#cython: binding=True

import operator

import numpy as np
cimport numpy as np

from libc.stdint cimport uint32_t, uint64_t
from numpy.random cimport BitGenerator, SeedSequence

__all__ = ['MT19937']

np.import_array()

cdef extern from "src/mt19937/mt19937.h":

    struct s_mt19937_state:
        uint32_t key[624]
        int pos

    ctypedef s_mt19937_state mt19937_state

    uint64_t mt19937_next64(mt19937_state *state)  nogil
    uint32_t mt19937_next32(mt19937_state *state)  nogil
    double mt19937_next_double(mt19937_state *state)  nogil
    void mt19937_init_by_array(mt19937_state *state, uint32_t *init_key, int key_length)
    void mt19937_seed(mt19937_state *state, uint32_t seed)
    void mt19937_jump(mt19937_state *state)

    enum:
        RK_STATE_LEN

cdef uint64_t mt19937_uint64(void *st) noexcept nogil:
    return mt19937_next64(<mt19937_state *> st)

cdef uint32_t mt19937_uint32(void *st) noexcept nogil:
    return mt19937_next32(<mt19937_state *> st)

cdef double mt19937_double(void *st) noexcept nogil:
    return mt19937_next_double(<mt19937_state *> st)

cdef uint64_t mt19937_raw(void *st) noexcept nogil:
    return <uint64_t>mt19937_next32(<mt19937_state *> st)

cdef class MT19937(BitGenerator):
    """
    MT19937(seed=None)

    Container for the Mersenne Twister pseudo-random number generator.

    Parameters
    ----------
    seed : {None, int, array_like[ints], SeedSequence}, optional
        A seed to initialize the `BitGenerator`. If None, then fresh,
        unpredictable entropy will be pulled from the OS. If an ``int`` or
        ``array_like[ints]`` is passed, then it will be passed to
        `SeedSequence` to derive the initial `BitGenerator` state. One may also
        pass in a `SeedSequence` instance.

    Attributes
    ----------
    lock: threading.Lock
        Lock instance that is shared so that the same bit git generator can
        be used in multiple Generators without corrupting the state. Code that
        generates values from a bit generator should hold the bit generator's
        lock.

    Notes
    -----
    `MT19937` provides a capsule containing function pointers that produce
    doubles, and unsigned 32 and 64- bit integers [1]_. These are not
    directly consumable in Python and must be consumed by a `Generator`
    or similar object that supports low-level access.

    The Python stdlib module "random" also contains a Mersenne Twister
    pseudo-random number generator.

    **State and Seeding**

    The `MT19937` state vector consists of a 624-element array of
    32-bit unsigned integers plus a single integer value between 0 and 624
    that indexes the current position within the main array.

    The input seed is processed by `SeedSequence` to fill the whole state. The
    first element is reset such that only its most significant bit is set.

    **Parallel Features**

    The preferred way to use a BitGenerator in parallel applications is to use
    the `SeedSequence.spawn` method to obtain entropy values, and to use these
    to generate new BitGenerators:

    >>> from numpy.random import Generator, MT19937, SeedSequence
    >>> sg = SeedSequence(1234)
    >>> rg = [Generator(MT19937(s)) for s in sg.spawn(10)]

    Another method is to use `MT19937.jumped` which advances the state as-if
    :math:`2^{128}` random numbers have been generated ([1]_, [2]_). This
    allows the original sequence to be split so that distinct segments can be
    used in each worker process. All generators should be chained to ensure
    that the segments come from the same sequence.

    >>> from numpy.random import Generator, MT19937, SeedSequence
    >>> sg = SeedSequence(1234)
    >>> bit_generator = MT19937(sg)
    >>> rg = []
    >>> for _ in range(10):
    ...    rg.append(Generator(bit_generator))
    ...    # Chain the BitGenerators
    ...    bit_generator = bit_generator.jumped()

    **Compatibility Guarantee**

    `MT19937` makes a guarantee that a fixed seed will always produce
    the same random integer stream.

    References
    ----------
    .. [1] Hiroshi Haramoto, Makoto Matsumoto, and Pierre L\'Ecuyer, "A Fast
        Jump Ahead Algorithm for Linear Recurrences in a Polynomial Space",
        Sequences and Their Applications - SETA, 290--298, 2008.
    .. [2] Hiroshi Haramoto, Makoto Matsumoto, Takuji Nishimura, François
        Panneton, Pierre L\'Ecuyer, "Efficient Jump Ahead for F2-Linear
        Random Number Generators", INFORMS JOURNAL ON COMPUTING, Vol. 20,
        No. 3, Summer 2008, pp. 385-390.

    """
    cdef mt19937_state rng_state

    def __init__(self, seed=None):
        BitGenerator.__init__(self, seed)
        val = self._seed_seq.generate_state(RK_STATE_LEN, np.uint32)
        # MSB is 1; assuring non-zero initial array
        self.rng_state.key[0] = 0x80000000UL
        for i in range(1, RK_STATE_LEN):
            self.rng_state.key[i] = val[i]
        self.rng_state.pos = i

        self._bitgen.state = &self.rng_state
        self._bitgen.next_uint64 = &mt19937_uint64
        self._bitgen.next_uint32 = &mt19937_uint32
        self._bitgen.next_double = &mt19937_double
        self._bitgen.next_raw = &mt19937_raw

    def _legacy_seeding(self, seed):
        """
        _legacy_seeding(seed)

        Seed the generator in a backward compatible way. For modern
        applications, creating a new instance is preferable. Calling this
        overrides self._seed_seq

        Parameters
        ----------
        seed : {None, int, array_like}
            Random seed initializing the pseudo-random number generator.
            Can be an integer in [0, 2**32-1], array of integers in
            [0, 2**32-1], a `SeedSequence, or ``None``. If `seed`
            is ``None``, then fresh, unpredictable entropy will be pulled from
            the OS.

        Raises
        ------
        ValueError
            If seed values are out of range for the PRNG.
        """
        cdef np.ndarray obj
        with self.lock:
            try:
                if seed is None:
                    seed = SeedSequence()
                    val = seed.generate_state(RK_STATE_LEN)
                    # MSB is 1; assuring non-zero initial array
                    self.rng_state.key[0] = 0x80000000UL
                    for i in range(1, RK_STATE_LEN):
                        self.rng_state.key[i] = val[i]
                else:
                    if hasattr(seed, 'squeeze'):
                        seed = seed.squeeze()
                    idx = operator.index(seed)
                    if idx > int(2**32 - 1) or idx < 0:
                        raise ValueError("Seed must be between 0 and 2**32 - 1")
                    mt19937_seed(&self.rng_state, seed)
            except TypeError:
                obj = np.asarray(seed)
                if obj.size == 0:
                    raise ValueError("Seed must be non-empty")
                obj = obj.astype(np.int64, casting='safe')
                if obj.ndim != 1:
                    raise ValueError("Seed array must be 1-d")
                if ((obj > int(2**32 - 1)) | (obj < 0)).any():
                    raise ValueError("Seed must be between 0 and 2**32 - 1")
                obj = obj.astype(np.uint32, casting='unsafe', order='C')
                mt19937_init_by_array(&self.rng_state, <uint32_t*> obj.data, np.PyArray_DIM(obj, 0))
        self._seed_seq = None

    cdef jump_inplace(self, iter):
        """
        Jump state in-place

        Not part of public API

        Parameters
        ----------
        iter : integer, positive
            Number of times to jump the state of the rng.
        """
        cdef np.npy_intp i
        for i in range(iter):
            mt19937_jump(&self.rng_state)


    def jumped(self, np.npy_intp jumps=1):
        """
        jumped(jumps=1)

        Returns a new bit generator with the state jumped

        The state of the returned bit generator is jumped as-if
        2**(128 * jumps) random numbers have been generated.

        Parameters
        ----------
        jumps : integer, positive
            Number of times to jump the state of the bit generator returned

        Returns
        -------
        bit_generator : MT19937
            New instance of generator jumped iter times

        Notes
        -----
        The jump step is computed using a modified version of Matsumoto's
        implementation of Horner's method. The step polynomial is precomputed
        to perform 2**128 steps. The jumped state has been verified to match
        the state produced using Matsumoto's original code.

        References
        ----------
        .. [1] Matsumoto, M, Generating multiple disjoint streams of
           pseudorandom number sequences.  Accessed on: May 6, 2020.
           http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/m-mat/MT/JUMP/
        .. [2] Hiroshi Haramoto, Makoto Matsumoto, Takuji Nishimura, François
           Panneton, Pierre L\'Ecuyer, "Efficient Jump Ahead for F2-Linear
           Random Number Generators", INFORMS JOURNAL ON COMPUTING, Vol. 20,
           No. 3, Summer 2008, pp. 385-390.
        """
        cdef MT19937 bit_generator

        bit_generator = self.__class__()
        bit_generator.state = self.state
        bit_generator.jump_inplace(jumps)

        return bit_generator

    @property
    def state(self):
        """
        Get or set the PRNG state

        Returns
        -------
        state : dict
            Dictionary containing the information required to describe the
            state of the PRNG
        """
        key = np.zeros(624, dtype=np.uint32)
        for i in range(624):
            key[i] = self.rng_state.key[i]

        return {'bit_generator': self.__class__.__name__,
                'state': {'key': key, 'pos': self.rng_state.pos}}

    @state.setter
    def state(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, tuple):
            if value[0] != 'MT19937' or len(value) not in (3, 5):
                raise ValueError('state is not a legacy MT19937 state')
            value ={'bit_generator': 'MT19937',
                    'state': {'key': value[1], 'pos': value[2]}}

        if not isinstance(value, dict):
            raise TypeError('state must be a dict')
        bitgen = value.get('bit_generator', '')
        if bitgen != self.__class__.__name__:
            raise ValueError(f'state must be for a {self.__class__.__name__} PRNG')
        key = value['state']['key']
        for i in range(624):
            self.rng_state.key[i] = key[i]
        self.rng_state.pos = value['state']['pos']
