get_program_name(void) {
  return program_name;
}

/* parse the --scanflags argument.  It can be a number >=0 or a string consisting of TCP flag names like "URGPSHFIN".  Returns -1 if the argument is invalid. */
static int parse_scanflags(char *arg) {
  int flagval = 0;
  char *end = NULL;

  if (isdigit((int) (unsigned char) arg[0])) {
    flagval = strtol(arg, &end, 0);
    if (*end || flagval < 0 || flagval > 255)
      return -1;
  } else {
    if (strcasestr(arg, "FIN"))
      flagval |= TH_FIN;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "SYN"))
      flagval |= TH_SYN;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "RST") || strcasestr(arg, "RESET"))
      flagval |= TH_RST;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "PSH") || strcasestr(arg, "PUSH"))
      flagval |= TH_PUSH;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "ACK"))
      flagval |= TH_ACK;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "URG"))
      flagval |= TH_URG;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "ECE"))
      flagval |= TH_ECE;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "CWR"))
      flagval |= TH_CWR;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "ALL"))
      flagval = 255;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "NONE"))
      flagval = 0;
  }
  return flagval;
}

static void printusage(int rc) {

  printf("%s %s ( %s )\n"
         "Usage: nmap [Scan Type(s)] [Options] {target specification}\n"
         "TARGET SPECIFICATION:\n"
         "  Can pass hostnames, IP addresses, networks, etc.\n"
         "  Ex: scanme.nmap.org, microsoft.com/24, 192.168.0.1; 10.0.0-255.1-254\n"
         "  -iL <inputfilename>: Input from list of hosts/networks\n"
         "  -iR <num hosts>: Choose random targets\n"
         "  --exclude <host1[,host2][,host3],...>: Exclude hosts/networks\n"
         "  --excludefile <exclude_file>: Exclude list from file\n"
         "HOST DISCOVERY:\n"
         "  -sL: List Scan - simply list targets to scan\n"
         "  -sn: Ping Scan - disable port scan\n"
         "  -Pn: Treat all hosts as online -- skip host discovery\n"
         "  -PS/PA/PU/PY[portlist]: TCP SYN/ACK, UDP or SCTP discovery to given ports\n"
         "  -PE/PP/PM: ICMP echo, timestamp, and netmask request discovery probes\n"
         "  -PO[protocol list]: IP Protocol Ping\n"
         "  -n/-R: Never do DNS resolution/Always resolve [default: sometimes]\n"
         "  --dns-servers <serv1[,serv2],...>: Specify custom DNS servers\n"
         "  --system-dns: Use OS's DNS resolver\n"
         "  --traceroute: Trace hop path to each host\n"
         "SCAN TECHNIQUES:\n"
         "  -sS/sT/sA/sW/sM: TCP SYN/Connect()/ACK/Window/Maimon scans\n"
         "  -sU: UDP Scan\n"
         "  -sN/sF/sX: TCP Null, FIN, and Xmas scans\n"
         "  --scanflags <flags>: Customize TCP scan flags\n"
         "  -sI <zombie host[:probeport]>: Idle scan\n"
         "  -sY/sZ: SCTP INIT/COOKIE-ECHO scans\n"
         "  -sO: IP protocol scan\n"
         "  -b <FTP relay host>: FTP bounce scan\n"
         "PORT SPECIFICATION AND SCAN ORDER:\n"
         "  -p <port ranges>: Only scan specified ports\n"
         "    Ex: -p22; -p1-65535; -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080,S:9\n"
         "  --exclude-ports <port ranges>: Exclude the specified ports from scanning\n"
         "  -F: Fast mode - Scan fewer ports than the default scan\n"
         "  -r: Scan ports consecutively - don't randomize\n"
         "  --top-ports <number>: Scan <number> most common ports\n"
         "  --port-ratio <ratio>: Scan ports more common than <ratio>\n"
         "SERVICE/VERSION DETECTION:\n"
         "  -sV: Probe open ports to determine service/version info\n"
         "  --version-intensity <level>: Set from 0 (light) to 9 (try all probes)\n"
         "  --version-light: Limit to most likely probes (intensity 2)\n"
         "  --version-all: Try every single probe (intensity 9)\n"
         "  --version-trace: Show detailed version scan activity (for debugging)\n"
#ifndef NOLUA
         "SCRIPT SCAN:\n"
         "  -sC: equivalent to --script=default\n"
         "  --script=<Lua scripts>: <Lua scripts> is a comma separated list of\n"
         "           directories, script-files or script-categories\n"
         "  --script-args=<n1=v1,[n2=v2,...]>: provide arguments to scripts\n"
         "  --script-args-file=filename: provide NSE script args in a file\n"
         "  --script-trace: Show all data sent and received\n"
         "  --script-updatedb: Update the script database.\n"
         "  --script-help=<Lua scripts>: Show help about scripts.\n"
         "           <Lua scripts> is a comma-separated list of script-files or\n"
         "           script-categories.\n"
#endif
         "OS DETECTION:\n"
         "  -O: Enable OS detection\n"
         "  --osscan-limit: Limit OS detection to promising targets\n"
         "  --osscan-guess: Guess OS more aggressively\n"
         "TIMING AND PERFORMANCE:\n"
         "  Options which take <time> are in seconds, or append 'ms' (milliseconds),\n"
         "  's' (seconds), 'm' (minutes), or 'h' (hours) to the value (e.g. 30m).\n"
         "  -T<0-5>: Set timing template (higher is faster)\n"
         "  --min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size>: Parallel host scan group sizes\n"
         "  --min-parallelism/max-parallelism <numprobes>: Probe parallelization\n"
         "  --min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/initial-rtt-timeout <time>: Specifies\n"
         "      probe round trip time.\n"
         "  --max-retries <tries>: Caps number of port scan probe retransmissions.\n"
         "  --host-timeout <time>: Give up on target after this long\n"
         "  --scan-delay/--max-scan-delay <time>: Adjust delay between probes\n"
         "  --min-rate <number>: Send packets no slower than <number> per second\n"
         "  --max-rate <number>: Send packets no faster than <number> per second\n"
         "FIREWALL/IDS EVASION AND SPOOFING:\n"
         "  -f; --mtu <val>: fragment packets (optionally w/given MTU)\n"
         "  -D <decoy1,decoy2[,ME],...>: Cloak a scan with decoys\n"
         "  -S <IP_Address>: Spoof source address\n"
         "  -e <iface>: Use specified interface\n"
         "  -g/--source-port <portnum>: Use given port number\n"
         "  --proxies <url1,[url2],...>: Relay connections through HTTP/SOCKS4 proxies\n"
         "  --data <hex string>: Append a custom payload to sent packets\n"
         "  --data-string <string>: Append a custom ASCII string to sent packets\n"
         "  --data-length <num>: Append random data to sent packets\n"
         "  --ip-options <options>: Send packets with specified ip options\n"
         "  --ttl <val>: Set IP time-to-live field\n"
         "  --spoof-mac <mac address/prefix/vendor name>: Spoof your MAC address\n"
         "  --badsum: Send packets with a bogus TCP/UDP/SCTP checksum\n"
         "OUTPUT:\n"
         "  -oN/-oX/-oS/-oG <file>: Output scan in normal, XML, s|<rIpt kIddi3,\n"
         "     and Grepable format, respectively, to the given filename.\n"
         "  -oA <basename>: Output in the three major formats at once\n"
         "  -v: Increase verbosity level (use -vv or more for greater effect)\n"
         "  -d: Increase debugging level (use -dd or more for greater effect)\n"
         "  --reason: Display the reason a port is in a particular state\n"
         "  --open: Only show open (or possibly open) ports\n"
         "  --packet-trace: Show all packets sent and received\n"
         "  --iflist: Print host interfaces and routes (for debugging)\n"
         "  --append-output: Append to rather than clobber specified output files\n"
         "  --resume <filename>: Resume an aborted scan\n"
         "  --stylesheet <path/URL>: XSL stylesheet to transform XML output to HTML\n"
         "  --webxml: Reference stylesheet from Nmap.Org for more portable XML\n"
         "  --no-stylesheet: Prevent associating of XSL stylesheet w/XML output\n"
         "MISC:\n"
         "  -6: Enable IPv6 scanning\n"
         "  -A: Enable OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute\n"
         "  --datadir <dirname>: Specify custom Nmap data file location\n"
         "  --send-eth/--send-ip: Send using raw ethernet frames or IP packets\n"
         "  --privileged: Assume that the user is fully privileged\n"
         "  --unprivileged: Assume the user lacks raw socket privileges\n"
         "  -V: Print version number\n"
         "  -h: Print this help summary page.\n"
         "EXAMPLES:\n"
         "  nmap -v -A scanme.nmap.org\n"
         "  nmap -v -sn 192.168.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/8\n"
         "  nmap -v -iR 10000 -Pn -p 80\n"
         "SEE THE MAN PAGE (https://nmap.org/book/man.html) FOR MORE OPTIONS AND EXAMPLES\n", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, NMAP_URL);
  exit(rc);
}

#ifdef WIN32
static void check_setugid(void) {
}
#else
/* Show a warning when running setuid or setgid, as this allows code execution
   (for example NSE scripts) as the owner/group. */
static void check_setugid(void) {
  if (getuid() != geteuid())
    error("WARNING: Running Nmap setuid, as you are doing, is a major security risk.\n");
  if (getgid() != getegid())
    error("WARNING: Running Nmap setgid, as you are doing, is a major security risk.\n");
}
#endif

static void insert_port_into_merge_list(unsigned short *mlist,
                                        int *merged_port_count,
                                        unsigned short p) {
  int i;
  // make sure the port isn't already in the list
  for (i = 0; i < *merged_port_count; i++) {
    if (mlist[i] == p) {
      return;
    }
  }
  mlist[*merged_port_count] = p;
  (*merged_port_count)++;
}

static unsigned short *merge_port_lists(unsigned short *port_list1, int count1,
                                        unsigned short *port_list2, int count2,
                                        int *merged_port_count) {
  int i;
  unsigned short *merged_port_list = NULL;

  *merged_port_count = 0;

  merged_port_list =
    (unsigned short *) safe_zalloc((count1 + count2) * sizeof(unsigned short));

  for (i = 0; i < count1; i++) {
    insert_port_into_merge_list(merged_port_list,
                                merged_port_count,
                                port_list1[i]);
  }
  for (i = 0; i < count2; i++) {
    insert_port_into_merge_list(merged_port_list,
                                merged_port_count,
                                port_list2[i]);
  }

  // if there were duplicate ports then we can save some memory
  if (*merged_port_count < (count1 + count2)) {
    merged_port_list = (unsigned short*)
                       safe_realloc(merged_port_list,
                                    (*merged_port_count) * sizeof(unsigned short));
  }

  return merged_port_list;
}

void validate_scan_lists(scan_lists &ports, NmapOps &o) {
  if (o.pingtype == PINGTYPE_UNKNOWN) {
    if (o.isr00t) {
      if (o.pf() == PF_INET) {
        o.pingtype = DEFAULT_IPV4_PING_TYPES;
      } else {
        o.pingtype = DEFAULT_IPV6_PING_TYPES;
      }
      getpts_simple(DEFAULT_PING_ACK_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT,
                    &ports.ack_ping_ports, &ports.ack_ping_count);
      getpts_simple(DEFAULT_PING_SYN_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT,
                    &ports.syn_ping_ports, &ports.syn_ping_count);
    } else {
      o.pingtype = PINGTYPE_TCP; // if nonr00t
      getpts_simple(DEFAULT_PING_CONNECT_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT,
                    &ports.syn_ping_ports, &ports.syn_ping_count);
    }
  }

  if ((o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_TCP) && (!o.isr00t)) {
    // We will have to do a connect() style ping
    // Pretend we wanted SYN probes all along.
    if (ports.ack_ping_count > 0) {
      // Combine the ACK and SYN ping port lists since they both reduce to
      // SYN probes in this case
      unsigned short *merged_port_list;
      int merged_port_count;

      merged_port_list = merge_port_lists(
                           ports.syn_ping_ports, ports.syn_ping_count,
                           ports.ack_ping_ports, ports.ack_ping_count,
                           &merged_port_count);

      // clean up a bit
      free(ports.syn_ping_ports);
      free(ports.ack_ping_ports);

      ports.syn_ping_count = merged_port_count;
      ports.syn_ping_ports = merged_port_list;
      ports.ack_ping_count = 0;
      ports.ack_ping_ports = NULL;
    }
    o.pingtype &= ~PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_ACK;
    o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_SYN;
  }

#ifndef WIN32	/*	Win32 has perfectly fine ICMP socket support */
  if (!o.isr00t) {
    if (o.pingtype & (PINGTYPE_ICMP_PING | PINGTYPE_ICMP_MASK | PINGTYPE_ICMP_TS)) {
      error("Warning:  You are not root -- using TCP pingscan rather than ICMP");
      o.pingtype = PINGTYPE_TCP;
      if (ports.syn_ping_count == 0) {
        getpts_simple(DEFAULT_TCP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.syn_ping_ports, &ports.syn_ping_count);
        assert(ports.syn_ping_count > 0);
      }
    }
  }
#endif
}

struct ftpinfo ftp = get_default_ftpinfo();

/* A list of targets to be displayed by the --route-dst debugging option. */
static std::vector<std::string> route_dst_hosts;

struct scan_lists ports = { 0 };

/* This struct is used is a temporary storage place that holds options that
   can't be correctly parsed and interpreted before the entire command line has
   been read. Examples are -6 and -S. Trying to set the source address without
   knowing the address family first could result in a failure if you pass an
   IPv6 address and the address family is still IPv4. */
static struct delayed_options {
public:
  delayed_options() {
    this->pre_max_parallelism   = -1;
    this->pre_scan_delay        = -1;
    this->pre_max_scan_delay    = -1;
    this->pre_init_rtt_timeout  = -1;
    this->pre_min_rtt_timeout   = -1;
    this->pre_max_rtt_timeout   = -1;
    this->pre_max_retries       = -1;
    this->pre_host_timeout      = -1;
    this->iflist                = false;
  }

  // Pre-specified timing parameters.
  // These are stored here during the parsing of the arguments so that we can
  // set the defaults specified by any timing template options (-T2, etc) BEFORE
  // any of these. In other words, these always take precedence over the templates.
  int   pre_max_parallelism, pre_scan_delay, pre_max_scan_delay;
  int   pre_init_rtt_timeout, pre_min_rtt_timeout, pre_max_rtt_timeout;
  int   pre_max_retries;
  long  pre_host_timeout;
  char  *machinefilename, *kiddiefilename, *normalfilename, *xmlfilename;
  bool  iflist;
  char  *exclude_spec, *exclude_file;
  char  *spoofSource;
  const char *spoofmac;
  std::vector<std::string> verbose_out;

  void warn_deprecated (const char *given, const char *replacement) {
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << "Warning: The -" << given << " option is deprecated. Please use -" << replacement;
    this->verbose_out.push_back(os.str());
  }

} delayed_options;

struct tm *local_time;

static void test_file_name(const char *filename, const char *option) {
  if (filename[0] == '-' && filename[1] != '\0') {
    fatal("Output filename begins with '-'. Try '-%s ./%s' if you really want it to be named as such.", option, filename);
  } else if (strcmp(option, "o") == 0 && strchr("NAXGS", filename[0])) {
    fatal("You are using a deprecated option in a dangerous way. Did you mean: -o%c %s", filename[0], filename + 1);
  } else if (filename[0] == '-' && strcmp(option,"oA") == 0) {
    fatal("Cannot display multiple output types to stdout.");
  }
}

void parse_options(int argc, char **argv) {
  char *p, *q;
  int arg;
  long l;
  double d;
  char *endptr = NULL;
  char errstr[256];
  int option_index;

  struct option long_options[] = {
    {"version", no_argument, 0, 'V'},
    {"verbose", no_argument, 0, 'v'},
    {"datadir", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"servicedb", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"versiondb", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"debug", optional_argument, 0, 'd'},
    {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
    {"iflist", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"release_memory", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"release-memory", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"nogcc", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max_os_tries", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-os-tries", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max_parallelism", required_argument, 0, 'M'},
    {"max-parallelism", required_argument, 0, 'M'},
    {"min_parallelism", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"min-parallelism", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"timing", required_argument, 0, 'T'},
    {"max_rtt_timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-rtt-timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"min_rtt_timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"min-rtt-timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"initial_rtt_timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"initial-rtt-timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"excludefile", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"exclude", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max_hostgroup", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-hostgroup", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"min_hostgroup", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"min-hostgroup", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"open", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"scanflags", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"defeat_rst_ratelimit", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"defeat-rst-ratelimit", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"host_timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"host-timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"scan_delay", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"scan-delay", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max_scan_delay", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-scan-delay", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max_retries", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-retries", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oA", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oN", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oM", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oG", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oS", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oH", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oX", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"iL", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"iR", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"sI", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"source_port", required_argument, 0, 'g'},
    {"source-port", required_argument, 0, 'g'},
    {"randomize_hosts", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"randomize-hosts", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"nsock_engine", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"nsock-engine", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"proxies", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"proxy", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"osscan_limit", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* skip OSScan if no open ports */
    {"osscan-limit", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* skip OSScan if no open ports */
    {"osscan_guess", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* More guessing flexibility */
    {"osscan-guess", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* More guessing flexibility */
    {"fuzzy", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* Alias for osscan_guess */
    {"packet_trace", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* Display all packets sent/rcv */
    {"packet-trace", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* Display all packets sent/rcv */
    {"version_trace", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* Display -sV related activity */
    {"version-trace", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* Display -sV related activity */
    {"data", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"data_string", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"data-string", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"data_length", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"data-length", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"send_eth", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"send-eth", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"send_ip", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"send-ip", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"stylesheet", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"no_stylesheet", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"no-stylesheet", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"webxml", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"rH", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"vv", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"ff", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"privileged", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"unprivileged", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"mtu", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"append_output", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"append-output", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"noninteractive", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"spoof_mac", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"spoof-mac", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"thc", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"badsum", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"ttl", required_argument, 0, 0}, /* Time to live */
    {"traceroute", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"reason", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"allports", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"version_intensity", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"version-intensity", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"version_light", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"version-light", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"version_all", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"version-all", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"system_dns", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"system-dns", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"log_errors", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"log-errors", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"deprecated_xml_osclass", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"deprecated-xml-osclass", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"dns_servers", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"dns-servers", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"port-ratio", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"port_ratio", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"exclude-ports", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"exclude_ports", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"top-ports", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"top_ports", required_argument, 0, 0},
#ifndef NOLUA
    {"script", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script-trace", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script_trace", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script-updatedb", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script_updatedb", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script-args", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script_args", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script-args-file", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script_args_file", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script-help", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script_help", required_argument, 0, 0},
#endif
    {"ip_options", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"ip-options", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"min_rate", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"min-rate", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max_rate", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-rate", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"adler32", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"stats_every", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"stats-every", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"disable_arp_ping", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"disable-arp-ping", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"route_dst", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"route-dst", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {0, 0, 0, 0}
  };

  /* OK, lets parse these args! */
  optind = 1; /* so it can be called multiple times */
  while ((arg = getopt_long_only(argc, argv, "6Ab:D:d::e:Ffg:hIi:M:m:nO::o:P:p:qRrS:s:T:Vv::", long_options, &option_index)) != EOF) {
    switch (arg) {
    case 0:
#ifndef NOLUA
      if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script") == 0) {
        o.script = 1;
        o.chooseScripts(optarg);
      } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script-args") == 0) {
        o.scriptargs = strdup(optarg);
      } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script-args-file") == 0) {
        o.scriptargsfile = strdup(optarg);
      } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script-trace") == 0) {
        o.scripttrace = 1;
      } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script-updatedb") == 0) {
        o.scriptupdatedb = 1;
      } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script-help") == 0) {
        o.scripthelp = true;
        o.chooseScripts(optarg);
      } else
#endif
        if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-os-tries") == 0) {
          l = atoi(optarg);
          if (l < 1 || l > 50)
            fatal("Bogus --max-os-tries argument specified, must be between 1 and 50 (inclusive)");
          o.setMaxOSTries(l);
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-rtt-timeout") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l < 5)
            fatal("Bogus --max-rtt-timeout argument specified, must be at least 5ms");
          if (l >= 50 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --max-rtt-timeout is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %g seconds. Use \"%sms\" for %g milliseconds.", optarg, l / 1000.0, optarg, l / 1000.0);
          if (l < 20)
            error("WARNING: You specified a round-trip time timeout (%ld ms) that is EXTRAORDINARILY SMALL.  Accuracy may suffer.", l);
          delayed_options.pre_max_rtt_timeout = l;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "min-rtt-timeout") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l < 0)
            fatal("Bogus --min-rtt-timeout argument specified");
          if (l >= 50 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --min-rtt-timeout is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %g seconds. Use \"%sms\" for %g milliseconds.", optarg, l / 1000.0, optarg, l / 1000.0);
          delayed_options.pre_min_rtt_timeout = l;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "initial-rtt-timeout") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus --initial-rtt-timeout argument specified.  Must be positive");
          if (l >= 50 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --initial-rtt-timeout is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %g seconds. Use \"%sms\" for %g milliseconds.", optarg, l / 1000.0, optarg, l / 1000.0);
          delayed_options.pre_init_rtt_timeout = l;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "excludefile") == 0) {
          delayed_options.exclude_file = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "exclude") == 0) {
          delayed_options.exclude_spec = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-hostgroup") == 0) {
          o.setMaxHostGroupSz(atoi(optarg));
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "min-hostgroup") == 0) {
          o.setMinHostGroupSz(atoi(optarg));
          if (atoi(optarg) > 100)
            error("Warning: You specified a highly aggressive --min-hostgroup.");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "open") == 0) {
          o.setOpenOnly(true);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "scanflags") == 0) {
          o.scanflags = parse_scanflags(optarg);
          if (o.scanflags < 0) {
            fatal("--scanflags option must be a number between 0 and 255 (inclusive) or a string like \"URGPSHFIN\".");
          }
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "iflist") == 0) {
          delayed_options.iflist = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "nogcc") == 0) {
          o.nogcc = 1;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "release-memory") == 0) {
          o.release_memory = true;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "min-parallelism") == 0) {
          o.min_parallelism = atoi(optarg);
          if (o.min_parallelism < 1)
            fatal("Argument to --min-parallelism must be at least 1!");
          if (o.min_parallelism > 100) {
            error("Warning: Your --min-parallelism option is pretty high!  This can hurt reliability.");
          }
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "host-timeout") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus --host-timeout argument specified");
          if (l >= 10000 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --host-timeout is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %.1f hours. If this is what you want, use \"%ss\".", optarg, l / 1000.0 / 60 / 60, optarg);
          delayed_options.pre_host_timeout = l;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "ttl") == 0) {
          o.ttl = atoi(optarg);
          if (o.ttl < 0 || o.ttl > 255) {
            fatal("ttl option must be a number between 0 and 255 (inclusive)");
          }
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "datadir") == 0) {
          o.datadir = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "servicedb") == 0) {
          o.requested_data_files["nmap-services"] = optarg;
          o.fastscan++;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "versiondb") == 0) {
          o.requested_data_files["nmap-service-probes"] = optarg;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "append-output") == 0) {
          o.append_output = 1;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "noninteractive") == 0) {
          o.noninteractive = true;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "spoof-mac") == 0) {
          /* I need to deal with this later, once I'm sure that I have output
             files set up, --datadir, etc. */
          delayed_options.spoofmac = optarg;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "allports") == 0) {
          o.override_excludeports = 1;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "version-intensity") == 0) {
          o.version_intensity = atoi(optarg);
          if (o.version_intensity < 0 || o.version_intensity > 9)
            fatal("version-intensity must be between 0 and 9");
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "version-light") == 0) {
          o.version_intensity = 2;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "version-all") == 0) {
          o.version_intensity = 9;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "scan-delay") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l < 0)
            fatal("Bogus --scan-delay argument specified.");
          if (l >= 100 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --scan-delay is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %.1f minutes. Use \"%sms\" for %g milliseconds.", optarg, l / 1000.0 / 60, optarg, l / 1000.0);
          delayed_options.pre_scan_delay = l;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "defeat-rst-ratelimit") == 0) {
          o.defeat_rst_ratelimit = 1;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-scan-delay") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l < 0)
            fatal("Bogus --max-scan-delay argument specified.");
          if (l >= 100 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --max-scan-delay is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %.1f minutes. If this is what you want, use \"%ss\".", optarg, l / 1000.0 / 60, optarg);
          delayed_options.pre_max_scan_delay = l;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-retries") == 0) {
          delayed_options.pre_max_retries = atoi(optarg);
          if (delayed_options.pre_max_retries < 0)
            fatal("max-retries must be positive");
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "randomize-hosts") == 0
                   || strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "rH") == 0) {
          o.randomize_hosts = 1;
          o.ping_group_sz = PING_GROUP_SZ * 4;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "nsock-engine") == 0) {
          if (nsock_set_default_engine(optarg) < 0)
            fatal("Unknown or non-available engine: %s", optarg);
        } else if ((optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "proxies") == 0) || (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "proxy") == 0)) {
          if (nsock_proxychain_new(optarg, &o.proxy_chain, NULL) < 0)
            fatal("Invalid proxy chain specification");
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "osscan-limit")  == 0) {
          o.osscan_limit = 1;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "osscan-guess")  == 0
                   || strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "fuzzy") == 0) {
          o.osscan_guess = 1;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "packet-trace") == 0) {
          o.setPacketTrace(true);
#ifndef NOLUA
          o.scripttrace = 1;
#endif
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "version-trace") == 0) {
          o.setVersionTrace(true);
          o.debugging++;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "data") == 0) {
          if (o.extra_payload)
            fatal("Can't use the --data option(s) multiple times, or together.");
          u8 *tempbuff=NULL;
          size_t len=0;
          if( (tempbuff=parse_hex_string(optarg, &len))==NULL)
            fatal("Invalid hex string specified");
          else {
            o.extra_payload_length = len;
            o.extra_payload = (char *) safe_malloc(o.extra_payload_length);
            memcpy(o.extra_payload, tempbuff, len);
          }
          if (o.extra_payload_length > 1400) /* 1500 - IP with opts - TCP with opts. */
            error("WARNING: Payloads bigger than 1400 bytes may not be sent successfully.");
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "data-string") == 0) {
          if (o.extra_payload)
            fatal("Can't use the --data option(s) multiple times, or together.");
          o.extra_payload_length = strlen(optarg);
          if (o.extra_payload_length < 0 || o.extra_payload_length > MAX_PAYLOAD_ALLOWED)
            fatal("string length must be between 0 and %d", MAX_PAYLOAD_ALLOWED);
          if (o.extra_payload_length > 1400) /* 1500 - IP with opts - TCP with opts. */
            error("WARNING: Payloads bigger than 1400 bytes may not be sent successfully.");
          o.extra_payload = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "data-length") == 0) {
          if (o.extra_payload)
            fatal("Can't use the --data option(s) multiple times, or together.");
          o.extra_payload_length = (int)strtol(optarg, NULL, 10);
          if (o.extra_payload_length < 0 || o.extra_payload_length > MAX_PAYLOAD_ALLOWED)
            fatal("data-length must be between 0 and %d", MAX_PAYLOAD_ALLOWED);
          if (o.extra_payload_length > 1400) /* 1500 - IP with opts - TCP with opts. */
            error("WARNING: Payloads bigger than 1400 bytes may not be sent successfully.");
          o.extra_payload = (char *) safe_malloc(MAX(o.extra_payload_length, 1));
          get_random_bytes(o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length);
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "send-eth") == 0) {
          o.sendpref = PACKET_SEND_ETH_STRONG;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "send-ip") == 0) {
          o.sendpref = PACKET_SEND_IP_STRONG;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "stylesheet") == 0) {
          o.setXSLStyleSheet(optarg);
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "no-stylesheet") == 0) {
          o.setXSLStyleSheet(NULL);
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "system-dns") == 0) {
          o.mass_dns = false;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "dns-servers") == 0) {
          o.dns_servers = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "log-errors") == 0) {
          /*Nmap Log errors is deprecated and is now always enabled by default.
          This option is left in so as to not break anybody's scanning scripts.
          However it does nothing*/
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "deprecated-xml-osclass") == 0) {
          o.deprecated_xml_osclass = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "webxml") == 0) {
          o.setXSLStyleSheet("https://svn.nmap.org/nmap/docs/nmap.xsl");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oN") == 0) {
          test_file_name(optarg, long_options[option_index].name);
          delayed_options.normalfilename = logfilename(optarg, local_time);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oG") == 0
                   || strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oM") == 0) {
          test_file_name(optarg, long_options[option_index].name);
          delayed_options.machinefilename = logfilename(optarg, local_time);
          if (long_options[option_index].name[1] == 'M')
            delayed_options.warn_deprecated("oM", "oG");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oS") == 0) {
          test_file_name(optarg, long_options[option_index].name);
          delayed_options.kiddiefilename = logfilename(optarg, local_time);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oH") == 0) {
          fatal("HTML output is not directly supported, though Nmap includes an XSL for transforming XML output into HTML.  See the man page.");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oX") == 0) {
          test_file_name(optarg, long_options[option_index].name);
          delayed_options.xmlfilename = logfilename(optarg, local_time);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oA") == 0) {
          char buf[MAXPATHLEN];
          test_file_name(optarg, long_options[option_index].name);
          Snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s.nmap", logfilename(optarg, local_time));
          delayed_options.normalfilename = strdup(buf);
          Snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s.gnmap", logfilename(optarg, local_time));
          delayed_options.machinefilename = strdup(buf);
          Snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s.xml", logfilename(optarg, local_time));
          delayed_options.xmlfilename = strdup(buf);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "thc") == 0) {
          log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "!!Greets to Van Hauser, Plasmoid, Skyper and the rest of THC!!\n");
          exit(0);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "badsum") == 0) {
          o.badsum = 1;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "iL") == 0) {
          if (o.inputfd) {
            fatal("Only one input filename allowed");
          }
          if (!strcmp(optarg, "-")) {
            o.inputfd = stdin;
          } else {
            o.inputfd = fopen(optarg, "r");
            if (!o.inputfd) {
              fatal("Failed to open input file %s for reading", optarg);
            }
          }
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "iR") == 0) {
          o.generate_random_ips = 1;
          o.max_ips_to_scan = strtoul(optarg, &endptr, 10);
          if (*endptr != '\0') {
            fatal("ERROR: -iR argument must be the maximum number of random IPs you wish to scan (use 0 for unlimited)");
          }
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "sI") == 0) {
          o.idlescan = 1;
          o.idleProxy = strdup(optarg);
          if (strlen(o.idleProxy) > MAXHOSTNAMELEN) {
            fatal("ERROR: -sI argument must be less than %d characters", MAXHOSTNAMELEN);
          }
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "vv") == 0) {
          /* Compatibility hack ... ugly */
          o.verbose += 2;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "ff") == 0) {
          o.fragscan += 16;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "privileged") == 0) {
          o.isr00t = 1;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "unprivileged") == 0) {
          o.isr00t = 0;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "mtu") == 0) {
          o.fragscan = atoi(optarg);
          if (o.fragscan <= 0 || o.fragscan % 8 != 0)
            fatal("Data payload MTU must be >0 and multiple of 8");
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "port-ratio") == 0) {
          char *ptr;
          o.topportlevel = strtod(optarg, &ptr);
          if (!ptr || o.topportlevel < 0 || o.topportlevel >= 1)
            fatal("--port-ratio should be between [0 and 1)");
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "exclude-ports") == 0) {
          if (o.exclude_portlist)
            fatal("Only 1 --exclude-ports option allowed, separate multiple ranges with commas.");
          o.exclude_portlist = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "top-ports") == 0) {
          char *ptr;
          o.topportlevel = strtod(optarg, &ptr);
          if (!ptr || o.topportlevel < 1 || ((double)((int)o.topportlevel)) != o.topportlevel)
            fatal("--top-ports should be an integer 1 or greater");
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "ip-options") == 0) {
          o.ipoptions    = (u8*) safe_malloc(4 * 10 + 1);
          if ((o.ipoptionslen = parse_ip_options(optarg, o.ipoptions, 4 * 10 + 1, &o.ipopt_firsthop, &o.ipopt_lasthop, errstr, sizeof(errstr))) == OP_FAILURE)
            fatal("%s", errstr);
          if (o.ipoptionslen > 4 * 10)
            fatal("Ip options can't be more than 40 bytes long");
          if (o.ipoptionslen % 4 != 0)
            fatal("Ip options must be multiple of 4 (read length is %i bytes)", o.ipoptionslen);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "traceroute") == 0) {
          o.traceroute = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "reason") == 0) {
          o.reason = true;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "min-rate") == 0) {
          if (sscanf(optarg, "%f", &o.min_packet_send_rate) != 1 || o.min_packet_send_rate <= 0.0)
            fatal("Argument to --min-rate must be a positive floating-point number");
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-rate") == 0) {
          if (sscanf(optarg, "%f", &o.max_packet_send_rate) != 1 || o.max_packet_send_rate <= 0.0)
            fatal("Argument to --max-rate must be a positive floating-point number");
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "adler32") == 0) {
          o.adler32 = true;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "stats-every") == 0) {
          d = tval2secs(optarg);
          if (d < 0)
            fatal("Argument to --stats-every cannot be negative.");
          o.stats_interval = d;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "disable-arp-ping") == 0) {
          o.implicitARPPing = false;
        } else if (optcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "route-dst") == 0) {
          /* The --route-dst debugging option: push these on a list to be
             resolved later after options like -6 and -S have been parsed. */
          route_dst_hosts.push_back(optarg);
        } else {
          fatal("Unknown long option (%s) given@#!$#$", long_options[option_index].name);
        }
      break;
    case '6':
#if !HAVE_IPV6
      fatal("I am afraid IPv6 is not available because your host doesn't support it or you chose to compile Nmap w/o IPv6 support.");
#else
      o.setaf(AF_INET6);
#endif /* !HAVE_IPV6 */
      break;
    case 'A':
      o.servicescan = true;
#ifndef NOLUA
      o.script = 1;
#endif
      if (o.isr00t) {
        o.osscan++;
        o.traceroute = true;
      }
      break;
    case 'b':
      o.bouncescan++;
      if (parse_bounce_argument(&ftp, optarg) < 0) {
        fatal("Your argument to -b is b0rked. Use the normal url style:  user:pass@server:port or just use server and use default anon login\n  Use -h for help");
      }
      break;
    case 'D':
      p = optarg;
      do {
        q = strchr(p, ',');
        if (q)
          *q = '\0';
        if (!strcasecmp(p, "me")) {
          if (o.decoyturn != -1)
            fatal("Can only use 'ME' as a decoy once.\n");
          o.decoyturn = o.numdecoys++;
        } else if (!strcasecmp(p, "rnd") || !strncasecmp(p, "rnd:", 4)) {
          int i = 1;

          /* 'rnd:' is allowed and just gives them one */
          if (strlen(p) > 4)
            i = atoi(&p[4]);

          if (i < 1)
            fatal("Bad 'rnd' decoy \"%s\"", p);

          if (o.numdecoys + i >= MAX_DECOYS - 1)
            fatal("You are only allowed %d decoys (if you need more redefine MAX_DECOYS in nmap.h)", MAX_DECOYS);

          while (i--) {
            do {
              o.decoys[o.numdecoys].s_addr = get_random_u32();
            } while (ip_is_reserved(&o.decoys[o.numdecoys]));
            o.numdecoys++;
          }
        } else {
          if (o.numdecoys >= MAX_DECOYS - 1)
            fatal("You are only allowed %d decoys (if you need more redefine MAX_DECOYS in nmap.h)", MAX_DECOYS);

          /* Try to resolve it */
          struct sockaddr_in decoytemp;
          size_t decoytemplen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
          int rc = resolve(p, 0, (sockaddr_storage*)&decoytemp, &decoytemplen, AF_INET);
          if (rc != 0)
            fatal("Failed to resolve decoy host \"%s\": %s", p, gai_strerror(rc));
          o.decoys[o.numdecoys] = decoytemp.sin_addr;
          o.numdecoys++;
        }
        if (q) {
          *q = ',';
          p = q + 1;
        }
      } while (q);
      break;
    case 'd':
      if (optarg && isdigit(optarg[0])) {
        o.debugging = o.verbose = atoi(optarg);
      } else {
        const char *p;
        o.debugging++;
        o.verbose++;
        for (p = optarg != NULL ? optarg : ""; *p == 'd'; p++) {
          o.debugging++;
          o.verbose++;
        }
        if (*p != '\0')
          fatal("Invalid argument to -d: \"%s\".", optarg);
      }
      o.reason = true;
      break;
    case 'e':
      Strncpy(o.device, optarg, sizeof(o.device));
      break;
    case 'F':
      o.fastscan++;
      break;
    case 'f':
      o.fragscan += 8;
      break;
    case 'g':
      o.magic_port = atoi(optarg);
      o.magic_port_set = true;
      if (o.magic_port == 0)
        error("WARNING: a source port of zero may not work on all systems.");
      break;
    case 'h':
      printusage(0);
      break;
    case '?':
      printusage(-1);
      break;
    case 'I':
      error("WARNING: identscan (-I) no longer supported.  Ignoring -I");
      break;
      // o.identscan++; break;
    case 'i':
      delayed_options.warn_deprecated("i", "iL");
      if (o.inputfd) {
        fatal("Only one input filename allowed");
      }
      if (!strcmp(optarg, "-")) {
        o.inputfd = stdin;
      } else {
        o.inputfd = fopen(optarg, "r");
        if (!o.inputfd) {
          fatal("Failed to open input file %s for reading", optarg);
        }
      }
      break;
    case 'M':
      delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism = atoi(optarg);
      if (delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism < 1)
        fatal("Argument to -M must be at least 1!");
      if (delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism > 900)
        error("Warning: Your max-parallelism (-M) option is extraordinarily high, which can hurt reliability");
      break;
    case 'm':
      delayed_options.warn_deprecated("m", "oG");
      test_file_name(optarg, "oG");
      delayed_options.machinefilename = logfilename(optarg, local_time);
      break;
    case 'n':
      o.noresolve++;
      break;
    case 'O':
      if (!optarg || *optarg == '2')
        o.osscan++;
      else if (*optarg == '1')
        fatal("First-generation OS detection (-O1) is no longer supported. Use -O instead.");
      else
        fatal("Unknown argument to -O.");
      break;
    case 'o':
      delayed_options.warn_deprecated("o", "oN");
      test_file_name(optarg, "o");
      delayed_options.normalfilename = logfilename(optarg, local_time);
      break;
    case 'P':
      if (*optarg == '\0' || *optarg == 'I' || *optarg == 'E')
        o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_ICMP_PING;
      else if (*optarg == 'M')
        o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_ICMP_MASK;
      else if (*optarg == 'P')
        o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_ICMP_TS;
      else if (*optarg == 'n' || *optarg == '0' || *optarg == 'N' || *optarg == 'D') {
        if (*optarg != 'n') {
          char buf[4];
          Snprintf(buf, 3, "P%c", *optarg);
          delayed_options.warn_deprecated(buf, "Pn");
        }
        o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_NONE;
      }
      else if (*optarg == 'R')
        o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_ARP;
      else if (*optarg == 'S') {
        if (ports.syn_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PS option is allowed. Combine port ranges with commas.");
        o.pingtype |= (PINGTYPE_TCP | PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_SYN);
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.syn_ping_ports, &ports.syn_ping_count);
          if (ports.syn_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PS: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_TCP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.syn_ping_ports, &ports.syn_ping_count);
          assert(ports.syn_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else if (*optarg == 'T' || *optarg == 'A') {
        if (ports.ack_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PB, -PA, or -PT option is allowed. Combine port ranges with commas.");
        /* validate_scan_lists takes case of changing this to
           to SYN if not root or if IPv6. */
        o.pingtype |= (PINGTYPE_TCP | PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_ACK);
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.ack_ping_ports, &ports.ack_ping_count);
          if (ports.ack_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PA: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_TCP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.ack_ping_ports, &ports.ack_ping_count);
          assert(ports.ack_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else if (*optarg == 'U') {
        if (ports.udp_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PU option is allowed. Combine port ranges with commas.");
        o.pingtype |= (PINGTYPE_UDP);
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_UDP_PORT, &ports.udp_ping_ports, &ports.udp_ping_count);
          if (ports.udp_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PU: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_UDP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_UDP_PORT, &ports.udp_ping_ports, &ports.udp_ping_count);
          assert(ports.udp_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else if (*optarg == 'Y') {
        if (ports.sctp_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PY option is allowed. Combine port ranges with commas.");
        o.pingtype |= (PINGTYPE_SCTP_INIT);
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_SCTP_PORT, &ports.sctp_ping_ports, &ports.sctp_ping_count);
          if (ports.sctp_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PY: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_SCTP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_SCTP_PORT, &ports.sctp_ping_ports, &ports.sctp_ping_count);
          assert(ports.sctp_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else if (*optarg == 'B') {
        if (ports.ack_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PB, -PA, or -PT option is allowed. Combine port ranges with commas.");
        o.pingtype = DEFAULT_IPV4_PING_TYPES;
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.ack_ping_ports, &ports.ack_ping_count);
          if (ports.ack_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PB: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_TCP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.ack_ping_ports, &ports.ack_ping_count);
          assert(ports.ack_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else if (*optarg == 'O') {
        if (ports.proto_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PO option is allowed. Combine protocol ranges with commas.");
        o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_PROTO;
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_PROTOCOLS, &ports.proto_ping_ports, &ports.proto_ping_count);
          if (ports.proto_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PO: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_PROTO_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_PROTOCOLS, &ports.proto_ping_ports, &ports.proto_ping_count);
          assert(ports.proto_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else {
        fatal("Illegal Argument to -P, use -Pn, -PE, -PS, -PA, -PP, -PM, -PU, -PY, -PR, or -PO");
      }
      break;
    case 'p':
      if (o.portlist)
        fatal("Only 1 -p option allowed, separate multiple ranges with commas.");
      o.portlist = strdup(optarg);
      break;
    case 'R':
      o.resolve_all++;
      break;
    case 'r':
      o.randomize_ports = 0;
      break;
    case 'S':
      if (o.spoofsource)
        fatal("You can only use the source option once!  Use -D <decoy1> -D <decoy2> etc. for decoys\n");
      delayed_options.spoofSource = strdup(optarg);
      o.spoofsource = 1;
      break;
    case 's':
      if (!*optarg) {
        error("An option is required for -s, most common are -sT (tcp scan), -sS (SYN scan), -sF (FIN scan), -sU (UDP scan) and -sn (Ping scan)");
        printusage(-1);
      }
      p = optarg;
      while (*p) {
        switch (*p) {
        case 'P':
          delayed_options.warn_deprecated("sP", "sn");
        case 'n':
          o.noportscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'A':
          o.ackscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'B':
          fatal("No scan type 'B', did you mean bounce scan (-b)?");
          break;
#ifndef NOLUA
        case 'C':
          o.script = 1;
          break;
#endif
        case 'F':
          o.finscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'L':
          o.listscan = 1;
          o.noportscan = 1;
          o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_NONE;
          break;
        case 'M':
          o.maimonscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'N':
          o.nullscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'O':
          o.ipprotscan = 1;
          break;
          /* Alias for -sV since March 2011. */
        case 'R':
          o.servicescan = 1;
          delayed_options.warn_deprecated("sR", "sV");
          error("WARNING: -sR is now an alias for -sV and activates version detection as well as RPC scan.");
          break;
        case 'S':
          o.synscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'T':
          o.connectscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'U':
          o.udpscan++;
          break;
        case 'V':
          o.servicescan = 1;
          break;
        case 'W':
          o.windowscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'X':
          o.xmasscan++;
          break;
        case 'Y':
          o.sctpinitscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'Z':
          o.sctpcookieechoscan = 1;
          break;
        default:
          error("Scantype %c not supported\n", *p);
          printusage(-1);
          break;
        }
        p++;
      }
      break;
    case 'T':
      if (*optarg == '0' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Paranoid") == 0)) {
        o.timing_level = 0;
        o.max_parallelism = 1;
        o.scan_delay = 300000;
        o.setInitialRttTimeout(300000);
      } else if (*optarg == '1' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Sneaky") == 0)) {
        o.timing_level = 1;
        o.max_parallelism = 1;
        o.scan_delay = 15000;
        o.setInitialRttTimeout(15000);
      } else if (*optarg == '2' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Polite") == 0)) {
        o.timing_level = 2;
        o.max_parallelism = 1;
        o.scan_delay = 400;
      } else if (*optarg == '3' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Normal") == 0)) {
      } else if (*optarg == '4' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Aggressive") == 0)) {
        o.timing_level = 4;
        o.setMinRttTimeout(100);
        o.setMaxRttTimeout(1250);
        o.setInitialRttTimeout(500);
        o.setMaxTCPScanDelay(10);
        o.setMaxSCTPScanDelay(10);
        o.setMaxRetransmissions(6);
      } else if (*optarg == '5' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Insane") == 0)) {
        o.timing_level = 5;
        o.setMinRttTimeout(50);
        o.setMaxRttTimeout(300);
        o.setInitialRttTimeout(250);
        o.host_timeout = 900000;
        o.setMaxTCPScanDelay(5);
        o.setMaxSCTPScanDelay(5);
        o.setMaxRetransmissions(2);
      } else {
        fatal("Unknown timing mode (-T argument).  Use either \"Paranoid\", \"Sneaky\", \"Polite\", \"Normal\", \"Aggressive\", \"Insane\" or a number from 0 (Paranoid) to 5 (Insane)");
      }
      break;
    case 'V':
      display_nmap_version();
      exit(0);
      break;
    case 'v':
      if (optarg && isdigit(optarg[0])) {
        o.verbose = atoi(optarg);
      } else {
        const char *p;
        o.verbose++;
        for (p = optarg != NULL ? optarg : ""; *p == 'v'; p++)
          o.verbose++;
        if (*p != '\0')
          fatal("Invalid argument to -v: \"%s\".", optarg);
      }
      break;
    }
  }

}

void  apply_delayed_options() {
  int i;
  char tbuf[128];
  struct sockaddr_storage ss;
  size_t sslen;

  if (o.verbose > 0) {
    for (std::vector<std::string>::iterator it = delayed_options.verbose_out.begin(); it != delayed_options.verbose_out.end(); ++it) {
      error("%s", it->c_str());
    }
  }
  delayed_options.verbose_out.clear();

  if (o.spoofsource) {
    int rc = resolve(delayed_options.spoofSource, 0, &ss, &sslen, o.af());
    if (rc != 0) {
      fatal("Failed to resolve/decode supposed %s source address \"%s\": %s",
        (o.af() == AF_INET) ? "IPv4" : "IPv6", delayed_options.spoofSource,
        gai_strerror(rc));
    }
    o.setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
  }
  // After the arguments are fully processed we now make any of the timing
  // tweaks the user might've specified:
  if (delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism != -1)
    o.max_parallelism = delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism;
  if (delayed_options.pre_scan_delay != -1) {
    o.scan_delay = delayed_options.pre_scan_delay;
    if (o.scan_delay > o.maxTCPScanDelay())
      o.setMaxTCPScanDelay(o.scan_delay);
    if (o.scan_delay > o.maxUDPScanDelay())
      o.setMaxUDPScanDelay(o.scan_delay);
    if (o.scan_delay > o.maxSCTPScanDelay())
      o.setMaxSCTPScanDelay(o.scan_delay);
    if (delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism != -1 || o.min_parallelism != 0)
      error("Warning: --min-parallelism and --max-parallelism are ignored with --scan-delay.");
  }
  if (delayed_options.pre_max_scan_delay != -1) {
    o.setMaxTCPScanDelay(delayed_options.pre_max_scan_delay);
    o.setMaxUDPScanDelay(delayed_options.pre_max_scan_delay);
    o.setMaxSCTPScanDelay(delayed_options.pre_max_scan_delay);
  }
  if (delayed_options.pre_init_rtt_timeout != -1)
    o.setInitialRttTimeout(delayed_options.pre_init_rtt_timeout);
  if (delayed_options.pre_min_rtt_timeout != -1)
    o.setMinRttTimeout(delayed_options.pre_min_rtt_timeout);
  if (delayed_options.pre_max_rtt_timeout != -1)
    o.setMaxRttTimeout(delayed_options.pre_max_rtt_timeout);
  if (delayed_options.pre_max_retries != -1)
    o.setMaxRetransmissions(delayed_options.pre_max_retries);
  if (delayed_options.pre_host_timeout != -1)
    o.host_timeout = delayed_options.pre_host_timeout;


  if (o.osscan) {
    if (o.af() == AF_INET)
        o.reference_FPs = parse_fingerprint_reference_file("nmap-os-db");
    else if (o.af() == AF_INET6)
        o.os_labels_ipv6 = load_fp_matches();
  }

  // Must check and change this before validate_scan_lists
  if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_NONE)
    o.pingtype = PINGTYPE_NONE;

  validate_scan_lists(ports, o);
  o.ValidateOptions();

  // print ip options
  if ((o.debugging || o.packetTrace()) && o.ipoptionslen) {
    char buf[256]; // 256 > 5*40
    bintohexstr(buf, sizeof(buf), (char*) o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen);
    if (o.ipoptionslen >= 8)       // at least one ip address
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Binary ip options to be send:\n%s", buf);
    log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Parsed ip options to be send:\n%s\n",
              format_ip_options(o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen));
  }

  /* Open the log files, now that we know whether the user wants them appended
     or overwritten */
  if (delayed_options.normalfilename) {
    log_open(LOG_NORMAL, o.append_output, delayed_options.normalfilename);
    free(delayed_options.normalfilename);
  }
  if (delayed_options.machinefilename) {
    log_open(LOG_MACHINE, o.append_output, delayed_options.machinefilename);
    free(delayed_options.machinefilename);
  }
  if (delayed_options.kiddiefilename) {
    log_open(LOG_SKID, o.append_output, delayed_options.kiddiefilename);
    free(delayed_options.kiddiefilename);
  }
  if (delayed_options.xmlfilename) {
    log_open(LOG_XML, o.append_output, delayed_options.xmlfilename);
    free(delayed_options.xmlfilename);
  }

  if (o.verbose > 1)
    o.reason = true;

  // ISO 8601 date/time -- http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html
  if (strftime(tbuf, sizeof(tbuf), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M %Z", local_time) <= 0)
    fatal("Unable to properly format time");
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT | LOG_SKID, "\nStarting %s %s ( %s ) at %s\n", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, NMAP_URL, tbuf);
  if (o.verbose) {
    if (local_time->tm_mon == 8 && local_time->tm_mday == 1) {
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT | LOG_SKID, "Happy %dth Birthday to Nmap, may it live to be %d!\n", local_time->tm_year - 97, local_time->tm_year + 3);
    } else if (local_time->tm_mon == 11 && local_time->tm_mday == 25) {
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT | LOG_SKID, "Nmap wishes you a merry Christmas! Specify -sX for Xmas Scan (https://nmap.org/book/man-port-scanning-techniques.html).\n");
    }
  }

#ifndef NOLUA
  if (o.scripthelp) {
    /* Special-case open_nse for --script-help only. */
    open_nse();
    exit(0);
  }
#endif

  if (o.traceroute && !o.isr00t)
    fatal("Traceroute has to be run as root");
  if (o.traceroute && o.idlescan)
    fatal("Traceroute does not support idle scan");

  if ((o.noportscan) && (o.portlist || o.fastscan))
    fatal("You cannot use -F (fast scan) or -p (explicit port selection) when not doing a port scan");

  if (o.portlist && o.fastscan)
    fatal("You cannot use -F (fast scan) with -p (explicit port selection) but see --top-ports and --port-ratio to fast scan a range of ports");

  if (o.ipprotscan) {
    if (o.portlist)
      getpts(o.portlist, &ports);
    else
      getpts((char *) (o.fastscan ? "[P:0-]" : "0-"), &ports);  // Default protocols to scan
  } else if (!o.noportscan) {
    gettoppts(o.topportlevel, o.portlist, &ports, o.exclude_portlist);
  }

  // Uncomment the following line to use the common lisp port spec test suite
  //printf("port spec: (%d %d %d %d)\n", ports.tcp_count, ports.udp_count, ports.stcp_count, ports.prot_count); exit(0);

#ifdef WIN32
  if (o.sendpref & PACKET_SEND_IP) {
    error("WARNING: raw IP (rather than raw ethernet) packet sending attempted on Windows. This probably won't work.  Consider --send-eth next time.");
  }
#endif
  if (delayed_options.spoofmac) {
    u8 mac_data[6];
    int pos = 0; /* Next index of mac_data to fill in */
    char tmphex[3];
    /* A zero means set it all randomly.  Anything that is all digits
       or colons is treated as a prefix, with remaining characters for
       the 6-byte MAC (if any) chosen randomly.  Otherwise, it is
       treated as a vendor string for lookup in nmap-mac-prefixes */
    if (strcmp(delayed_options.spoofmac, "0") == 0) {
      pos = 0;
    } else {
      const char *p = delayed_options.spoofmac;
      while (*p) {
        if (*p == ':')
          p++;
        if (isxdigit((int) (unsigned char) *p) && isxdigit((int) (unsigned char) * (p + 1))) {
          if (pos >= 6)
            fatal("Bogus --spoof-mac value encountered (%s) -- only up to 6 bytes permitted", delayed_options.spoofmac);
          tmphex[0] = *p;
          tmphex[1] = *(p + 1);
          tmphex[2] = '\0';
          mac_data[pos] = (u8) strtol(tmphex, NULL, 16);
          pos++;
          p += 2;
        } else break;
      }
      if (*p) {
        /* Failed to parse it as a MAC prefix -- treating as a vendor substring instead */
        if (!MACCorp2Prefix(delayed_options.spoofmac, mac_data))
          fatal("Could not parse as a prefix nor find as a vendor substring the given --spoof-mac argument: %s.  If you are giving hex digits, there must be an even number of them.", delayed_options.spoofmac);
        pos = 3;
      }
    }
    if (pos < 6) {
      get_random_bytes(mac_data + pos, 6 - pos);
    }
    /* Got the new MAC! */
    const char *vend = MACPrefix2Corp(mac_data);
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN,
              "Spoofing MAC address %02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X (%s)\n",
              mac_data[0], mac_data[1], mac_data[2], mac_data[3], mac_data[4],
              mac_data[5], vend ? vend : "No registered vendor");
    o.setSpoofMACAddress(mac_data);

    /* If they want to spoof the MAC address, we should at least make
       some effort to actually send raw ethernet frames rather than IP
       packets (which would use the real IP */
    if (o.sendpref != PACKET_SEND_IP_STRONG)
      o.sendpref = PACKET_SEND_ETH_STRONG;
  }

  /* Warn if setuid/setgid. */
  check_setugid();

  /* Remove any ports that are in the exclusion list */
  removepts(o.exclude_portlist, &ports);

  /* By now, we've got our port lists.  Give the user a warning if no
   * ports are specified for the type of scan being requested.  Other things
   * (such as OS ident scan) might break cause no ports were specified,  but
   * we've given our warning...
   */
  if ((o.TCPScan()) && ports.tcp_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a TCP scan type was requested, but no tcp ports were specified.  Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.SCTPScan() && ports.sctp_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a SCTP scan type was requested, but no sctp ports were specified.  Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.UDPScan() && ports.udp_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: UDP scan was requested, but no udp ports were specified.  Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.ipprotscan && ports.prot_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: protocol scan was requested, but no protocols were specified to be scanned.  Skipping this scan type.");

  if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_TCP && ports.syn_ping_count+ports.ack_ping_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a TCP ping scan was requested, but after excluding requested TCP ports, none remain. Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_UDP && ports.udp_ping_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a UDP ping scan was requested, but after excluding requested UDP ports, none remain. Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_SCTP_INIT && ports.sctp_ping_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a SCTP ping scan was requested, but after excluding requested SCTP ports, none remain. Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_PROTO && ports.proto_ping_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a IP Protocol ping scan was requested, but after excluding requested protocols, none remain. Skipping this scan type.");


  /* Set up our array of decoys! */
  if (o.decoyturn == -1) {
    o.decoyturn = (o.numdecoys == 0) ?  0 : get_random_uint() % o.numdecoys;
    o.numdecoys++;
    for (i = o.numdecoys - 1; i > o.decoyturn; i--)
      o.decoys[i] = o.decoys[i - 1];
  }

  /* We need to find what interface to route through if:
   * --None have been specified AND
   * --We are root and doing tcp ping OR
   * --We are doing a raw sock scan and NOT pinging anyone */
  if (o.SourceSockAddr() && !*o.device) {
    if (ipaddr2devname(o.device, o.SourceSockAddr()) != 0) {
      fatal("Could not figure out what device to send the packet out on with the source address you gave me!  If you are trying to sp00f your scan, this is normal, just give the -e eth0 or -e ppp0 or whatever.  Otherwise you can still use -e, but I find it kind of fishy.");
    }
  }

  if (*o.device && !o.SourceSockAddr()) {
    struct sockaddr_storage tmpsock;
    memset(&tmpsock, 0, sizeof(tmpsock));
    if (devname2ipaddr(o.device, &tmpsock) == -1) {
      fatal("I cannot figure out what source address to use for device %s, does it even exist?", o.device);
    }
    o.setSourceSockAddr(&tmpsock, sizeof(tmpsock));
  }

  if (delayed_options.exclude_file) {
    o.excludefd = fopen(delayed_options.exclude_file, "r");
    if (!o.excludefd)
      fatal("Failed to open exclude file %s for reading", delayed_options.exclude_file);
    free(delayed_options.exclude_file);
  }
  o.exclude_spec = delayed_options.exclude_spec;

}

int nmap_main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  int i;
  std::vector<Target *> Targets;
  time_t now;
  struct hostent *target = NULL;
  time_t timep;
  char mytime[128];
  addrset exclude_group;
#ifndef NOLUA
  /* Only NSE scripts can add targets */
  NewTargets *new_targets = NULL;
  /* Pre-Scan and Post-Scan script results datastructure */
  ScriptResults *script_scan_results = NULL;
#endif
  unsigned int ideal_scan_group_sz = 0;
  Target *currenths;
  char myname[MAXHOSTNAMELEN + 1];
  int sourceaddrwarning = 0; /* Have we warned them yet about unguessable
                                source addresses? */
  unsigned int targetno;
  char hostname[MAXHOSTNAMELEN + 1] = "";
  struct sockaddr_storage ss;
  size_t sslen;

  now = time(NULL);
  local_time = localtime(&now);

  if (o.debugging)
    nbase_set_log(fatal, error);
  else
    nbase_set_log(fatal, NULL);

  if (argc < 2)
    printusage(-1);

  Targets.reserve(100);
#ifdef WIN32
  win_pre_init();
#endif

  parse_options(argc, argv);

  tty_init(); // Put the keyboard in raw mode

  apply_delayed_options();

#ifdef WIN32
  win_init();
#endif

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < route_dst_hosts.size(); i++) {
    const char *dst;
    struct sockaddr_storage ss;
    struct route_nfo rnfo;
    size_t sslen;
    int rc;

    dst = route_dst_hosts[i].c_str();
    rc = resolve(dst, 0, &ss, &sslen, o.af());
    if (rc != 0)
      fatal("Can't resolve %s: %s.", dst, gai_strerror(rc));

    printf("%s\n", inet_ntop_ez(&ss, sslen));

    if (!route_dst(&ss, &rnfo, o.device, o.SourceSockAddr())) {
      printf("Can't route %s (%s).", dst, inet_ntop_ez(&ss, sslen));
    } else {
      printf("%s %s", rnfo.ii.devname, rnfo.ii.devfullname);
      printf(" srcaddr %s", inet_ntop_ez(&rnfo.srcaddr, sizeof(rnfo.srcaddr)));
      if (rnfo.direct_connect)
        printf(" direct");
      else
        printf(" nexthop %s", inet_ntop_ez(&rnfo.nexthop, sizeof(rnfo.nexthop)));
    }
    printf("\n");
  }
  route_dst_hosts.clear();

  if (delayed_options.iflist) {
    print_iflist();
    exit(0);
  }

  /* If he wants to bounce off of an FTP site, that site better damn well be reachable! */
  if (o.bouncescan) {
    if (!inet_pton(AF_INET, ftp.server_name, &ftp.server)) {
      if ((target = gethostbyname(ftp.server_name)))
        memcpy(&ftp.server, target->h_addr_list[0], 4);
      else {
        fatal("Failed to resolve FTP bounce proxy hostname/IP: %s",
              ftp.server_name);
      }
    } else if (o.verbose) {
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Resolved FTP bounce attack proxy to %s (%s).\n",
                ftp.server_name, inet_ntoa(ftp.server));
    }
  }
  fflush(stdout);
  fflush(stderr);

  timep = time(NULL);

  /* Brief info in case they forget what was scanned */
  Strncpy(mytime, ctime(&timep), sizeof(mytime));
  chomp(mytime);
  char *xslfname = o.XSLStyleSheet();
  xml_start_document("nmaprun");
  if (xslfname) {
    xml_open_pi("xml-stylesheet");
    xml_attribute("href", "%s", xslfname);
    xml_attribute("type", "text/xsl");
    xml_close_pi();
    xml_newline();
  }

  std::string command;
  if (argc > 0)
    command += argv[0];
  for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
    command += " ";
    command += argv[i];
  }

  xml_start_comment();
  xml_write_escaped(" %s %s scan initiated %s as: %s ", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, mytime, join_quoted(argv, argc).c_str());
  xml_end_comment();
  xml_newline();

  log_write(LOG_NORMAL | LOG_MACHINE, "# ");
  log_write(LOG_NORMAL | LOG_MACHINE, "%s %s scan initiated %s as: ", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, mytime);
  log_write(LOG_NORMAL | LOG_MACHINE, "%s", command.c_str());
  log_write(LOG_NORMAL | LOG_MACHINE, "\n");

  xml_open_start_tag("nmaprun");
  xml_attribute("scanner", "nmap");
  xml_attribute("args", "%s", join_quoted(argv, argc).c_str());
  xml_attribute("start", "%lu", (unsigned long) timep);
  xml_attribute("startstr", "%s", mytime);
  xml_attribute("version", "%s", NMAP_VERSION);
  xml_attribute("xmloutputversion", NMAP_XMLOUTPUTVERSION);
  xml_close_start_tag();
  xml_newline();

  output_xml_scaninfo_records(&ports);

  xml_open_start_tag("verbose");
  xml_attribute("level", "%d", o.verbose);
  xml_close_empty_tag();
  xml_newline();
  xml_open_start_tag("debugging");
  xml_attribute("level", "%d", o.debugging);
  xml_close_empty_tag();
  xml_newline();

  /* Before we randomize the ports scanned, lets output them to machine
     parseable output */
  if (o.verbose)
    output_ports_to_machine_parseable_output(&ports);

#if defined(HAVE_SIGNAL) && defined(SIGPIPE)
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN); /* ignore SIGPIPE so our program doesn't crash because
                               of it, but we really shouldn't get an unexpected
                               SIGPIPE */
#endif

  if (o.max_parallelism && (i = max_sd()) && i < o.max_parallelism) {
    error("WARNING: Your specified max_parallel_sockets of %d, but your system says it might only give us %d.  Trying anyway", o.max_parallelism, i);
  }

  if (o.debugging > 1)
    log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "The max # of sockets we are using is: %d\n", o.max_parallelism);

  // At this point we should fully know our timing parameters
  if (o.debugging) {
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "--------------- Timing report ---------------\n");
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  hostgroups: min %d, max %d\n", o.minHostGroupSz(), o.maxHostGroupSz());
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  rtt-timeouts: init %d, min %d, max %d\n", o.initialRttTimeout(), o.minRttTimeout(), o.maxRttTimeout());
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  max-scan-delay: TCP %d, UDP %d, SCTP %d\n", o.maxTCPScanDelay(), o.maxUDPScanDelay(), o.maxSCTPScanDelay());
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  parallelism: min %d, max %d\n", o.min_parallelism, o.max_parallelism);
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  max-retries: %d, host-timeout: %ld\n", o.getMaxRetransmissions(), o.host_timeout);
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  min-rate: %g, max-rate: %g\n", o.min_packet_send_rate, o.max_packet_send_rate);
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "---------------------------------------------\n");
  }

  /* Before we randomize the ports scanned, we must initialize PortList class. */
  if (o.ipprotscan)
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_IP,  ports.prots, ports.prot_count);
  if (o.TCPScan())
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_TCP, ports.tcp_ports, ports.tcp_count);
  if (o.UDPScan())
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_UDP, ports.udp_ports, ports.udp_count);
  if (o.SCTPScan())
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_SCTP, ports.sctp_ports, ports.sctp_count);

  if (o.randomize_ports) {
    if (ports.tcp_count) {
      shortfry(ports.tcp_ports, ports.tcp_count);
      // move a few more common ports closer to the beginning to speed scan
      random_port_cheat(ports.tcp_ports, ports.tcp_count);
    }
    if (ports.udp_count)
      shortfry(ports.udp_ports, ports.udp_count);
    if (ports.sctp_count)
      shortfry(ports.sctp_ports, ports.sctp_count);
    if (ports.prot_count)
      shortfry(ports.prots, ports.prot_count);
  }

  addrset_init(&exclude_group);

  /* lets load our exclude list */
  if (o.excludefd != NULL) {
    load_exclude_file(&exclude_group, o.excludefd);
    fclose(o.excludefd);
  }
  if (o.exclude_spec != NULL) {
    load_exclude_string(&exclude_group, o.exclude_spec);
  }

  if (o.debugging > 3)
    dumpExclude(&exclude_group);

#ifndef NOLUA
  if (o.scriptupdatedb) {
    o.max_ips_to_scan = o.numhosts_scanned; // disable warnings?
  }
  if (o.servicescan)
    o.scriptversion = 1;
  if (o.scriptversion || o.script || o.scriptupdatedb)
    open_nse();

  /* Run the script pre-scanning phase */
  if (o.script) {
    new_targets = NewTargets::get();
    script_scan_results = get_script_scan_results_obj();
    script_scan(Targets, SCRIPT_PRE_SCAN);
    printscriptresults(script_scan_results, SCRIPT_PRE_SCAN);
    while (!script_scan_results->empty()) {
      script_scan_results->front().clear();
      script_scan_results->pop_front();
    }
  }
#endif

  HostGroupState hstate(o.ping_group_sz, o.randomize_hosts, argc, (const char **) argv);

  do {
    ideal_scan_group_sz = determineScanGroupSize(o.numhosts_scanned, &ports);
    while (Targets.size() < ideal_scan_group_sz) {
      o.current_scantype = HOST_DISCOVERY;
      currenths = nexthost(&hstate, &exclude_group, &ports, o.pingtype);
      if (!currenths)
        break;

      if (currenths->flags & HOST_UP && !o.listscan)
        o.numhosts_up++;

      if ((o.noportscan && !o.traceroute
#ifndef NOLUA
           && !o.script
#endif
          ) || o.listscan) {
        /* We're done with the hosts */
        if (currenths->flags & HOST_UP || (o.verbose && !o.openOnly())) {
          xml_start_tag("host");
          write_host_header(currenths);
          printmacinfo(currenths);
          //  if (currenths->flags & HOST_UP)
          //  log_write(LOG_PLAIN,"\n");
          printtimes(currenths);
          xml_end_tag();
          xml_newline();
          log_flush_all();
        }
        delete currenths;
        o.numhosts_scanned++;
        continue;
      }

      if (o.spoofsource) {
        o.SourceSockAddr(&ss, &sslen);
        currenths->setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
      }

      /* I used to check that !currenths->weird_responses, but in some
         rare cases, such IPs CAN be port successfully scanned and even
         connected to */
      if (!(currenths->flags & HOST_UP)) {
        if (o.verbose && (!o.openOnly() || currenths->ports.hasOpenPorts())) {
          xml_start_tag("host");
          write_host_header(currenths);
          xml_end_tag();
          xml_newline();
        }
        delete currenths;
        o.numhosts_scanned++;
        continue;
      }

      if (o.RawScan()) {
        if (currenths->SourceSockAddr(NULL, NULL) != 0) {
          if (o.SourceSockAddr(&ss, &sslen) == 0) {
            currenths->setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
          } else {
            if (gethostname(myname, MAXHOSTNAMELEN) ||
                resolve(myname, 0, &ss, &sslen, o.af()) != 0)
              fatal("Cannot get hostname!  Try using -S <my_IP_address> or -e <interface to scan through>\n");

            o.setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
            currenths->setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
            if (! sourceaddrwarning) {
              error("WARNING: We could not determine for sure which interface to use, so we are guessing %s .  If this is wrong, use -S <my_IP_address>.",
                    inet_socktop(&ss));
              sourceaddrwarning = 1;
            }
          }
        }

        if (!currenths->deviceName())
          fatal("Do not have appropriate device name for target");

        /* Hosts in a group need to be somewhat homogeneous. Put this host in
           the next group if necessary. See target_needs_new_hostgroup for the
           details of when we need to split. */
        if (target_needs_new_hostgroup(Targets, currenths)) {
          returnhost(&hstate);
          o.numhosts_up--;
          break;
        }
        o.decoys[o.decoyturn] = currenths->v4source();
      }
      Targets.push_back(currenths);
    }

    if (Targets.size() == 0)
      break; /* Couldn't find any more targets */

    // Set the variable for status printing
    o.numhosts_scanning = Targets.size();

    // Our source must be set in decoy list because nexthost() call can
    // change it (that issue really should be fixed when possible)
    if (o.af() == AF_INET && o.RawScan())
      o.decoys[o.decoyturn] = Targets[0]->v4source();

    /* I now have the group for scanning in the Targets vector */

    if (!o.noportscan) {
      // Ultra_scan sets o.scantype for us so we don't have to worry
      if (o.synscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, SYN_SCAN);

      if (o.ackscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, ACK_SCAN);

      if (o.windowscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, WINDOW_SCAN);

      if (o.finscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, FIN_SCAN);

      if (o.xmasscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, XMAS_SCAN);

      if (o.nullscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, NULL_SCAN);

      if (o.maimonscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, MAIMON_SCAN);

      if (o.udpscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, UDP_SCAN);

      if (o.connectscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, CONNECT_SCAN);

      if (o.sctpinitscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, SCTP_INIT_SCAN);

      if (o.sctpcookieechoscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, SCTP_COOKIE_ECHO_SCAN);

      if (o.ipprotscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, IPPROT_SCAN);

      /* These lame functions can only handle one target at a time */
      if (o.idlescan) {
        for (targetno = 0; targetno < Targets.size(); targetno++) {
          o.current_scantype = IDLE_SCAN;
          keyWasPressed(); // Check if a status message should be printed
          idle_scan(Targets[targetno], ports.tcp_ports,
                    ports.tcp_count, o.idleProxy, &ports);
        }
      }
      if (o.bouncescan) {
        for (targetno = 0; targetno < Targets.size(); targetno++) {
          o.current_scantype = BOUNCE_SCAN;
          keyWasPressed(); // Check if a status message should be printed
          if (ftp.sd <= 0)
            ftp_anon_connect(&ftp);
          if (ftp.sd > 0)
            bounce_scan(Targets[targetno], ports.tcp_ports, ports.tcp_count, &ftp);
        }
      }

      if (o.servicescan) {
        o.current_scantype = SERVICE_SCAN;
        service_scan(Targets);
      }
    }

    if (o.osscan) {
      OSScan os_engine;
      os_engine.os_scan(Targets);
    }

    if (o.traceroute)
      traceroute(Targets);

#ifndef NOLUA
    if (o.script || o.scriptversion) {
      script_scan(Targets, SCRIPT_SCAN);
    }
#endif

    for (targetno = 0; targetno < Targets.size(); targetno++) {
      currenths = Targets[targetno];
      /* Now I can do the output and such for each host */
      if (currenths->timedOut(NULL)) {
        xml_open_start_tag("host");
        xml_attribute("starttime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->StartTime());
        xml_attribute("endtime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->EndTime());
        xml_close_start_tag();
        write_host_header(currenths);
        xml_end_tag(); /* host */
        xml_newline();
        log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "Skipping host %s due to host timeout\n",
                  currenths->NameIP(hostname, sizeof(hostname)));
        log_write(LOG_MACHINE, "Host: %s (%s)\tStatus: Timeout\n",
                  currenths->targetipstr(), currenths->HostName());
      } else {
        /* --open means don't show any hosts without open ports. */
        if (o.openOnly() && !currenths->ports.hasOpenPorts())
          continue;

        xml_open_start_tag("host");
        xml_attribute("starttime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->StartTime());
        xml_attribute("endtime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->EndTime());
        xml_close_start_tag();
        write_host_header(currenths);
        printportoutput(currenths, &currenths->ports);
        printmacinfo(currenths);
        printosscanoutput(currenths);
        printserviceinfooutput(currenths);
#ifndef NOLUA
        printhostscriptresults(currenths);
#endif
        if (o.traceroute)
          printtraceroute(currenths);
        printtimes(currenths);
        log_write(LOG_PLAIN | LOG_MACHINE, "\n");
        xml_end_tag(); /* host */
        xml_newline();
      }
    }
    log_flush_all();

    o.numhosts_scanned += Targets.size();

    /* Free all of the Targets */
    while (!Targets.empty()) {
      currenths = Targets.back();
      delete currenths;
      Targets.pop_back();
    }
    o.numhosts_scanning = 0;
  } while (!o.max_ips_to_scan || o.max_ips_to_scan > o.numhosts_scanned);

#ifndef NOLUA
  if (o.script) {
    script_scan(Targets, SCRIPT_POST_SCAN);
    printscriptresults(script_scan_results, SCRIPT_POST_SCAN);
    while (!script_scan_results->empty()) {
      script_scan_results->front().clear();
      script_scan_results->pop_front();
    }
    delete new_targets;
    new_targets = NULL;
  }
#endif

  addrset_free(&exclude_group);

  if (o.inputfd != NULL)
    fclose(o.inputfd);

  printdatafilepaths();

  printfinaloutput();

  free_scan_lists(&ports);

  eth_close_cached();

  if (o.release_memory) {
    nmap_free_mem();
  }
  return 0;
}

/* Returns true iff this target is incompatible with the other hosts in the host
   group. This happens when:
     1. it uses a different interface, or
     2. it uses a different source address, or
     3. it is directly connected when the other hosts are not, or vice versa, or
     4. it has the same IP address as another target already in the group.
   These restrictions only apply for raw scans. This function is similar to one
   of the same name in targets.cc. That one is for ping scanning, this one is
   for port scanning. */
static bool target_needs_new_hostgroup(std::vector<Target *> &targets, const Target *target) {
  std::vector<Target *>::iterator it;

  /* We've just started a new hostgroup, so any target is acceptable. */
  if (targets.empty())
    return false;

  /* There are no restrictions on non-root scans. */
  if (!(o.isr00t && target->deviceName() != NULL))
    return false;

  /* Different address family? */
  if (targets[0]->af() != target->af())
    return true;

  /* Different interface name? */
  if (targets[0]->deviceName() != NULL &&
      target->deviceName() != NULL &&
      strcmp(targets[0]->deviceName(), target->deviceName()) != 0) {
    return true;
  }

  /* Different source address? */
  if (sockaddr_storage_cmp(targets[0]->SourceSockAddr(), target->SourceSockAddr()) != 0)
    return true;

  /* Different direct connectedness? */
  if (targets[0]->directlyConnected() != target->directlyConnected())
    return true;

  /* Is there already a target with this same IP address? ultra_scan doesn't
     cope with that, because it uses IP addresses to look up targets from
     replies. What happens is one target gets the replies for all probes
     referring to the same IP address. */
  for (it = targets.begin(); it != targets.end(); it++) {
    if (sockaddr_storage_cmp((*it)->TargetSockAddr(), target->TargetSockAddr()) == 0)
      return true;
  }

  return false;
}

// Free some global memory allocations.
// This is used for detecting memory leaks.
void nmap_free_mem() {
  PortList::freePortMap();
  cp_free();
  free_services();
  AllProbes::service_scan_free();
  traceroute_hop_cache_clear();
  nsock_set_default_engine(NULL);
}

/* Reads in a (normal or machine format) Nmap log file and gathers enough
   state to allow Nmap to continue where it left off.  The important things
   it must gather are:
   1) The last host completed
   2) The command arguments
*/

int gather_logfile_resumption_state(char *fname, int *myargc, char ***myargv) {
  char *filestr;
  int filelen;
  char nmap_arg_buffer[1024];
  struct in_addr lastip;
  char *p, *q, *found, *lastipstr; /* I love C! */
  /* We mmap it read/write since we will change the last char to a newline if it is not already */
  filestr = mmapfile(fname, &filelen, O_RDWR);
  if (!filestr) {
    fatal("Could not mmap() %s read/write", fname);
  }

  if (filelen < 20) {
    fatal("Output file %s is too short -- no use resuming", fname);
  }

  /* For now we terminate it with a NUL, but we will terminate the file with
     a '\n' later */
  filestr[filelen - 1] = '\0';

  /* First goal is to find the nmap args */
  if ((p = strstr(filestr, " as: ")))
    p += 5;
  else
    fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Are you sure this is an Nmap output file?", fname);
  while (*p && !isspace((int) (unsigned char) *p))
    p++;
  if (!*p)
    fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);
  p++; /* Skip the space between program name and first arg */
  if (*p == '\n' || !*p)
    fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);

  q = strchr(p, '\n');
  if (!q || ((unsigned int) (q - p) >= sizeof(nmap_arg_buffer) - 32))
    fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Perhaps the Nmap execution had not finished at least one host?  In that case there is no use \"resuming\"", fname);


  strncpy(nmap_arg_buffer, "nmap --append-output ", sizeof(nmap_arg_buffer));
  if ((q - p) + 21 + 1 >= (int) sizeof(nmap_arg_buffer))
    fatal("0verfl0w");
  memcpy(nmap_arg_buffer + 21, p, q - p);
  nmap_arg_buffer[21 + q - p] = '\0';

  if (strstr(nmap_arg_buffer, "--randomize-hosts") != NULL) {
    error("WARNING: You are attempting to resume a scan which used --randomize-hosts.  Some hosts in the last randomized batch may be missed and others may be repeated once");
  }

  *myargc = arg_parse(nmap_arg_buffer, myargv);
  if (*myargc == -1) {
    fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);
  }

  /* Now it is time to figure out the last IP that was scanned */
  q = p;
  found = NULL;
  /* Lets see if its a grepable log first (-oG) */
  while ((q = strstr(q, "\nHost: ")))
    found = q = q + 7;

  if (found) {
    q = strchr(found, ' ');
    if (!q)
      fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);
    *q = '\0';
    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, found, &lastip) == 0)
      fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);
    *q = ' ';
  } else {
    /* OK, I guess (hope) it is a normal log then (-oN) */
    q = p;
    found = NULL;
    while ((q = strstr(q, "\nNmap scan report for ")))
      found = q = q + 22;

    /*  There may be some later IPs of the form :
        "Nmap scan report for florence (x.x.7.10)" (dns reverse lookup)
        or "Nmap scan report for x.x.7.10".
    */
    if (found) {
      q = strchr(found, '\n');
      if (!q)
        fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);
      *q = '\0';
      p = strchr(found, '(');
      if (!p) { /* No DNS reverse lookup, found should already contain IP */
        lastipstr = strdup(found);
      } else { /* DNS reverse lookup, IP is between parentheses */
        *q = '\n';
        q--;
        *q = '\0';
        lastipstr = strdup(p + 1);
      }
      *q = p ? ')' : '\n'; /* recover changed chars */
      if (inet_pton(AF_INET, lastipstr, &lastip) == 0)
        fatal("Unable to parse ip (%s) in supposed log file %s.  Sorry", lastipstr, fname);
      free(lastipstr);
    } else {
      error("Warning: You asked for --resume but it doesn't look like any hosts in the log file were successfully scanned.  Starting from the beginning.");
      lastip.s_addr = 0;
    }
  }
  o.resume_ip = lastip;

  /* Ensure the log file ends with a newline */
  filestr[filelen - 1] = '\n';
  if (munmap(filestr, filelen) != 0)
    gh_perror("%s: error in munmap(%p, %u)", __func__, filestr, filelen);

  return 0;
}



/* Convert a string like "-100,n*tp,200-1024,3000-4000,[60000-]" into an array
 * of port numbers. Note that one trailing comma is OK -- this is actually
 * useful for machine generated lists
 *
 * Fyodor - Wrote original
 * William McVey - Added T:, U:, P: directives
 * Doug Hoyte - Added [], name lookups, and wildcard expansion
 *
 * getpts() handles []
 * Any port ranges included inside square brackets will have all
 * their ports looked up in nmap-services or nmap-protocols
 * and will only be included if they are found.
 * Returns a scan_list* with all the ports that should be scanned.
 *
 * getpts() handles service/protocol name lookups and wildcard expansion.
 * The service name can be specified instead of the port number.
 * For example, "ssh" can be used instead of "22". You can use wildcards
 * like "*" and "?". See the function wildtest() for the exact details.
 * For example,
 *
 * nmap -p http* host
 *
 * Will scan http (80), http-mgmt (280), http-proxy (8080), https (443), etc.
 *
 * Matching is case INsensitive but the first character in a match MUST
 * be lowercase so it doesn't conflict with the T:, U:, and P: directives.
 *
 * getpts() is unable to match service names that start with a digit
 * like 3com-tsmux (106/udp). Use a pattern like "?com-*" instead.
 *
 * BE CAREFUL ABOUT SHELL EXPANSIONS!!!
 * If you are trying to match the services nmsp (537/tcp) and nms (1429/tcp)
 * and you execute the command
 *
 * ./nmap -p nm* host
 *
 * You will see
 *
 * Found no matches for the service mask 'nmap' and your specified protocols
 * QUITTING!
 *
 * This is because nm* was expanded to the name of the binary file nmap in
 * the current directory by your shell. When unsure, quote your port strings
 * to be safe:
 *
 * ./nmap -p 'nm*' host
 *
 * getpts() is smart enough to keep the T: U: and P: directives nested
 * and working in a logical manner. For instance,
 *
 * nmap -sTU -p [U:1025-],1-1024 host
 *
 * Will scan UDP ports 1025 and up that are found in the service file
 * and all TCP/UDP ports below <= 1024. Notice that the U doesn't affect
 * the outer part of the port expression. It's "closed".
 */

static void getpts_aux(const char *origexpr, int nested, u8 *porttbl, int range_type,
                       int *portwarning, bool change_range_type = true);

void getpts(const char *origexpr, struct scan_lists *ports) {
  u8 *porttbl;
  int range_type = 0;
  int portwarning = 0;
  int i, tcpi, udpi, sctpi, proti;

  if (o.TCPScan())
    range_type |= SCAN_TCP_PORT;
  if (o.UDPScan())
    range_type |= SCAN_UDP_PORT;
  if (o.SCTPScan())
    range_type |= SCAN_SCTP_PORT;
  if (o.ipprotscan)
    range_type |= SCAN_PROTOCOLS;
  if (o.noportscan && o.exclude_portlist) { // We want to exclude from ping scans in this case but we take port list normally and then removepts() handles it
    range_type |= SCAN_TCP_PORT;
    range_type |= SCAN_UDP_PORT;
    range_type |= SCAN_SCTP_PORT;
  }

  porttbl = (u8 *) safe_zalloc(65536);

  getpts_aux(origexpr,      // Pass on the expression
             0,             // Don't start off nested
             porttbl,       // Our allocated port table
             range_type,    // Defaults to TCP/UDP/SCTP/Protos
             &portwarning); // No, we haven't warned them about dup ports yet

  ports->tcp_count = 0;
  ports->udp_count = 0;
  ports->sctp_count = 0;
  ports->prot_count = 0;
  for (i = 0; i <= 65535; i++) {
    if (porttbl[i] & SCAN_TCP_PORT)
      ports->tcp_count++;
    if (porttbl[i] & SCAN_UDP_PORT)
      ports->udp_count++;
    if (porttbl[i] & SCAN_SCTP_PORT)
      ports->sctp_count++;
    if (porttbl[i] & SCAN_PROTOCOLS && i < 256)
      ports->prot_count++;
  }

  if (range_type != 0 && 0 == (ports->tcp_count + ports->udp_count + ports->sctp_count + ports->prot_count))
    fatal("No ports specified -- If you really don't want to scan any ports use ping scan...");

  if (ports->tcp_count) {
    ports->tcp_ports = (unsigned short *)safe_zalloc(ports->tcp_count * sizeof(unsigned short));
  }
  if (ports->udp_count) {
    ports->udp_ports = (unsigned short *)safe_zalloc(ports->udp_count * sizeof(unsigned short));
  }
  if (ports->sctp_count) {
    ports->sctp_ports = (unsigned short *)safe_zalloc(ports->sctp_count * sizeof(unsigned short));
  }
  if (ports->prot_count) {
    ports->prots = (unsigned short *)safe_zalloc(ports->prot_count * sizeof(unsigned short));
  }

  for (i = tcpi = udpi = sctpi = proti = 0; i <= 65535; i++) {
    if (porttbl[i] & SCAN_TCP_PORT)
      ports->tcp_ports[tcpi++] = i;
    if (porttbl[i] & SCAN_UDP_PORT)
      ports->udp_ports[udpi++] = i;
    if (porttbl[i] & SCAN_SCTP_PORT)
      ports->sctp_ports[sctpi++] = i;
    if (porttbl[i] & SCAN_PROTOCOLS && i < 256)
      ports->prots[proti++] = i;
  }

  free(porttbl);
}

/* This function is like getpts except it only allocates space for and stores
  values into one unsigned short array, instead of an entire scan_lists struct
  For that reason, T:, U:, S: and P: restrictions are not allowed and only one
  bit in range_type may be set. */
void getpts_simple(const char *origexpr, int range_type,
                   unsigned short **list, int *count) {
  u8 *porttbl;
  int portwarning = 0;
  int i, j;

  /* Make sure that only one bit in range_type is set (or that range_type is 0,
     which is useless but not incorrect). */
  assert((range_type & (range_type - 1)) == 0);

  porttbl = (u8 *) safe_zalloc(65536);

  /* Get the ports but do not allow changing the type with T:, U:, or P:. */
  getpts_aux(origexpr, 0, porttbl, range_type, &portwarning, false);

  /* Count how many are set. */
  *count = 0;
  for (i = 0; i <= 65535; i++) {
    if (porttbl[i] & range_type)
      (*count)++;
  }

  if (*count == 0) {
    free(porttbl);
    return;
  }

  *list = (unsigned short *) safe_zalloc(*count * sizeof(unsigned short));

  /* Fill in the list. */
  for (i = 0, j = 0; i <= 65535; i++) {
    if (porttbl[i] & range_type)
      (*list)[j++] = i;
  }

  free(porttbl);
}

/* removepts() takes a port specification and removes any matching ports
  from the given scan_lists struct. */

static int remaining_ports(unsigned short int *ports, int count, unsigned short int *exclude_ports, int exclude_count, const char *type = "");

void removepts(const char *expr, struct scan_lists * ports) {
  static struct scan_lists exclude_ports;

  if (!expr)
    return;

  getpts(expr, &exclude_ports);

  #define SUBTRACT_PORTS(type,excludetype) \
    ports->type##_count = remaining_ports(ports->type##_ports, \
                                          ports->type##_count, \
                                          exclude_ports.excludetype##_ports, \
                                          exclude_ports.excludetype##_count, \
                                          #type)

  SUBTRACT_PORTS(tcp, tcp);
  SUBTRACT_PORTS(udp, udp);
  SUBTRACT_PORTS(sctp, sctp);
  SUBTRACT_PORTS(syn_ping, tcp);
  SUBTRACT_PORTS(ack_ping, tcp);
  SUBTRACT_PORTS(udp_ping, udp);
  SUBTRACT_PORTS(sctp_ping, sctp);

  #define prot_ports prots
  SUBTRACT_PORTS(prot, prot);
  SUBTRACT_PORTS(proto_ping, prot);
  #undef prot_ports

  #undef SUBTRACT_PORTS

  free_scan_lists(&exclude_ports);
}

/* This function returns the number of ports that remain after the excluded ports
  are removed from the ports. It places these ports at the start of the ports array. */
static int remaining_ports(unsigned short int *ports, int count, unsigned short int *exclude_ports, int exclude_count, const char *type) {
  static bool has_been_excluded[65536];
  int i, j;

  if (count == 0 || exclude_count == 0)
    return count;

  if (o.debugging > 1)
    log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Removed %s ports: ", type);

  for (i = 0; i < 65536; i++)
    has_been_excluded[i] = false;
  for (i = 0; i < exclude_count; i++)
    has_been_excluded[exclude_ports[i]] = true;
  for (i = 0, j = 0; i < count; i++)
    if (!has_been_excluded[ports[i]])
      ports[j++] = ports[i];
    else if (o.debugging > 1)
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "%d ", ports[i]);

  if (o.debugging > 1) {
    if (count-j) {
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "\n");
    } else {
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "None\n");
    }
  }
  if (o.debugging && count-j) {
    log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Removed %d %s ports that would have been considered for scanning otherwise.\n", count-j, type);
  }

  return j;
}

/* getpts() and getpts_simple() (see above) are wrappers for this function */

static void getpts_aux(const char *origexpr, int nested, u8 *porttbl, int range_type, int *portwarning, bool change_range_type) {
  long rangestart = -2343242, rangeend = -9324423;
  const char *current_range;
  char *endptr;
  char servmask[128];  // A protocol name can be up to 127 chars + nul byte
  int i;

  /* An example of proper syntax to use in error messages. */
  const char *syntax_example;
  if (change_range_type)
    syntax_example = "-100,200-1024,T:3000-4000,U:60000-";
  else
    syntax_example = "-100,200-1024,3000-4000,60000-";

  current_range = origexpr;
  do {
    while (isspace((int) (unsigned char) *current_range))
      current_range++; /* I don't know why I should allow spaces here, but I will */

    if (change_range_type) {
      if (*current_range == 'T' && *++current_range == ':') {
        current_range++;
        range_type = SCAN_TCP_PORT;
        continue;
      }
      if (*current_range == 'U' && *++current_range == ':') {
        current_range++;
        range_type = SCAN_UDP_PORT;
        continue;
      }
      if (*current_range == 'S' && *++current_range == ':') {
        current_range++;
        range_type = SCAN_SCTP_PORT;
        continue;
      }
      if (*current_range == 'P' && *++current_range == ':') {
        current_range++;
        range_type = SCAN_PROTOCOLS;
        continue;
      }
    }

    if (*current_range == '[') {
      if (nested)
        fatal("Can't nest [] brackets in port/protocol specification");

      getpts_aux(++current_range, 1, porttbl, range_type, portwarning);

      // Skip past the ']'. This is OK because we can't nest []s
      while (*current_range != ']' && *current_range != '\0')
        current_range++;
      if (*current_range == ']')
        current_range++;

      // Skip over a following ',' so we're ready to keep parsing
      if (*current_range == ',')
        current_range++;

      continue;
    } else if (*current_range == ']') {
      if (!nested)
        fatal("Unexpected ] character in port/protocol specification");

      return;
    } else if (*current_range == '-') {
      if (range_type & SCAN_PROTOCOLS)
        rangestart = 0;
      else
        rangestart = 1;
    } else if (isdigit((int) (unsigned char) *current_range)) {
      rangestart = strtol(current_range, &endptr, 10);
      if (range_type & SCAN_PROTOCOLS) {
        if (rangestart < 0 || rangestart > 255)
          fatal("Protocols specified must be between 0 and 255 inclusive");
      } else {
        if (rangestart < 0 || rangestart > 65535)
          fatal("Ports specified must be between 0 and 65535 inclusive");
      }
      current_range = endptr;
      while (isspace((int) (unsigned char) *current_range)) current_range++;
    } else if (islower((int) (unsigned char) *current_range) || *current_range == '*' || *current_range == '?') {
      i = 0;

      while (*current_range && !isspace((int) (unsigned char) *current_range) && *current_range != ',' && *current_range != ']') {
        servmask[i++] = *(current_range++);
        if (i >= ((int)sizeof(servmask) - 1))
          fatal("A service mask in the port/protocol specification is either malformed or too long");
      }

      if (*current_range && *current_range != ']') current_range++; // We want the '] character to be picked up on the next pass
      servmask[i] = '\0'; // Finish the string

      i = addportsfromservmask(servmask, porttbl, range_type);
      if (range_type & SCAN_PROTOCOLS)
        i += addprotocolsfromservmask(servmask, porttbl);

      if (i == 0)
        fatal("Found no matches for the service mask '%s' and your specified protocols", servmask);

      continue;

    } else {
      fatal("Error #485: Your port specifications are illegal.  Example of proper form: \"%s\"", syntax_example);
    }
    /* Now I have a rangestart, time to go after rangeend */
    if (!*current_range || *current_range == ',' || *current_range == ']') {
      /* Single port specification */
      rangeend = rangestart;
    } else if (*current_range == '-') {
      current_range++;
      if (!*current_range || *current_range == ',' || *current_range == ']') {
        /* Ended with a -, meaning up until the last possible port */
        if (range_type & SCAN_PROTOCOLS)
          rangeend = 255;
        else
          rangeend = 65535;
      } else if (isdigit((int) (unsigned char) *current_range)) {
        rangeend = strtol(current_range, &endptr, 10);
        if (range_type & SCAN_PROTOCOLS) {
          if (rangeend < 0 || rangeend > 255)
            fatal("Protocols specified must be between 0 and 255 inclusive");
        } else {
          if (rangeend < 0 || rangeend > 65535)
            fatal("Ports specified must be between 0 and 65535 inclusive");
        }
        current_range = endptr;
      } else {
        fatal("Error #486: Your port specifications are illegal.  Example of proper form: \"%s\"", syntax_example);
      }
      if (rangeend < rangestart) {
        fatal("Your %s range %ld-%ld is backwards. Did you mean %ld-%ld?",
              (range_type & SCAN_PROTOCOLS) ? "protocol" : "port",
              rangestart, rangeend, rangeend, rangestart);
      }
    } else {
      fatal("Error #487: Your port specifications are illegal.  Example of proper form: \"%s\"", syntax_example);
    }

    /* Now I have a rangestart and a rangeend, so I can add these ports */
    while (rangestart <= rangeend) {
      if (porttbl[rangestart] & range_type) {
        if (!(*portwarning)) {
          error("WARNING: Duplicate port number(s) specified.  Are you alert enough to be using Nmap?  Have some coffee or Jolt(tm).");
          (*portwarning)++;
        }
      } else {
        if (nested) {
          if ((range_type & SCAN_TCP_PORT) &&
              nmap_getservbyport(rangestart, "tcp")) {
            porttbl[rangestart] |= SCAN_TCP_PORT;
          }
          if ((range_type & SCAN_UDP_PORT) &&
              nmap_getservbyport(rangestart, "udp")) {
            porttbl[rangestart] |= SCAN_UDP_PORT;
          }
          if ((range_type & SCAN_SCTP_PORT) &&
              nmap_getservbyport(rangestart, "sctp")) {
            porttbl[rangestart] |= SCAN_SCTP_PORT;
          }
          if ((range_type & SCAN_PROTOCOLS) &&
              nmap_getprotbynum(rangestart)) {
            porttbl[rangestart] |= SCAN_PROTOCOLS;
          }
        } else {
          porttbl[rangestart] |= range_type;
        }
      }
      rangestart++;
    }

    /* Find the next range */
    while (isspace((int) (unsigned char) *current_range)) current_range++;

    if (*current_range == ']') {
      if (!nested)
        fatal("Unexpected ] character in port/protocol specification");
      return;
    }

    if (*current_range && *current_range != ',') {
      fatal("Error #488: Your port specifications are illegal.  Example of proper form: \"%s\"", syntax_example);
    }
    if (*current_range == ',')
      current_range++;
  } while (current_range && *current_range);

}

void free_scan_lists(struct scan_lists *ports) {
  if (ports->tcp_ports)
    free(ports->tcp_ports);
  if (ports->udp_ports)
    free(ports->udp_ports);
  if (ports->sctp_ports)
    free(ports->sctp_ports);
  if (ports->prots)
    free(ports->prots);
  if (ports->syn_ping_ports)
    free(ports->syn_ping_ports);
  if (ports->ack_ping_ports)
    free(ports->ack_ping_ports);
  if (ports->udp_ping_ports)
    free(ports->udp_ping_ports);
  if (ports->proto_ping_ports)
    free(ports->proto_ping_ports);
}




/* Just a routine for obtaining a string for printing based on the scantype */
const char *scantype2str(stype scantype) {

  switch (scantype) {
  case STYPE_UNKNOWN:
    return "Unknown Scan Type";
    break;
  case HOST_DISCOVERY:
    return "Host Discovery";
    break;
  case ACK_SCAN:
    return "ACK Scan";
    break;
  case SYN_SCAN:
    return "SYN Stealth Scan";
    break;
  case FIN_SCAN:
    return "FIN Scan";
    break;
  case XMAS_SCAN:
    return "XMAS Scan";
    break;
  case UDP_SCAN:
    return "UDP Scan";
    break;
  case CONNECT_SCAN:
    return "Connect Scan";
    break;
  case NULL_SCAN:
    return "NULL Scan";
    break;
  case WINDOW_SCAN:
    return "Window Scan";
    break;
  case SCTP_INIT_SCAN:
    return "SCTP INIT Scan";
    break;
  case SCTP_COOKIE_ECHO_SCAN:
    return "SCTP COOKIE-ECHO Scan";
    break;
  case MAIMON_SCAN:
    return "Maimon Scan";
    break;
  case IPPROT_SCAN:
    return "IPProto Scan";
    break;
  case PING_SCAN:
    return "Ping Scan";
    break;
  case PING_SCAN_ARP:
    return "ARP Ping Scan";
    break;
  case PING_SCAN_ND:
    return "ND Ping Scan";
    break;
  case IDLE_SCAN:
    return "Idle Scan";
    break;
  case BOUNCE_SCAN:
    return "Bounce Scan";
    break;
  case SERVICE_SCAN:
    return "Service Scan";
    break;
  case OS_SCAN:
    return "OS Scan";
    break;
  case SCRIPT_PRE_SCAN:
    return "Script Pre-Scan";
    break;
  case SCRIPT_SCAN:
    return "Script Scan";
    break;
  case SCRIPT_POST_SCAN:
    return "Script Post-Scan";
    break;
  case TRACEROUTE:
    return "Traceroute" ;
    break;
  default:
    assert(0);
    break;
  }

  return NULL; /* Unreached */

}

const char *statenum2str(int state) {
  switch (state) {
  case PORT_OPEN:
    return "open";
    break;
  case PORT_FILTERED:
    return "filtered";
    break;
  case PORT_UNFILTERED:
    return "unfiltered";
    break;
  case PORT_CLOSED:
    return "closed";
    break;
  case PORT_OPENFILTERED:
    return "open|filtered";
    break;
  case PORT_CLOSEDFILTERED:
    return "closed|filtered";
    break;
  default:
    return "unknown";
    break;
  }
  return "unknown";
}

static char *executable_dir(const char *argv0) {
  char *path, *dir;

  path = executable_path(argv0);
  if (path == NULL)
    return NULL;
  dir = path_get_dirname(path);
  free(path);

  return dir;
}

/* Returns true if the two given filenames refer to the same file. (Have the
   same device and inode number.) */
static bool same_file(const char *filename_a, const char *filename_b) {
  struct stat stat_a, stat_b;

  if (stat(filename_a, &stat_a) == -1)
    return false;
  if (stat(filename_b, &stat_b) == -1)
    return false;

  return stat_a.st_dev == stat_b.st_dev && stat_a.st_ino == stat_b.st_ino;
}

static int nmap_fetchfile_sub(char *filename_returned, int bufferlen, const char *file);

/* Search for a file in the standard data file locations. The result is stored
   in filename_returned, which must point to an allocated buffer of at least
   bufferlen bytes. Returns true iff the search should be considered finished
   (i.e., the caller shouldn't try to search anywhere else for the file).

   Options like --servicedb and --versiondb set explicit locations for
   individual data files. If any of these were used those locations are checked
   first, and no other locations are checked.

   After that, the following directories are searched in order. First an
   NMAP_UPDATE_CHANNEL subdirectory is checked in all of them, then they are all
   tried again directly.
    * --datadir
    * $NMAPDIR
    * [Non-Windows only] ~/.nmap
    * [Windows only] ...\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\nmap
    * The directory containing the nmap binary
    * [Non-Windows only] The directory containing the nmap binary plus
      "/../share/nmap"
    * NMAPDATADIR */
int nmap_fetchfile(char *filename_returned, int bufferlen, const char *file) {
  const char *UPDATES_PREFIX = "updates/" NMAP_UPDATE_CHANNEL "/";
  std::map<std::string, std::string>::iterator iter;
  char buf[BUFSIZ];
  int res;

  /* Check the map of requested data file names. */
  iter = o.requested_data_files.find(file);
  if (iter != o.requested_data_files.end()) {
    Strncpy(filename_returned, iter->second.c_str(), bufferlen);
    /* If a special file name was requested, we must not return any other file
       name. Return a positive result even if the file doesn't exist or is not
       readable. It is the caller's responsibility to report the error if the
       file can't be accessed. */
    return file_is_readable(filename_returned) || 1;
  }

  /* Try updates directory first. */
  Strncpy(buf, UPDATES_PREFIX, sizeof(buf));
  Strncpy(buf + strlen(UPDATES_PREFIX), file, sizeof(buf) - strlen(UPDATES_PREFIX));
  res = nmap_fetchfile_sub(filename_returned, bufferlen, buf);

  if (!res)
    res = nmap_fetchfile_sub(filename_returned, bufferlen, file);

  return res;
}

#ifdef WIN32
static int nmap_fetchfile_userdir(char *buf, size_t buflen, const char *file) {
  char appdata[MAX_PATH];
  int res;

  if (SHGetFolderPath(NULL, CSIDL_APPDATA, NULL, SHGFP_TYPE_CURRENT, appdata) != S_OK)
    return 0;
  res = Snprintf(buf, buflen, "%s\\nmap\\%s", appdata, file);
  if (res <= 0 || res >= buflen)
    return 0;

  return file_is_readable(buf);
}
#else
static int nmap_fetchfile_userdir_uid(char *buf, size_t buflen, const char *file, int uid) {
  struct passwd *pw;
  int res;

  pw = getpwuid(uid);
  if (pw == NULL)
    return 0;
  res = Snprintf(buf, buflen, "%s/.nmap/%s", pw->pw_dir, file);
  if (res <= 0 || (size_t) res >= buflen)
    return 0;

  return file_is_readable(buf);
}

static int nmap_fetchfile_userdir(char *buf, size_t buflen, const char *file) {
  int res;

  res = nmap_fetchfile_userdir_uid(buf, buflen, file, getuid());
  if (res != 0)
    return res;

  if (getuid() != geteuid()) {
    res = nmap_fetchfile_userdir_uid(buf, buflen, file, geteuid());
    if (res != 0)
      return res;
  }

  return 0;
}
#endif

static int nmap_fetchfile_sub(char *filename_returned, int bufferlen, const char *file) {
  char *dirptr;
  int res;
  int foundsomething = 0;
  char dot_buffer[512];
  static int warningcount = 0;

  if (o.datadir) {
    res = Snprintf(filename_returned, bufferlen, "%s/%s", o.datadir, file);
    if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
      foundsomething = file_is_readable(filename_returned);
    }
  }

  if (!foundsomething && (dirptr = getenv("NMAPDIR"))) {
    res = Snprintf(filename_returned, bufferlen, "%s/%s", dirptr, file);
    if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
      foundsomething = file_is_readable(filename_returned);
    }
  }

  if (!foundsomething)
    foundsomething = nmap_fetchfile_userdir(filename_returned, bufferlen, file);

  const char *argv0;
  char *dir;

  argv0 = get_program_name();
  assert(argv0 != NULL);
  dir = executable_dir(argv0);

  if (dir != NULL) {
    if (!foundsomething) { /* Try the nMap directory */
      res = Snprintf(filename_returned, bufferlen, "%s/%s", dir, file);
      if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
        foundsomething = file_is_readable(filename_returned);
      }
    }
#ifndef WIN32
    if (!foundsomething) {
      res = Snprintf(filename_returned, bufferlen, "%s/../share/nmap/%s", dir, file);
      if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
        foundsomething = file_is_readable(filename_returned);
      }
    }
#endif
    free(dir);
  }

  if (!foundsomething) {
    res = Snprintf(filename_returned, bufferlen, "%s/%s", NMAPDATADIR, file);
    if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
      foundsomething = file_is_readable(filename_returned);
    }
  }

  if (foundsomething && (*filename_returned != '.')) {
    res = Snprintf(dot_buffer, sizeof(dot_buffer), "./%s", file);
    if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
      if (file_is_readable(dot_buffer) && !same_file(filename_returned, dot_buffer)) {
#ifdef WIN32
        if (warningcount++ < 1 && o.debugging)
#else
        if (warningcount++ < 1)
#endif
          error("Warning: File %s exists, but Nmap is using %s for security and consistency reasons.  set NMAPDIR=. to give priority to files in your local directory (may affect the other data files too).", dot_buffer, filename_returned);
      }
    }
  }

  if (foundsomething && o.debugging > 1)
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "Fetchfile found %s\n", filename_returned);

  return foundsomething;

}

/* Extracts a whitespace-separated word from a string. Returns a zero-length
   string if there are too few words. */
static std::string get_word(const char *str, unsigned int n) {
  const char *p, *q;
  unsigned int i;

  p = str;
  for (i = 0; *p != '\0' && i <= n; i++) {
    while (isspace((int) (unsigned char) *p))
      p++;
    q = p;
    while (*q != '\0' && !isspace((int) (unsigned char) *q))
      q++;
    if (i == n)
      return std::string(p, q - p);
    p = q;
  }

  return std::string();
}

/* Helper for display_nmap_version. Tries to extract a word (presumably a
   version number) from a string, but if that fails, returns the whole string
   enclosed in parentheses as a failsafe. */
static std::string get_word_or_quote(const char *str, unsigned int n) {
  std::string word;

  word = get_word(str, n);
  if (word.length() == 0)
    word = std::string("(") + str + std::string(")");

  return word;
}

static void display_nmap_version() {
  std::vector<std::string> with, without;
  unsigned int i;

#ifndef NOLUA
#ifdef LUA_INCLUDED
  with.push_back(std::string("nmap-liblua-") + get_word_or_quote(LUA_RELEASE, 1));
#else
  with.push_back(std::string("liblua-") + get_word_or_quote(LUA_RELEASE, 1));
#endif
#else
  without.push_back("liblua");
#endif

#if HAVE_OPENSSL
  with.push_back(std::string("openssl-") + get_word_or_quote(OPENSSL_VERSION_TEXT, 1));
#else
  without.push_back("openssl");
#endif

#ifdef PCRE_INCLUDED
  with.push_back(std::string("nmap-libpcre-") + get_word_or_quote(pcre_version(), 0));
#else
  with.push_back(std::string("libpcre-") + get_word_or_quote(pcre_version(), 0));
#endif

#ifdef PCAP_INCLUDED
  with.push_back(std::string("nmap-libpcap-") + get_word_or_quote(pcap_lib_version(), 2));
#else
  with.push_back(std::string("libpcap-") + get_word_or_quote(pcap_lib_version(), 2));
#endif

#ifdef DNET_INCLUDED
  with.push_back(std::string("nmap-libdnet-") + DNET_VERSION);
#else
  with.push_back(std::string("libdnet-") + DNET_VERSION);
#endif

#if HAVE_IPV6
  with.push_back("ipv6");
#else
  without.push_back("ipv6");
#endif

  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "\n%s version %s ( %s )\n", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, NMAP_URL);
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Platform: %s\n", NMAP_PLATFORM);
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Compiled with:");
  for (i = 0; i < with.size(); i++)
    log_write(LOG_STDOUT, " %s", with[i].c_str());
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "\n");
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Compiled without:");
  for (i = 0; i < without.size(); i++)
    log_write(LOG_STDOUT, " %s", without[i].c_str());
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "\n");
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Available nsock engines: %s\n", nsock_list_engines());
}
