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 <sect1 id="release-9-4-17">
  <title>Release 9.4.17</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2018-03-01</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.16.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.17</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you run an installation in which not all users are mutually
    trusting, or if you maintain an application or extension that is
    intended for use in arbitrary situations, it is strongly recommended
    that you read the documentation changes described in the first changelog
    entry below, and take suitable steps to ensure that your installation or
    code is secure.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, the changes described in the second changelog entry below may
    cause functions used in index expressions or materialized views to fail
    during auto-analyze, or when reloading from a dump.  After upgrading,
    monitor the server logs for such problems, and fix affected functions.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.13,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-13">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Document how to configure installations and applications to guard
      against search-path-dependent trojan-horse attacks from other users
      (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Using a <varname>search_path</varname> setting that includes any
      schemas writable by a hostile user enables that user to capture
      control of queries and then run arbitrary SQL code with the
      permissions of the attacked user.  While it is possible to write
      queries that are proof against such hijacking, it is notationally
      tedious, and it's very easy to overlook holes.  Therefore, we now
      recommend configurations in which no untrusted schemas appear in
      one's search path.  Relevant documentation appears in
      <xref linkend="ddl-schemas-patterns"> (for database administrators and users),
      <xref linkend="libpq-connect"> (for application authors),
      <xref linkend="extend-extensions-style">  (for extension authors), and
      <xref linkend="sql-createfunction"> (for authors
      of <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</literal> functions).
      (CVE-2018-1058)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid use of insecure <varname>search_path</varname> settings
      in <application>pg_dump</application> and other client programs
      (Noah Misch, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_dump</application>,
      <application>pg_upgrade</application>,
      <application>vacuumdb</application> and
      other <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>-provided applications were
      themselves vulnerable to the type of hijacking described in the previous
      changelog entry; since these applications are commonly run by
      superusers, they present particularly attractive targets.  To make them
      secure whether or not the installation as a whole has been secured,
      modify them to include only the <structname>pg_catalog</structname>
      schema in their <varname>search_path</varname> settings.
      Autovacuum worker processes now do the same, as well.
     </para>

     <para>
      In cases where user-provided functions are indirectly executed by
      these programs &mdash; for example, user-provided functions in index
      expressions &mdash; the tighter <varname>search_path</varname> may
      result in errors, which will need to be corrected by adjusting those
      user-provided functions to not assume anything about what search path
      they are invoked under.  That has always been good practice, but now
      it will be necessary for correct behavior.
      (CVE-2018-1058)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix misbehavior of concurrent-update rechecks with CTE references
      appearing in subplans (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If a CTE (<literal>WITH</literal> clause reference) is used in an
      InitPlan or SubPlan, and the query requires a recheck due to trying
      to update or lock a concurrently-updated row, incorrect results could
      be obtained.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planner failures with overlapping mergejoin clauses in an outer
      join (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      These mistakes led to <quote>left and right pathkeys do not match in
      mergejoin</quote> or <quote>outer pathkeys do not match
      mergeclauses</quote> planner errors in corner cases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Repair <application>pg_upgrade</application>'s failure to
      preserve <structfield>relfrozenxid</structfield> for materialized
      views (Tom Lane, Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight could lead to data corruption in materialized views
      after an upgrade, manifesting as <quote>could not access status of
      transaction</quote> or <quote>found xmin from before
      relfrozenxid</quote> errors.  The problem would be more likely to
      occur in seldom-refreshed materialized views, or ones that were
      maintained only with <command>REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
      CONCURRENTLY</command>.
     </para>

     <para>
      If such corruption is observed, it can be repaired by refreshing the
      materialized view (without <literal>CONCURRENTLY</literal>).
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect reporting of PL/Python function names in
      error <literal>CONTEXT</literal> stacks (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      An error occurring within a nested PL/Python function call (that is,
      one reached via a SPI query from another PL/Python function) would
      result in a stack trace showing the inner function's name twice,
      rather than the expected results.  Also, an error in a nested
      PL/Python <literal>DO</literal> block could result in a null pointer
      dereference crash on some platforms.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <filename>contrib/auto_explain</filename>'s
      <varname>log_min_duration</varname> setting to range up
      to <literal>INT_MAX</literal>, or about 24 days instead of 35 minutes
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-16">
  <title>Release 9.4.16</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2018-02-08</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.15.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.16</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.13,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-13">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that all temporary files made
      by <application>pg_upgrade</application> are non-world-readable
      (Tom Lane, Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_upgrade</application> normally restricts its
      temporary files to be readable and writable only by the calling user.
      But the temporary file containing <literal>pg_dumpall -g</literal>
      output would be group- or world-readable, or even writable, if the
      user's <literal>umask</literal> setting allows.  In typical usage on
      multi-user machines, the <literal>umask</literal> and/or the working
      directory's permissions would be tight enough to prevent problems;
      but there may be people using <application>pg_upgrade</application>
      in scenarios where this oversight would permit disclosure of database
      passwords to unfriendly eyes.
      (CVE-2018-1053)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix vacuuming of tuples that were updated while key-share locked
      (Andres Freund, &Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>

     <para>
      In some cases <command>VACUUM</command> would fail to remove such
      tuples even though they are now dead, leading to assorted data
      corruption scenarios.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix inadequate buffer locking in some LSN fetches (Jacob Champion,
      Asim Praveen, Ashwin Agrawal)
     </para>

     <para>
      These errors could result in misbehavior under concurrent load.
      The potential consequences have not been characterized fully.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid unnecessary failure in a query on an inheritance tree that
      occurs concurrently with some child table being removed from the tree
      by <command>ALTER TABLE NO INHERIT</command> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix spurious deadlock failures when multiple sessions are
      running <command>CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY</command> (Jeff Janes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Repair failure with correlated sub-<literal>SELECT</literal>
      inside <literal>VALUES</literal> inside a <literal>LATERAL</literal>
      subquery (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>could not devise a query plan for the given query</quote>
      planner failure for some cases involving nested <literal>UNION
      ALL</literal> inside a lateral subquery (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix logical decoding to correctly clean up disk files for crashed
      transactions (Atsushi Torikoshi)
     </para>

     <para>
      Logical decoding may spill WAL records to disk for transactions
      generating many WAL records.  Normally these files are cleaned up
      after the transaction's commit or abort record arrives; but if
      no such record is ever seen, the removal code misbehaved.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix walsender timeout failure and failure to respond to interrupts
      when processing a large transaction (Petr Jelinek)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>has_sequence_privilege()</function> to
      support <literal>WITH GRANT OPTION</literal> tests,
      as other privilege-testing functions do (Joe Conway)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In databases using UTF8 encoding, ignore any XML declaration that
      asserts a different encoding (Pavel Stehule, Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      We always store XML strings in the database encoding, so allowing
      libxml to act on a declaration of another encoding gave wrong results.
      In encodings other than UTF8, we don't promise to support non-ASCII
      XML data anyway, so retain the previous behavior for bug compatibility.
      This change affects only <function>xpath()</function> and related
      functions; other XML code paths already acted this way.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Provide for forward compatibility with future minor protocol versions
      (Robert Haas, Badrul Chowdhury)
     </para>

     <para>
      Up to now, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> servers simply
      rejected requests to use protocol versions newer than 3.0, so that
      there was no functional difference between the major and minor parts
      of the protocol version number.  Allow clients to request versions 3.x
      without failing, sending back a message showing that the server only
      understands 3.0.  This makes no difference at the moment, but
      back-patching this change should allow speedier introduction of future
      minor protocol upgrades.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Cope with failure to start a parallel worker process
      (Amit Kapila, Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Parallel query previously tended to hang indefinitely if a worker
      could not be started, as the result of <literal>fork()</literal>
      failure or other low-probability problems.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent stack-overflow crashes when planning extremely deeply
      nested set operations
      (<literal>UNION</literal>/<literal>INTERSECT</literal>/<literal>EXCEPT</literal>)
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix null-pointer crashes for some types of LDAP URLs appearing
      in <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> (Thomas Munro)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix sample <function>INSTR()</function> functions in the PL/pgSQL
      documentation (Yugo Nagata, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      These functions are stated to
      be <trademark class="registered">Oracle</trademark> compatible, but
      they weren't exactly.  In particular, there was a discrepancy in the
      interpretation of a negative third parameter: Oracle thinks that a
      negative value indicates the last place where the target substring can
      begin, whereas our functions took it as the last place where the
      target can end.  Also, Oracle throws an error for a zero or negative
      fourth parameter, whereas our functions returned zero.
     </para>

     <para>
      The sample code has been adjusted to match Oracle's behavior more
      precisely.  Users who have copied this code into their applications
      may wish to update their copies.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</application> to make ACL (permissions),
      comment, and security label entries reliably identifiable in archive
      output formats (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The <quote>tag</quote> portion of an ACL archive entry was usually
      just the name of the associated object.  Make it start with the object
      type instead, bringing ACLs into line with the convention already used
      for comment and security label archive entries.  Also, fix the
      comment and security label entries for the whole database, if present,
      to make their tags start with <literal>DATABASE</literal> so that they
      also follow this convention.  This prevents false matches in code that
      tries to identify large-object-related entries by seeing if the tag
      starts with <literal>LARGE OBJECT</literal>.  That could have resulted
      in misclassifying entries as data rather than schema, with undesirable
      results in a schema-only or data-only dump.
     </para>

     <para>
      Note that this change has user-visible results in the output
      of <command>pg_restore --list</command>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>ecpg</application>, detect indicator arrays that do
      not have the correct length and report an error (David Rader)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid triggering a libc assertion
      in <filename>contrib/hstore</filename>, due to use
      of <function>memcpy()</function> with equal source and destination
      pointers (Tomas Vondra)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Provide modern examples of how to auto-start Postgres on macOS
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The scripts in <filename>contrib/start-scripts/osx</filename> use
      infrastructure that's been deprecated for over a decade, and which no
      longer works at all in macOS releases of the last couple of years.
      Add a new subdirectory <filename>contrib/start-scripts/macos</filename>
      containing scripts that use the newer <application>launchd</application>
      infrastructure.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect selection of configuration-specific libraries for
      OpenSSL on Windows (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Support linking to MinGW-built versions of libperl (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      This allows building PL/Perl with some common Perl distributions for
      Windows.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix MSVC build to test whether 32-bit libperl
      needs <literal>-D_USE_32BIT_TIME_T</literal> (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Available Perl distributions are inconsistent about what they expect,
      and lack any reliable means of reporting it, so resort to a build-time
      test on what the library being used actually does.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On Windows, install the crash dump handler earlier in postmaster
      startup (Takayuki Tsunakawa)
     </para>

     <para>
      This may allow collection of a core dump for some early-startup
      failures that did not produce a dump before.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On Windows, avoid encoding-conversion-related crashes when emitting
      messages very early in postmaster startup (Takayuki Tsunakawa)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use our existing Motorola 68K spinlock code on OpenBSD as
      well as NetBSD (David Carlier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add support for spinlocks on Motorola 88K (David Carlier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application>
      release 2018c for DST law changes in Brazil, Sao Tome and Principe,
      plus historical corrections for Bolivia, Japan, and South Sudan.
      The <literal>US/Pacific-New</literal> zone has been removed (it was
      only an alias for <literal>America/Los_Angeles</literal> anyway).
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-15">
  <title>Release 9.4.15</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2017-11-09</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.14.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.15</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.13,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-13">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix crash due to rowtype mismatch
      in <function>json{b}_populate_recordset()</function>
      (Michael Paquier, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      These functions used the result rowtype specified in the <literal>FROM
      ... AS</literal> clause without checking that it matched the actual
      rowtype of the supplied tuple value.  If it didn't, that would usually
      result in a crash, though disclosure of server memory contents seems
      possible as well.
      (CVE-2017-15098)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix sample server-start scripts to become <literal>$PGUSER</literal>
      before opening <literal>$PGLOG</literal> (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, the postmaster log file was opened while still running as
      root.  The database owner could therefore mount an attack against
      another system user by making <literal>$PGLOG</literal> be a symbolic
      link to some other file, which would then become corrupted by appending
      log messages.
     </para>

     <para>
      By default, these scripts are not installed anywhere.  Users who have
      made use of them will need to manually recopy them, or apply the same
      changes to their modified versions.  If the
      existing <literal>$PGLOG</literal> file is root-owned, it will need to
      be removed or renamed out of the way before restarting the server with
      the corrected script.
      (CVE-2017-12172)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix crash when logical decoding is invoked from a SPI-using function,
      in particular any function written in a PL language
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>json_build_array()</function>,
      <function>json_build_object()</function>, and their <type>jsonb</type>
      equivalents to handle explicit <literal>VARIADIC</literal> arguments
      correctly (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly reject attempts to convert infinite float values to
      type <type>numeric</type> (Tom Lane, KaiGai Kohei)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously the behavior was platform-dependent.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix corner-case crashes when columns have been added to the end of a
      view (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Record proper dependencies when a view or rule
      contains <structname>FieldSelect</structname>
      or <structname>FieldStore</structname> expression nodes (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Lack of these dependencies could allow a column or data
      type <command>DROP</command> to go through when it ought to fail,
      thereby causing later uses of the view or rule to get errors.
      This patch does not do anything to protect existing views/rules,
      only ones created in the future.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Correctly detect hashability of range data types (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The planner mistakenly assumed that any range type could be hashed
      for use in hash joins or hash aggregation, but actually it must check
      whether the range's subtype has hash support.  This does not affect any
      of the built-in range types, since they're all hashable anyway.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix low-probability loss of <command>NOTIFY</command> messages due to
      XID wraparound (Marko Tiikkaja, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If a session executed no queries, but merely listened for
      notifications, for more than 2 billion transactions, it started to miss
      some notifications from concurrently-committing transactions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid <systemitem>SIGBUS</systemitem> crash on Linux when a DSM memory
      request exceeds the space available in <systemitem>tmpfs</systemitem>
      (Thomas Munro)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent low-probability crash in processing of nested trigger firings
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <command>COPY</command>'s <literal>FREEZE</literal> option to
      work when the transaction isolation level is <literal>REPEATABLE
      READ</literal> or higher (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      This case was unintentionally broken by a previous bug fix.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Correctly restore the umask setting when file creation fails
      in <command>COPY</command> or <function>lo_export()</function>
      (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Give a better error message for duplicate column names
      in <command>ANALYZE</command> (Nathan Bossart)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix mis-parsing of the last line in a
      non-newline-terminated <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> file
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>libpq</application> to not require user's home
      directory to exist (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In v10, failure to find the home directory while trying to
      read <filename>~/.pgpass</filename> was treated as a hard error,
      but it should just cause that file to not be found.  Both v10 and
      previous release branches made the same mistake when
      reading <filename>~/.pg_service.conf</filename>, though this was less
      obvious since that file is not sought unless a service name is
      specified.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>libpq</application> to guard against integer
      overflow in the row count of a <structname>PGresult</structname>
      (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>ecpg</application>'s handling of out-of-scope cursor
      declarations with pointer or array variables (Michael Meskes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In ecpglib, correctly handle backslashes in string literals depending
      on whether <varname>standard_conforming_strings</varname> is set
      (Tsunakawa Takayuki)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make ecpglib's Informix-compatibility mode ignore fractional digits in
      integer input strings, as expected (Gao Zengqi, Michael Meskes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Sync our copy of the timezone library with IANA release tzcode2017c
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fixes various issues; the only one likely to be user-visible
      is that the default DST rules for a POSIX-style zone name, if
      no <filename>posixrules</filename> file exists in the timezone data
      directory, now match current US law rather than what it was a dozen
      years ago.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application>
      release 2017c for DST law changes in Fiji, Namibia, Northern Cyprus,
      Sudan, Tonga, and Turks &amp; Caicos Islands, plus historical
      corrections for Alaska, Apia, Burma, Calcutta, Detroit, Ireland,
      Namibia, and Pago Pago.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-14">
  <title>Release 9.4.14</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2017-08-31</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a small number of fixes from 9.4.13.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.14</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.13,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-13">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b51c8efc6] 2017-08-24 15:21:32 -0700
-->
     <para>
      Fix failure of walsender processes to respond to shutdown signals
      (Marco Nenciarini)
     </para>

     <para>
      A missed flag update resulted in walsenders continuing to run as long
      as they had a standby server connected, preventing primary-server
      shutdown unless immediate shutdown mode is used.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Show foreign tables
      in <structname>information_schema</structname>.<structname>table_privileges</structname>
      view (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>

     <para>
      All other relevant <structname>information_schema</structname> views include
      foreign tables, but this one ignored them.
     </para>

     <para>
      Since this view definition is installed by <application>initdb</application>,
      merely upgrading will not fix the problem.  If you need to fix this
      in an existing installation, you can, as a superuser, do this
      in <application>psql</application>:
<programlisting>
SET search_path TO information_schema;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW table_privileges AS
    SELECT CAST(u_grantor.rolname AS sql_identifier) AS grantor,
           CAST(grantee.rolname AS sql_identifier) AS grantee,
           CAST(current_database() AS sql_identifier) AS table_catalog,
           CAST(nc.nspname AS sql_identifier) AS table_schema,
           CAST(c.relname AS sql_identifier) AS table_name,
           CAST(c.prtype AS character_data) AS privilege_type,
           CAST(
             CASE WHEN
                  -- object owner always has grant options
                  pg_has_role(grantee.oid, c.relowner, 'USAGE')
                  OR c.grantable
                  THEN 'YES' ELSE 'NO' END AS yes_or_no) AS is_grantable,
           CAST(CASE WHEN c.prtype = 'SELECT' THEN 'YES' ELSE 'NO' END AS yes_or_no) AS with_hierarchy

    FROM (
            SELECT oid, relname, relnamespace, relkind, relowner, (aclexplode(coalesce(relacl, acldefault('r', relowner)))).* FROM pg_class
         ) AS c (oid, relname, relnamespace, relkind, relowner, grantor, grantee, prtype, grantable),
         pg_namespace nc,
         pg_authid u_grantor,
         (
           SELECT oid, rolname FROM pg_authid
           UNION ALL
           SELECT 0::oid, 'PUBLIC'
         ) AS grantee (oid, rolname)

    WHERE c.relnamespace = nc.oid
          AND c.relkind IN ('r', 'v', 'f')
          AND c.grantee = grantee.oid
          AND c.grantor = u_grantor.oid
          AND c.prtype IN ('INSERT', 'SELECT', 'UPDATE', 'DELETE', 'TRUNCATE', 'REFERENCES', 'TRIGGER')
          AND (pg_has_role(u_grantor.oid, 'USAGE')
               OR pg_has_role(grantee.oid, 'USAGE')
               OR grantee.rolname = 'PUBLIC');
</programlisting>
      This must be repeated in each database to be fixed,
      including <literal>template0</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Clean up handling of a fatal exit (e.g., due to receipt
      of <systemitem>SIGTERM</systemitem>) that occurs while trying to execute
      a <command>ROLLBACK</command> of a failed transaction (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This situation could result in an assertion failure.  In production
      builds, the exit would still occur, but it would log an unexpected
      message about <quote>cannot drop active portal</quote>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove assertion that could trigger during a fatal exit (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Correctly identify columns that are of a range type or domain type over
      a composite type or domain type being searched for (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Certain <command>ALTER</command> commands that change the definition of a
      composite type or domain type are supposed to fail if there are any
      stored values of that type in the database, because they lack the
      infrastructure needed to update or check such values.  Previously,
      these checks could miss relevant values that are wrapped inside range
      types or sub-domains, possibly allowing the database to become
      inconsistent.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix crash in <application>pg_restore</application> when using parallel mode and
      using a list file to select a subset of items to restore
      (Fabr&iacute;zio de Royes Mello)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change <application>ecpg</application>'s parser to allow <literal>RETURNING</literal>
      clauses without attached C variables (Michael Meskes)
     </para>

     <para>
      This allows <application>ecpg</application> programs to contain SQL constructs
      that use <literal>RETURNING</literal> internally (for example, inside a CTE)
      rather than using it to define values to be returned to the client.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve selection of compiler flags for PL/Perl on Windows (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fix avoids possible crashes of PL/Perl due to inconsistent
      assumptions about the width of <type>time_t</type> values.
      A side-effect that may be visible to extension developers is
      that <literal>_USE_32BIT_TIME_T</literal> is no longer defined globally
      in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> Windows builds.  This is not expected
      to cause problems, because type <type>time_t</type> is not used
      in any <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> API definitions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-13">
  <title>Release 9.4.13</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2017-08-10</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.12.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.13</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you use foreign data servers that make use of user
    passwords for authentication, see the first changelog entry below.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.12,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-12">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Further restrict visibility
      of <structname>pg_user_mappings</structname>.<structfield>umoptions</structfield>, to
      protect passwords stored as user mapping options
      (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      The fix for CVE-2017-7486 was incorrect: it allowed a user
      to see the options in her own user mapping, even if she did not
      have <literal>USAGE</literal> permission on the associated foreign server.
      Such options might include a password that had been provided by the
      server owner rather than the user herself.
      Since <structname>information_schema.user_mapping_options</structname> does not
      show the options in such cases, <structname>pg_user_mappings</structname>
      should not either.
      (CVE-2017-7547)
     </para>

     <para>
      By itself, this patch will only fix the behavior in newly initdb'd
      databases.  If you wish to apply this change in an existing database,
      you will need to do the following:
     </para>

     <procedure>
      <step>
       <para>
        Restart the postmaster after adding <literal>allow_system_table_mods
        = true</literal> to <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>.  (In versions
        supporting <command>ALTER SYSTEM</command>, you can use that to make the
        configuration change, but you'll still need a restart.)
       </para>
      </step>

      <step>
       <para>
        In <emphasis>each</emphasis> database of the cluster,
        run the following commands as superuser:
<programlisting>
SET search_path = pg_catalog;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW pg_user_mappings AS
    SELECT
        U.oid       AS umid,
        S.oid       AS srvid,
        S.srvname   AS srvname,
        U.umuser    AS umuser,
        CASE WHEN U.umuser = 0 THEN
            'public'
        ELSE
            A.rolname
        END AS usename,
        CASE WHEN (U.umuser &lt;&gt; 0 AND A.rolname = current_user
                     AND (pg_has_role(S.srvowner, 'USAGE')
                          OR has_server_privilege(S.oid, 'USAGE')))
                    OR (U.umuser = 0 AND pg_has_role(S.srvowner, 'USAGE'))
                    OR (SELECT rolsuper FROM pg_authid WHERE rolname = current_user)
                    THEN U.umoptions
                 ELSE NULL END AS umoptions
    FROM pg_user_mapping U
         LEFT JOIN pg_authid A ON (A.oid = U.umuser) JOIN
        pg_foreign_server S ON (U.umserver = S.oid);
</programlisting>
       </para>
      </step>

      <step>
       <para>
        Do not forget to include the <literal>template0</literal>
        and <literal>template1</literal> databases, or the vulnerability will still
        exist in databases you create later.  To fix <literal>template0</literal>,
        you'll need to temporarily make it accept connections.
        In <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.5 and later, you can use
<programlisting>
ALTER DATABASE template0 WITH ALLOW_CONNECTIONS true;
</programlisting>
        and then after fixing <literal>template0</literal>, undo that with
<programlisting>
ALTER DATABASE template0 WITH ALLOW_CONNECTIONS false;
</programlisting>
        In prior versions, instead use
<programlisting>
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = true WHERE datname = 'template0';
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = false WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
       </para>
      </step>

      <step>
       <para>
        Finally, remove the <literal>allow_system_table_mods</literal> configuration
        setting, and again restart the postmaster.
       </para>
      </step>
     </procedure>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Disallow empty passwords in all password-based authentication methods
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>libpq</application> ignores empty password specifications, and does
      not transmit them to the server.  So, if a user's password has been
      set to the empty string, it's impossible to log in with that password
      via <application>psql</application> or other <application>libpq</application>-based
      clients.  An administrator might therefore believe that setting the
      password to empty is equivalent to disabling password login.
      However, with a modified or non-<application>libpq</application>-based client,
      logging in could be possible, depending on which authentication
      method is configured.  In particular the most common
      method, <literal>md5</literal>, accepted empty passwords.
      Change the server to reject empty passwords in all cases.
      (CVE-2017-7546)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <function>lo_put()</function> check for <literal>UPDATE</literal> privilege on
      the target large object (Tom Lane, Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      <function>lo_put()</function> should surely require the same permissions
      as <function>lowrite()</function>, but the check was missing, allowing any
      user to change the data in a large object.
      (CVE-2017-7548)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix concurrent locking of tuple update chains (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>

     <para>
      If several sessions concurrently lock a tuple update chain with
      nonconflicting lock modes using an old snapshot, and they all
      succeed, it was possible for some of them to nonetheless fail (and
      conclude there is no live tuple version) due to a race condition.
      This had consequences such as foreign-key checks failing to see a
      tuple that definitely exists but is being updated concurrently.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix potential data corruption when freezing a tuple whose XMAX is a
      multixact with exactly one still-interesting member (Teodor Sigaev)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid integer overflow and ensuing crash when sorting more than one
      billion tuples in-memory (Sergey Koposov)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On Windows, retry process creation if we fail to reserve the address
      range for our shared memory in the new process (Tom Lane, Amit
      Kapila)
     </para>

     <para>
      This is expected to fix infrequent child-process-launch failures that
      are probably due to interference from antivirus products.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix low-probability corruption of shared predicate-lock hash table
      in Windows builds (Thomas Munro, Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid logging clean closure of an SSL connection as though
      it were a connection reset (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent sending SSL session tickets to clients (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fix prevents reconnection failures with ticket-aware client-side
      SSL code.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix code for setting <xref linkend="guc-tcp-keepalives-idle"> on
      Solaris (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix statistics collector to honor inquiry messages issued just after
      a postmaster shutdown and immediate restart (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Statistics inquiries issued within half a second of the previous
      postmaster shutdown were effectively ignored.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that the statistics collector's receive buffer size is at
      least 100KB (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This reduces the risk of dropped statistics data on older platforms
      whose default receive buffer size is less than that.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible creation of an invalid WAL segment when a standby is
      promoted just after it processes an <literal>XLOG_SWITCH</literal> WAL
      record (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>walsender</application> to exit promptly when client requests
      shutdown (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <systemitem>SIGHUP</systemitem> and <systemitem>SIGUSR1</systemitem> handling in
      walsender processes (Petr Jelinek, Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent walsender-triggered panics during shutdown checkpoints
      (Andres Freund, Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix unnecessarily slow restarts of <application>walreceiver</application>
      processes due to race condition in postmaster (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [23a2b818f] 2017-08-05 14:56:40 -0700
-->
     <para>
      Fix logical decoding failure with very wide tuples (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      Logical decoding crashed on tuples that are wider than 64KB (after
      compression, but with all data in-line).  The case arises only
      when <literal>REPLICA IDENTITY FULL</literal> is enabled for a table
      containing such tuples.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix leakage of small subtransactions spilled to disk during logical
      decoding (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      This resulted in temporary files consuming excessive disk space.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reduce the work needed to build snapshots during creation of
      logical-decoding slots (Andres Freund, Petr Jelinek)
     </para>

     <para>
      The previous algorithm was infeasibly expensive on a server with a
      lot of open transactions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix race condition that could indefinitely delay creation of
      logical-decoding slots (Andres Freund, Petr Jelinek)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reduce overhead in processing syscache invalidation events (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This is particularly helpful for logical decoding, which triggers
      frequent cache invalidation.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix cases where an <command>INSERT</command> or <command>UPDATE</command> assigns
      to more than one element of a column that is of domain-over-array
      type (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow window functions to be used in sub-<literal>SELECT</literal>s that
      are within the arguments of an aggregate function (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Move autogenerated array types out of the way during
      <command>ALTER ... RENAME</command> (Vik Fearing)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, we would rename a conflicting autogenerated array type
      out of the way during <command>CREATE</command>; this fix extends that
      behavior to renaming operations.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that <command>ALTER USER ... SET</command> accepts all the syntax
      variants that <command>ALTER ROLE ... SET</command> does (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly update dependency info when changing a datatype I/O
      function's argument or return type from <type>opaque</type> to the
      correct type (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      <command>CREATE TYPE</command> updates I/O functions declared in this
      long-obsolete style, but it forgot to record a dependency on the
      type, allowing a subsequent <command>DROP TYPE</command> to leave broken
      function definitions behind.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reduce memory usage when <command>ANALYZE</command> processes
      a <type>tsvector</type> column (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix unnecessary precision loss and sloppy rounding when multiplying
      or dividing <type>money</type> values by integers or floats (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Tighten checks for whitespace in functions that parse identifiers,
      such as <function>regprocedurein()</function> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Depending on the prevailing locale, these functions could
      misinterpret fragments of multibyte characters as whitespace.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use relevant <literal>#define</literal> symbols from Perl while
      compiling <application>PL/Perl</application> (Ashutosh Sharma, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids portability problems, typically manifesting as
      a <quote>handshake</quote> mismatch during library load, when working with
      recent Perl versions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>libpq</application>, reset GSS/SASL and SSPI authentication
      state properly after a failed connection attempt (Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      Failure to do this meant that when falling back from SSL to non-SSL
      connections, a GSS/SASL failure in the SSL attempt would always cause
      the non-SSL attempt to fail.  SSPI did not fail, but it leaked memory.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>psql</application>, fix failure when <command>COPY FROM STDIN</command>
      is ended with a keyboard EOF signal and then another <command>COPY
      FROM STDIN</command> is attempted (Thomas Munro)
     </para>

     <para>
      This misbehavior was observed on BSD-derived platforms (including
      macOS), but not on most others.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</application> and <application>pg_restore</application> to
      emit <command>REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW</command> commands last (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This prevents errors during dump/restore when a materialized view
      refers to tables owned by a different user.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <application>pg_dump</application>/<application>pg_restore</application>'s
      reporting of error conditions originating in <application>zlib</application>
      (Vladimir Kunschikov, &Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</application> with the <option>--clean</option> option to
      drop event triggers as expected (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      It also now correctly assigns ownership of event triggers; before,
      they were restored as being owned by the superuser running the
      restore script.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</application> to not emit invalid SQL for an empty
      operator class (Daniel Gustafsson)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</application> output to stdout on Windows (Kuntal Ghosh)
     </para>

     <para>
      A compressed plain-text dump written to stdout would contain corrupt
      data due to failure to put the file descriptor into binary mode.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>pg_get_ruledef()</function> to print correct output for
      the <literal>ON SELECT</literal> rule of a view whose columns have been
      renamed (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In some corner cases, <application>pg_dump</application> relies
      on <function>pg_get_ruledef()</function> to dump views, so that this error
      could result in dump/reload failures.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix dumping of outer joins with empty constraints, such as the result
      of a <literal>NATURAL LEFT JOIN</literal> with no common columns (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix dumping of function expressions in the <literal>FROM</literal> clause in
      cases where the expression does not deparse into something that looks
      like a function call (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_basebackup</application> output to stdout on Windows
      (Haribabu Kommi)
     </para>

     <para>
      A backup written to stdout would contain corrupt data due to failure
      to put the file descriptor into binary mode.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_upgrade</application> to ensure that the ending WAL record
      does not have <xref linkend="guc-wal-level"> = <literal>minimum</literal>
      (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      This condition could prevent upgraded standby servers from
      reconnecting.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>, re-establish connections to remote
      servers after <command>ALTER SERVER</command> or <command>ALTER USER
      MAPPING</command> commands (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
     </para>

     <para>
      This ensures that option changes affecting connection parameters will
      be applied promptly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>, allow cancellation of remote
      transaction control commands (Robert Haas, Rafia Sabih)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change allows us to quickly escape a wait for an unresponsive
      remote server in many more cases than previously.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Increase <literal>MAX_SYSCACHE_CALLBACKS</literal> to provide more room for
      extensions (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Always use <option>-fPIC</option>, not <option>-fpic</option>, when building
      shared libraries with gcc (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This supports larger extension libraries on platforms where it makes
      a difference.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix unescaped-braces issue in our build scripts for Microsoft MSVC,
      to avoid a warning or error from recent Perl versions (Andrew
      Dunstan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In MSVC builds, handle the case where the <application>openssl</application>
      library is not within a <filename>VC</filename> subdirectory (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In MSVC builds, add proper include path for <application>libxml2</application>
      header files (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fixes a former need to move things around in standard Windows
      installations of <application>libxml2</application>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In MSVC builds, recognize a Tcl library that is
      named <filename>tcl86.lib</filename> (Noah Misch)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In MSVC builds, honor <literal>PROVE_FLAGS</literal> settings
      on <filename>vcregress.pl</filename>'s command line (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-12">
  <title>Release 9.4.12</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2017-05-11</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.11.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.12</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you use foreign data servers that make use of user
    passwords for authentication, see the first changelog entry below.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are using third-party replication tools that depend
    on <quote>logical decoding</quote>, see the fourth changelog entry below.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.11,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-11">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Restrict visibility
      of <structname>pg_user_mappings</structname>.<structfield>umoptions</structfield>, to
      protect passwords stored as user mapping options
      (Michael Paquier, Feike Steenbergen)
     </para>

     <para>
      The previous coding allowed the owner of a foreign server object,
      or anyone he has granted server <literal>USAGE</literal> permission to,
      to see the options for all user mappings associated with that server.
      This might well include passwords for other users.
      Adjust the view definition to match the behavior of
      <structname>information_schema.user_mapping_options</structname>, namely that
      these options are visible to the user being mapped, or if the mapping
      is for <literal>PUBLIC</literal> and the current user is the server
      owner, or if the current user is a superuser.
      (CVE-2017-7486)
     </para>

     <para>
      By itself, this patch will only fix the behavior in newly initdb'd
      databases.  If you wish to apply this change in an existing database,
      follow the corrected procedure shown in the changelog entry for
      CVE-2017-7547, in <xref linkend="release-9-4-13">.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent exposure of statistical information via leaky operators
      (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>

     <para>
      Some selectivity estimation functions in the planner will apply
      user-defined operators to values obtained
      from <structname>pg_statistic</structname>, such as most common values and
      histogram entries.  This occurs before table permissions are checked,
      so a nefarious user could exploit the behavior to obtain these values
      for table columns he does not have permission to read.  To fix,
      fall back to a default estimate if the operator's implementation
      function is not certified leak-proof and the calling user does not have
      permission to read the table column whose statistics are needed.
      At least one of these criteria is satisfied in most cases in practice.
      (CVE-2017-7484)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Restore <application>libpq</application>'s recognition of
      the <envar>PGREQUIRESSL</envar> environment variable (Daniel Gustafsson)
     </para>

     <para>
      Processing of this environment variable was unintentionally dropped
      in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.3, but its documentation remained.
      This creates a security hazard, since users might be relying on the
      environment variable to force SSL-encrypted connections, but that
      would no longer be guaranteed.  Restore handling of the variable,
      but give it lower priority than <envar>PGSSLMODE</envar>, to avoid
      breaking configurations that work correctly with post-9.3 code.
      (CVE-2017-7485)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possibly-invalid initial snapshot during logical decoding
      (Petr Jelinek, Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      The initial snapshot created for a logical decoding replication slot
      was potentially incorrect.  This could cause third-party tools that
      use logical decoding to copy incomplete/inconsistent initial data.
      This was more likely to happen if the source server was busy at the
      time of slot creation, or if another logical slot already existed.
     </para>

     <para>
      If you are using a replication tool that depends on logical decoding,
      and it should have copied a nonempty data set at the start of
      replication, it is advisable to recreate the replica after
      installing this update, or to verify its contents against the source
      server.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible corruption of <quote>init forks</quote> of unlogged indexes
      (Robert Haas, Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      This could result in an unlogged index being set to an invalid state
      after a crash and restart.  Such a problem would persist until the
      index was dropped and rebuilt.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect reconstruction of <structname>pg_subtrans</structname> entries
      when a standby server replays a prepared but uncommitted two-phase
      transaction (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In most cases this turned out to have no visible ill effects, but in
      corner cases it could result in circular references
      in <structname>pg_subtrans</structname>, potentially causing infinite loops
      in queries that examine rows modified by the two-phase transaction.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid possible crash in <application>walsender</application> due to failure
      to initialize a string buffer (Stas Kelvich, Fujii Masao)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix postmaster's handling of <function>fork()</function> failure for a
      background worker process (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, the postmaster updated portions of its state as though
      the process had been launched successfully, resulting in subsequent
      confusion.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure parsing of queries in extension scripts sees the results of
      immediately-preceding DDL (Julien Rouhaud, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Due to lack of a cache flush step between commands in an extension
      script file, non-utility queries might not see the effects of an
      immediately preceding catalog change, such as <command>ALTER TABLE
      ... RENAME</command>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Skip tablespace privilege checks when <command>ALTER TABLE ... ALTER
      COLUMN TYPE</command> rebuilds an existing index (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      The command failed if the calling user did not currently have
      <literal>CREATE</literal> privilege for the tablespace containing the index.
      That behavior seems unhelpful, so skip the check, allowing the
      index to be rebuilt where it is.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>ALTER TABLE ... VALIDATE CONSTRAINT</command> to not recurse
      to child tables when the constraint is marked <literal>NO INHERIT</literal>
      (Amit Langote)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fix prevents unwanted <quote>constraint does not exist</quote> failures
      when no matching constraint is present in the child tables.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>VACUUM</command> to account properly for pages that could not
      be scanned due to conflicting page pins (Andrew Gierth)
     </para>

     <para>
      This tended to lead to underestimation of the number of tuples in
      the table.  In the worst case of a small heavily-contended
      table, <command>VACUUM</command> could incorrectly report that the table
      contained no tuples, leading to very bad planning choices.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that bulk-tuple-transfer loops within a hash join are
      interruptible by query cancel requests (Tom Lane, Thomas Munro)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix integer-overflow problems in <type>interval</type> comparison (Kyotaro
      Horiguchi, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The comparison operators for type <type>interval</type> could yield wrong
      answers for intervals larger than about 296000 years.  Indexes on
      columns containing such large values should be reindexed, since they
      may be corrupt.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>cursor_to_xml()</function> to produce valid output
      with <replaceable>tableforest</replaceable> = false
      (Thomas Munro, Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously it failed to produce a wrapping <literal>&lt;table&gt;</literal>
      element.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix roundoff problems in <function>float8_timestamptz()</function>
      and <function>make_interval()</function> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      These functions truncated, rather than rounded, when converting a
      floating-point value to integer microseconds; that could cause
      unexpectedly off-by-one results.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve performance of <structname>pg_timezone_names</structname> view
      (Tom Lane, David Rowley)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reduce memory management overhead for contexts containing many large
      blocks (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix sloppy handling of corner-case errors from <function>lseek()</function>
      and <function>close()</function> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Neither of these system calls are likely to fail in typical situations,
      but if they did, <filename>fd.c</filename> could get quite confused.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect check for whether postmaster is running as a Windows
      service (Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      This could result in attempting to write to the event log when that
      isn't accessible, so that no logging happens at all.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>ecpg</application> to support <command>COMMIT PREPARED</command>
      and <command>ROLLBACK PREPARED</command> (Masahiko Sawada)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix a double-free error when processing dollar-quoted string literals
      in <application>ecpg</application> (Michael Meskes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_dump</application>, fix incorrect schema and owner marking for
      comments and security labels of some types of database objects
      (Giuseppe Broccolo, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In simple cases this caused no ill effects; but for example, a
      schema-selective restore might omit comments it should include, because
      they were not marked as belonging to the schema of their associated
      object.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid emitting an invalid list file in <literal>pg_restore -l</literal>
      when SQL object names contain newlines (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Replace newlines by spaces, which is sufficient to make the output
      valid for <literal>pg_restore -L</literal>'s purposes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_upgrade</application> to transfer comments and security labels
      attached to <quote>large objects</quote> (blobs) (Stephen Frost)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, blobs were correctly transferred to the new database, but
      any comments or security labels attached to them were lost.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve error handling
      in <filename>contrib/adminpack</filename>'s <function>pg_file_write()</function>
      function (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Notably, it failed to detect errors reported
      by <function>fclose()</function>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <filename>contrib/dblink</filename>, avoid leaking the previous unnamed
      connection when establishing a new unnamed connection (Joe Conway)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/pg_trgm</filename>'s extraction of trigrams from regular
      expressions (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In some cases it would produce a broken data structure that could never
      match anything, leading to GIN or GiST indexscans that use a trigram
      index not finding any matches to the regular expression.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <filename>contrib/postgres_fdw</filename>,
      transmit query cancellation requests to the remote server
      (Michael Paquier, Etsuro Fujita)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, a local query cancellation request did not cause an
      already-sent remote query to terminate early.  This is a back-patch
      of work originally done for 9.6.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [bb132cddf] 2017-04-15 20:16:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [fbfeceb25] 2017-04-17 12:51:40 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [58384149b] 2017-04-17 12:51:40 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [4e91330da] 2017-04-17 13:52:42 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [fb50c38e9] 2017-04-17 13:52:42 -0400
-->
     <para>
      Support OpenSSL 1.1.0 (Heikki Linnakangas, Andreas Karlsson, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This is a back-patch of work previously done in newer branches;
      it's needed since many platforms are adopting newer OpenSSL versions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Support Tcl 8.6 in MSVC builds (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Sync our copy of the timezone library with IANA release tzcode2017b
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fixes a bug affecting some DST transitions in January 2038.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application> release 2017b
      for DST law changes in Chile, Haiti, and Mongolia, plus historical
      corrections for Ecuador, Kazakhstan, Liberia, and Spain.
      Switch to numeric abbreviations for numerous time zones in South
      America, the Pacific and Indian oceans, and some Asian and Middle
      Eastern countries.
     </para>

     <para>
      The IANA time zone database previously provided textual abbreviations
      for all time zones, sometimes making up abbreviations that have little
      or no currency among the local population.  They are in process of
      reversing that policy in favor of using numeric UTC offsets in zones
      where there is no evidence of real-world use of an English
      abbreviation.  At least for the time being, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
      will continue to accept such removed abbreviations for timestamp input.
      But they will not be shown in the <structname>pg_timezone_names</structname>
      view nor used for output.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use correct daylight-savings rules for POSIX-style time zone names
      in MSVC builds (David Rowley)
     </para>

     <para>
      The Microsoft MSVC build scripts neglected to install
      the <filename>posixrules</filename> file in the timezone directory tree.
      This resulted in the timezone code falling back to its built-in
      rule about what DST behavior to assume for a POSIX-style time zone
      name.  For historical reasons that still corresponds to the DST rules
      the USA was using before 2007 (i.e., change on first Sunday in April
      and last Sunday in October).  With this fix, a POSIX-style zone name
      will use the current and historical DST transition dates of
      the <literal>US/Eastern</literal> zone.  If you don't want that, remove
      the <filename>posixrules</filename> file, or replace it with a copy of some
      other zone file (see <xref linkend="datatype-timezones">).  Note that
      due to caching, you may need to restart the server to get such changes
      to take effect.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-11">
  <title>Release 9.4.11</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2017-02-09</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.10.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.11</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if your installation has been affected by the bug described in
    the first changelog entry below, then after updating you may need
    to take action to repair corrupted indexes.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.10,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-10">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix a race condition that could cause indexes built
      with <command>CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY</command> to be corrupt
      (Pavan Deolasee, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If <command>CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY</command> was used to build an index
      that depends on a column not previously indexed, then rows
      updated by transactions that ran concurrently with
      the <command>CREATE INDEX</command> command could have received incorrect
      index entries.  If you suspect this may have happened, the most
      reliable solution is to rebuild affected indexes after installing
      this update.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that the special snapshot used for catalog scans is not
      invalidated by premature data pruning (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Backends failed to account for this snapshot when advertising their
      oldest xmin, potentially allowing concurrent vacuuming operations to
      remove data that was still needed.  This led to transient failures
      along the lines of <quote>cache lookup failed for relation 1255</quote>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Unconditionally WAL-log creation of the <quote>init fork</quote> for an
      unlogged table (Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, this was skipped when <xref linkend="guc-wal-level">
      = <literal>minimal</literal>, but actually it's necessary even in that case
      to ensure that the unlogged table is properly reset to empty after a
      crash.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reduce interlocking on standby servers during the replay of btree
      index vacuuming operations (Simon Riggs)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change avoids substantial replication delays that sometimes
      occurred while replaying such operations.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      If the stats collector dies during hot standby, restart it (Takayuki
      Tsunakawa)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that hot standby feedback works correctly when it's enabled at
      standby server start (Ants Aasma, Craig Ringer)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Check for interrupts while hot standby is waiting for a conflicting
      query (Simon Riggs)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid constantly respawning the autovacuum launcher in a corner case
      (Amit Khandekar)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fix avoids problems when autovacuum is nominally off and there
      are some tables that require freezing, but all such tables are
      already being processed by autovacuum workers.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix check for when an extension member object can be dropped (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Extension upgrade scripts should be able to drop member objects,
      but this was disallowed for serial-column sequences, and possibly
      other cases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make sure <command>ALTER TABLE</command> preserves index tablespace
      assignments when rebuilding indexes (Tom Lane, Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, non-default settings
      of <xref linkend="guc-default-tablespace"> could result in broken
      indexes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect updating of trigger function properties when changing a
      foreign-key constraint's deferrability properties with <command>ALTER
      TABLE ... ALTER CONSTRAINT</command> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This led to odd failures during subsequent exercise of the foreign
      key, as the triggers were fired at the wrong times.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent dropping a foreign-key constraint if there are pending
      trigger events for the referenced relation (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids <quote>could not find trigger <replaceable>NNN</replaceable></quote>
      or <quote>relation <replaceable>NNN</replaceable> has no triggers</quote> errors.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix processing of OID column when a table with OIDs is associated to
      a parent with OIDs via <command>ALTER TABLE ... INHERIT</command> (Amit
      Langote)
     </para>

     <para>
      The OID column should be treated the same as regular user columns in
      this case, but it wasn't, leading to odd behavior in later
      inheritance changes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW</command> to update the view query
      before attempting to apply the new view options (Dean Rasheed)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously the command would fail if the new options were
      inconsistent with the old view definition.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Report correct object identity during <command>ALTER TEXT SEARCH
      CONFIGURATION</command> (Artur Zakirov)
     </para>

     <para>
      The wrong catalog OID was reported to extensions such as logical
      decoding.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Check for serializability conflicts before reporting
      constraint-violation failures (Thomas Munro)
     </para>

     <para>
      When using serializable transaction isolation, it is desirable
      that any error due to concurrent transactions should manifest
      as a serialization failure, thereby cueing the application that
      a retry might succeed.  Unfortunately, this does not reliably
      happen for duplicate-key failures caused by concurrent insertions.
      This change ensures that such an error will be reported as a
      serialization error if the application explicitly checked for
      the presence of a conflicting key (and did not find it) earlier
      in the transaction.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent multicolumn expansion of <replaceable>foo</replaceable><literal>.*</literal> in
      an <command>UPDATE</command> source expression (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This led to <quote>UPDATE target count mismatch --- internal
      error</quote>.  Now the syntax is understood as a whole-row variable,
      as it would be in other contexts.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that column typmods are determined accurately for
      multi-row <literal>VALUES</literal> constructs (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fixes problems occurring when the first value in a column has a
      determinable typmod (e.g., length for a <type>varchar</type> value) but
      later values don't share the same limit.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Throw error for an unfinished Unicode surrogate pair at the end of a
      Unicode string (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Normally, a Unicode surrogate leading character must be followed by a
      Unicode surrogate trailing character, but the check for this was
      missed if the leading character was the last character in a Unicode
      string literal (<literal>U&amp;'...'</literal>) or Unicode identifier
      (<literal>U&amp;"..."</literal>).
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that a purely negative text search query, such
      as <literal>!foo</literal>, matches empty <type>tsvector</type>s (Tom Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      Such matches were found by GIN index searches, but not by sequential
      scans or GiST index searches.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent crash when <function>ts_rewrite()</function> replaces a non-top-level
      subtree with an empty query (Artur Zakirov)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix performance problems in <function>ts_rewrite()</function> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>ts_rewrite()</function>'s handling of nested NOT operators
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>array_fill()</function> to handle empty arrays properly (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix one-byte buffer overrun in <function>quote_literal_cstr()</function>
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      The overrun occurred only if the input consisted entirely of single
      quotes and/or backslashes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent multiple calls of <function>pg_start_backup()</function>
      and <function>pg_stop_backup()</function> from running concurrently (Michael
      Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids an assertion failure, and possibly worse things, if
      someone tries to run these functions in parallel.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid discarding <type>interval</type>-to-<type>interval</type> casts
      that aren't really no-ops (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In some cases, a cast that should result in zeroing out
      low-order <type>interval</type> fields was mistakenly deemed to be a
      no-op and discarded.  An example is that casting from <type>INTERVAL
      MONTH</type> to <type>INTERVAL YEAR</type> failed to clear the months field.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that cached plans are invalidated by changes in foreign-table
      options (Amit Langote, Etsuro Fujita, Ashutosh Bapat)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</application> to dump user-defined casts and transforms
      that use built-in functions (Stephen Frost)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_restore</application> with <option>--create --if-exists</option>
      to behave more sanely if an archive contains
      unrecognized <command>DROP</command> commands (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This doesn't fix any live bug, but it may improve the behavior in
      future if <application>pg_restore</application> is used with an archive
      generated by a later <application>pg_dump</application> version.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_basebackup</application>'s rate limiting in the presence of
      slow I/O (Antonin Houska)
     </para>

     <para>
      If disk I/O was transiently much slower than the specified rate
      limit, the calculation overflowed, effectively disabling the rate
      limit for the rest of the run.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_basebackup</application>'s handling of
      symlinked <filename>pg_stat_tmp</filename> and <filename>pg_replslot</filename>
      subdirectories (Magnus Hagander, Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible <application>pg_basebackup</application> failure on standby
      server when including WAL files (Amit Kapila, Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that the Python exception objects we create for PL/Python are
      properly reference-counted (Rafa de la Torre, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids failures if the objects are used after a Python garbage
      collection cycle has occurred.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix PL/Tcl to support triggers on tables that have <literal>.tupno</literal>
      as a column name (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This matches the (previously undocumented) behavior of
      PL/Tcl's <command>spi_exec</command> and <command>spi_execp</command> commands,
      namely that a magic <literal>.tupno</literal> column is inserted only if
      there isn't a real column named that.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow DOS-style line endings in <filename>~/.pgpass</filename> files,
      even on Unix (Vik Fearing)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change simplifies use of the same password file across Unix and
      Windows machines.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix one-byte buffer overrun if <application>ecpg</application> is given a file
      name that ends with a dot (Takayuki Tsunakawa)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>psql</application>'s tab completion for <command>ALTER DEFAULT
      PRIVILEGES</command> (Gilles Darold, Stephen Frost)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>psql</application>, treat an empty or all-blank setting of
      the <envar>PAGER</envar> environment variable as meaning <quote>no
      pager</quote> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, such a setting caused output intended for the pager to
      vanish entirely.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <filename>contrib/dblink</filename>'s reporting of
      low-level <application>libpq</application> errors, such as out-of-memory
      (Joe Conway)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Teach <filename>contrib/dblink</filename> to ignore irrelevant server options
      when it uses a <filename>contrib/postgres_fdw</filename> foreign server as
      the source of connection options (Corey Huinker)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, if the foreign server object had options that were not
      also <application>libpq</application> connection options, an error occurred.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On Windows, ensure that environment variable changes are propagated
      to DLLs built with debug options (Christian Ullrich)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Sync our copy of the timezone library with IANA release tzcode2016j
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fixes various issues, most notably that timezone data
      installation failed if the target directory didn't support hard
      links.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application> release 2016j
      for DST law changes in northern Cyprus (adding a new zone
      Asia/Famagusta), Russia (adding a new zone Europe/Saratov), Tonga,
      and Antarctica/Casey.
      Historical corrections for Italy, Kazakhstan, Malta, and Palestine.
      Switch to preferring numeric zone abbreviations for Tonga.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-10">
  <title>Release 9.4.10</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2016-10-27</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.9.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.10</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if your installation has been affected by the bug described in
    the first changelog entry below, then after updating you may need
    to take action to repair corrupted free space maps.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.6,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-6">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix WAL-logging of truncation of relation free space maps and
      visibility maps (Pavan Deolasee, Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      It was possible for these files to not be correctly restored during
      crash recovery, or to be written incorrectly on a standby server.
      Bogus entries in a free space map could lead to attempts to access
      pages that have been truncated away from the relation itself, typically
      producing errors like <quote>could not read block <replaceable>XXX</replaceable>:
      read only 0 of 8192 bytes</quote>.  Checksum failures in the
      visibility map are also possible, if checksumming is enabled.
     </para>

     <para>
      Procedures for determining whether there is a problem and repairing it
      if so are discussed at
      <ulink url="https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Free_Space_Map_Problems"></ulink>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect creation of GIN index WAL records on big-endian machines
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The typical symptom was <quote>unexpected GIN leaf action</quote> errors
      during WAL replay.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE</command> to correctly lock tuples that
      have been updated by a subsequently-aborted transaction
      (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>

     <para>
      In 9.5 and later, the <command>SELECT</command> would sometimes fail to
      return such tuples at all.  A failure has not been proven to occur in
      earlier releases, but might be possible with concurrent updates.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix EvalPlanQual rechecks involving CTE scans (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The recheck would always see the CTE as returning no rows, typically
      leading to failure to update rows that were recently updated.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix improper repetition of previous results from hashed aggregation in
      a subquery (Andrew Gierth)
     </para>

     <para>
      The test to see if we can reuse a previously-computed hash table of
      the aggregate state values neglected the possibility of an outer query
      reference appearing in an aggregate argument expression.  A change in
      the value of such a reference should lead to recalculating the hash
      table, but did not.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix query-lifespan memory leak in a bulk <command>UPDATE</command> on a table
      with a <literal>PRIMARY KEY</literal> or <literal>REPLICA IDENTITY</literal> index
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>EXPLAIN</command> to emit valid XML when
      <xref linkend="guc-track-io-timing"> is on (Markus Winand)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously the XML output-format option produced syntactically invalid
      tags such as <literal>&lt;I/O-Read-Time&gt;</literal>.  That is now
      rendered as <literal>&lt;I-O-Read-Time&gt;</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Suppress printing of zeroes for unmeasured times
      in <command>EXPLAIN</command> (Maksim Milyutin)
     </para>

     <para>
      Certain option combinations resulted in printing zero values for times
      that actually aren't ever measured in that combination.  Our general
      policy in <command>EXPLAIN</command> is not to print such fields at all, so
      do that consistently in all cases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix timeout length when <command>VACUUM</command> is waiting for exclusive
      table lock so that it can truncate the table (Simon Riggs)
     </para>

     <para>
      The timeout was meant to be 50 milliseconds, but it was actually only
      50 microseconds, causing <command>VACUUM</command> to give up on truncation
      much more easily than intended.  Set it to the intended value.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bugs in merging inherited <literal>CHECK</literal> constraints while
      creating or altering a table (Tom Lane, Amit Langote)
     </para>

     <para>
      Allow identical <literal>CHECK</literal> constraints to be added to a parent
      and child table in either order.  Prevent merging of a valid
      constraint from the parent table with a <literal>NOT VALID</literal>
      constraint on the child.  Likewise, prevent merging of a <literal>NO
      INHERIT</literal> child constraint with an inherited constraint.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove artificial restrictions on the values accepted
      by <function>numeric_in()</function> and <function>numeric_recv()</function>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      We allow numeric values up to the limit of the storage format (more
      than <literal>1e100000</literal>), so it seems fairly pointless
      that <function>numeric_in()</function> rejected scientific-notation exponents
      above 1000.  Likewise, it was silly for <function>numeric_recv()</function> to
      reject more than 1000 digits in an input value.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid very-low-probability data corruption due to testing tuple
      visibility without holding buffer lock (Thomas Munro, Peter Geoghegan,
      Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix logical WAL decoding to work properly when a subtransaction's WAL
      output is large enough to spill to disk (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [10ad15f48] 2016-09-01 11:45:16 -0400
-->
     <para>
      Fix buffer overread in logical WAL decoding (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Logical decoding of a tuple update record read 23 bytes too many,
      which was usually harmless but with very bad luck could result in a
      crash.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix file descriptor leakage when truncating a temporary relation of
      more than 1GB (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Disallow starting a standalone backend with <literal>standby_mode</literal>
      turned on (Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      This can't do anything useful, since there will be no WAL receiver
      process to fetch more WAL data; and it could result in misbehavior
      in code that wasn't designed with this situation in mind.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly initialize replication slot state when recycling a
      previously-used slot (Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      This failure to reset all of the fields of the slot could
      prevent <command>VACUUM</command> from removing dead tuples.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Round shared-memory allocation request to a multiple of the actual
      huge page size when attempting to use huge pages on Linux (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids possible failures during <function>munmap()</function> on systems
      with atypical default huge page sizes.  Except in crash-recovery
      cases, there were no ill effects other than a log message.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use a more random value for the dynamic shared memory control
      segment's ID (Robert Haas, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, the same value would be chosen every time, because it was
      derived from <function>random()</function> but <function>srandom()</function> had not
      yet been called.  While relatively harmless, this was not the intended
      behavior.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On Windows, retry creation of the dynamic shared memory control
      segment after an access-denied error (Kyotaro Horiguchi, Amit Kapila)
     </para>

     <para>
      Windows sometimes returns <literal>ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED</literal> rather
      than <literal>ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS</literal> when there is an existing
      segment.  This led to postmaster startup failure due to believing that
      the former was an unrecoverable error.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Don't try to share SSL contexts across multiple connections
      in <application>libpq</application> (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This led to assorted corner-case bugs, particularly when trying to use
      different SSL parameters for different connections.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid corner-case memory leak in <application>libpq</application> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The reported problem involved leaking an error report
      during <function>PQreset()</function>, but there might be related cases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>ecpg</application>'s <option>--help</option> and <option>--version</option>
      options work consistently with our other executables (Haribabu Kommi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pgbench</application>'s calculation of average latency
      (Fabien Coelho)
     </para>

     <para>
      The calculation was incorrect when there were <literal>\sleep</literal>
      commands in the script, or when the test duration was specified in
      number of transactions rather than total time.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_dump</application>, never dump range constructor functions
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight led to <application>pg_upgrade</application> failures with
      extensions containing range types, due to duplicate creation of the
      constructor functions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_xlogdump</application>, retry opening new WAL segments when
      using <option>--follow</option> option (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>

     <para>
      This allows for a possible delay in the server's creation of the next
      segment.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_xlogdump</application> to cope with a WAL file that begins
      with a continuation record spanning more than one page (Pavan
      Deolasee)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/pg_buffercache</filename> to work
      when <varname>shared_buffers</varname> exceeds 256GB (KaiGai Kohei)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/intarray/bench/bench.pl</filename> to print the results
      of the <command>EXPLAIN</command> it does when given the <option>-e</option> option
      (Daniel Gustafsson)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Install TAP test infrastructure so that it's available for extension
      testing (Craig Ringer)
     </para>

     <para>
      When <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> has been configured
      with <option>--enable-tap-tests</option>, <quote>make install</quote> will now
      install the Perl support files for TAP testing where PGXS can find
      them.  This allows non-core extensions to
      use <literal>$(prove_check)</literal> without extra tests.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In MSVC builds, include <application>pg_recvlogical</application> in a
      client-only installation (MauMau)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update Windows time zone mapping to recognize some time zone names
      added in recent Windows versions (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent failure of obsolete dynamic time zone abbreviations (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If a dynamic time zone abbreviation does not match any entry in the
      referenced time zone, treat it as equivalent to the time zone name.
      This avoids unexpected failures when IANA removes abbreviations from
      their time zone database, as they did in <application>tzdata</application>
      release 2016f and seem likely to do again in the future.  The
      consequences were not limited to not recognizing the individual
      abbreviation; any mismatch caused
      the <structname>pg_timezone_abbrevs</structname> view to fail altogether.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application> release 2016h
      for DST law changes in Palestine and Turkey, plus historical
      corrections for Turkey and some regions of Russia.
      Switch to numeric abbreviations for some time zones in Antarctica,
      the former Soviet Union, and Sri Lanka.
     </para>

     <para>
      The IANA time zone database previously provided textual abbreviations
      for all time zones, sometimes making up abbreviations that have little
      or no currency among the local population.  They are in process of
      reversing that policy in favor of using numeric UTC offsets in zones
      where there is no evidence of real-world use of an English
      abbreviation.  At least for the time being, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
      will continue to accept such removed abbreviations for timestamp input.
      But they will not be shown in the <structname>pg_timezone_names</structname>
      view nor used for output.
     </para>

     <para>
      In this update, <literal>AMT</literal> is no longer shown as being in use to
      mean Armenia Time.  Therefore, we have changed the <literal>Default</literal>
      abbreviation set to interpret it as Amazon Time, thus UTC-4 not UTC+4.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-9">
  <title>Release 9.4.9</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2016-08-11</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.8.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.9</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.6,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-6">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible mis-evaluation of
      nested <literal>CASE</literal>-<literal>WHEN</literal> expressions (Heikki
      Linnakangas, Michael Paquier, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A <literal>CASE</literal> expression appearing within the test value
      subexpression of another <literal>CASE</literal> could become confused about
      whether its own test value was null or not.  Also, inlining of a SQL
      function implementing the equality operator used by
      a <literal>CASE</literal> expression could result in passing the wrong test
      value to functions called within a <literal>CASE</literal> expression in the
      SQL function's body.  If the test values were of different data
      types, a crash might result; moreover such situations could be abused
      to allow disclosure of portions of server memory.  (CVE-2016-5423)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix client programs' handling of special characters in database and
      role names (Noah Misch, Nathan Bossart, Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      Numerous places in <application>vacuumdb</application> and other client programs
      could become confused by database and role names containing double
      quotes or backslashes.  Tighten up quoting rules to make that safe.
      Also, ensure that when a conninfo string is used as a database name
      parameter to these programs, it is correctly treated as such throughout.
     </para>

     <para>
      Fix handling of paired double quotes
      in <application>psql</application>'s <command>\connect</command>
      and <command>\password</command> commands to match the documentation.
     </para>

     <para>
      Introduce a new <option>-reuse-previous</option> option
      in <application>psql</application>'s <command>\connect</command> command to allow
      explicit control of whether to re-use connection parameters from a
      previous connection.  (Without this, the choice is based on whether
      the database name looks like a conninfo string, as before.)  This
      allows secure handling of database names containing special
      characters in <application>pg_dumpall</application> scripts.
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_dumpall</application> now refuses to deal with database and role
      names containing carriage returns or newlines, as it seems impractical
      to quote those characters safely on Windows.  In future we may reject
      such names on the server side, but that step has not been taken yet.
     </para>

     <para>
      These are considered security fixes because crafted object names
      containing special characters could have been used to execute
      commands with superuser privileges the next time a superuser
      executes <application>pg_dumpall</application> or other routine maintenance
      operations.  (CVE-2016-5424)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix corner-case misbehaviors for <literal>IS NULL</literal>/<literal>IS NOT
      NULL</literal> applied to nested composite values (Andrew Gierth, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The SQL standard specifies that <literal>IS NULL</literal> should return
      TRUE for a row of all null values (thus <literal>ROW(NULL,NULL) IS
      NULL</literal> yields TRUE), but this is not meant to apply recursively
      (thus <literal>ROW(NULL, ROW(NULL,NULL)) IS NULL</literal> yields FALSE).
      The core executor got this right, but certain planner optimizations
      treated the test as recursive (thus producing TRUE in both cases),
      and <filename>contrib/postgres_fdw</filename> could produce remote queries
      that misbehaved similarly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make the <type>inet</type> and <type>cidr</type> data types properly reject
      IPv6 addresses with too many colon-separated fields (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent crash in <function>close_ps()</function>
      (the <type>point</type> <literal>##</literal> <type>lseg</type> operator)
      for NaN input coordinates (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Make it return NULL instead of crashing.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid possible crash in <function>pg_get_expr()</function> when inconsistent
      values are passed to it (Michael Paquier, Thomas Munro)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix several one-byte buffer over-reads in <function>to_number()</function>
      (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>

     <para>
      In several cases the <function>to_number()</function> function would read one
      more character than it should from the input string.  There is a
      small chance of a crash, if the input happens to be adjacent to the
      end of memory.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Do not run the planner on the query contained in <literal>CREATE
      MATERIALIZED VIEW</literal> or <literal>CREATE TABLE AS</literal>
      when <literal>WITH NO DATA</literal> is specified (Michael Paquier,
      Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids some unnecessary failure conditions, for example if a
      stable function invoked by the materialized view depends on a table
      that doesn't exist yet.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid unsafe intermediate state during expensive paths
      through <function>heap_update()</function> (Masahiko Sawada, Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, these cases locked the target tuple (by setting its XMAX)
      but did not WAL-log that action, thus risking data integrity problems
      if the page were spilled to disk and then a database crash occurred
      before the tuple update could be completed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix hint bit update during WAL replay of row locking operations
      (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      The only known consequence of this problem is that row locks held by
      a prepared, but uncommitted, transaction might fail to be enforced
      after a crash and restart.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid unnecessary <quote>could not serialize access</quote> errors when
      acquiring <literal>FOR KEY SHARE</literal> row locks in serializable mode
      (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid crash in <literal>postgres -C</literal> when the specified variable
      has a null string value (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible loss of large subtransactions in logical decoding
      (Petru-Florin Mihancea)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix failure of logical decoding when a subtransaction contains no
      actual changes (Marko Tiikkaja, Andrew Gierth)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that backends see up-to-date statistics for shared catalogs
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The statistics collector failed to update the statistics file for
      shared catalogs after a request from a regular backend.  This problem
      was partially masked because the autovacuum launcher regularly makes
      requests that did cause such updates; however, it became obvious with
      autovacuum disabled.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid redundant writes of the statistics files when multiple
      backends request updates close together (Tom Lane, Tomas Vondra)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid consuming a transaction ID during <command>VACUUM</command>
      (Alexander Korotkov)
     </para>

     <para>
      Some cases in <command>VACUUM</command> unnecessarily caused an XID to be
      assigned to the current transaction.  Normally this is negligible,
      but if one is up against the XID wraparound limit, consuming more
      XIDs during anti-wraparound vacuums is a very bad thing.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [7a0f09da7] 2016-05-25 19:39:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [6537a48c5] 2016-05-25 19:39:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [294509ea9] 2016-05-25 19:39:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [de887cc8a] 2016-05-25 19:39:49 -0400
-->
     <para>
      Avoid canceling hot-standby queries during <command>VACUUM FREEZE</command>
      (Simon Riggs, &Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>

     <para>
      <command>VACUUM FREEZE</command> on an otherwise-idle master server could
      result in unnecessary cancellations of queries on its standby
      servers.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent possible failure when vacuuming multixact IDs in an
      installation that has been pg_upgrade'd from pre-9.3 (Andrew Gierth,
      &Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>

     <para>
      The usual symptom of this bug is errors
      like <quote>MultiXactId <replaceable>NNN</replaceable> has not been created
      yet -- apparent wraparound</quote>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      When a manual <command>ANALYZE</command> specifies a column list, don't
      reset the table's <literal>changes_since_analyze</literal> counter
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If we're only analyzing some columns, we should not prevent routine
      auto-analyze from happening for the other columns.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>ANALYZE</command>'s overestimation of <literal>n_distinct</literal>
      for a unique or nearly-unique column with many null entries (Tom
      Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The nulls could get counted as though they were themselves distinct
      values, leading to serious planner misestimates in some types of
      queries.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent autovacuum from starting multiple workers for the same shared
      catalog (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>

     <para>
      Normally this isn't much of a problem because the vacuum doesn't take
      long anyway; but in the case of a severely bloated catalog, it could
      result in all but one worker uselessly waiting instead of doing
      useful work on other tables.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid duplicate buffer lock release when abandoning a b-tree index
      page deletion attempt (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This mistake prevented <command>VACUUM</command> from completing in some
      cases involving corrupt b-tree indexes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent infinite loop in GiST index build for geometric columns
      containing NaN component values (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/btree_gin</filename> to handle the smallest
      possible <type>bigint</type> value correctly (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Teach libpq to correctly decode server version from future servers
      (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>

     <para>
      It's planned to switch to two-part instead of three-part server
      version numbers for releases after 9.6.  Make sure
      that <function>PQserverVersion()</function> returns the correct value for
      such cases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>ecpg</application>'s code for <literal>unsigned long long</literal>
      array elements (Michael Meskes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_dump</application> with both <option>-c</option> and <option>-C</option>
      options, avoid emitting an unwanted <literal>CREATE SCHEMA public</literal>
      command (David Johnston, Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve handling of <systemitem>SIGTERM</systemitem>/control-C in
      parallel <application>pg_dump</application> and <application>pg_restore</application> (Tom
      Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Make sure that the worker processes will exit promptly, and also arrange
      to send query-cancel requests to the connected backends, in case they
      are doing something long-running such as a <command>CREATE INDEX</command>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix error reporting in parallel <application>pg_dump</application>
      and <application>pg_restore</application> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, errors reported by <application>pg_dump</application>
      or <application>pg_restore</application> worker processes might never make it to
      the user's console, because the messages went through the master
      process, and there were various deadlock scenarios that would prevent
      the master process from passing on the messages.  Instead, just print
      everything to <literal>stderr</literal>.  In some cases this will result in
      duplicate messages (for instance, if all the workers report a server
      shutdown), but that seems better than no message.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that parallel <application>pg_dump</application>
      or <application>pg_restore</application> on Windows will shut down properly
      after an error (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, it would report the error, but then just sit until
      manually stopped by the user.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_dump</application> behave better when built without zlib
      support (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
     </para>

     <para>
      It didn't work right for parallel dumps, and emitted some rather
      pointless warnings in other cases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_basebackup</application> accept <literal>-Z 0</literal> as
      specifying no compression (Fujii Masao)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix makefiles' rule for building AIX shared libraries to be safe for
      parallel make (Noah Misch)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix TAP tests and MSVC scripts to work when build directory's path
      name contains spaces (Michael Paquier, Kyotaro Horiguchi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Be more predictable about reporting <quote>statement timeout</quote>
      versus <quote>lock timeout</quote> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      On heavily loaded machines, the regression tests sometimes failed due
      to reporting <quote>lock timeout</quote> even though the statement timeout
      should have occurred first.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make regression tests safe for Danish and Welsh locales (Jeff Janes,
      Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Change some test data that triggered the unusual sorting rules of
      these locales.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update our copy of the timezone code to match
      IANA's <application>tzcode</application> release 2016c (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This is needed to cope with anticipated future changes in the time
      zone data files.  It also fixes some corner-case bugs in coping with
      unusual time zones.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application> release 2016f
      for DST law changes in Kemerovo and Novosibirsk, plus historical
      corrections for Azerbaijan, Belarus, and Morocco.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-8">
  <title>Release 9.4.8</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2016-05-12</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.7.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.8</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.6,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-6">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Clear the OpenSSL error queue before OpenSSL calls, rather than
      assuming it's clear already; and make sure we leave it clear
      afterwards (Peter Geoghegan, Dave Vitek, Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change prevents problems when there are multiple connections
      using OpenSSL within a single process and not all the code involved
      follows the same rules for when to clear the error queue.
      Failures have been reported specifically when a client application
      uses SSL connections in <application>libpq</application> concurrently with
      SSL connections using the PHP, Python, or Ruby wrappers for OpenSSL.
      It's possible for similar problems to arise within the server as well,
      if an extension module establishes an outgoing SSL connection.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>failed to build any <replaceable>N</replaceable>-way joins</quote>
      planner error with a full join enclosed in the right-hand side of a
      left join (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect handling of equivalence-class tests in multilevel
      nestloop plans (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Given a three-or-more-way equivalence class of variables, such
      as <literal>X.X = Y.Y = Z.Z</literal>, it was possible for the planner to omit
      some of the tests needed to enforce that all the variables are actually
      equal, leading to join rows being output that didn't satisfy
      the <literal>WHERE</literal> clauses.  For various reasons, erroneous plans
      were seldom selected in practice, so that this bug has gone undetected
      for a long time.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix query-lifespan memory leak in GIN index scans (Julien Rouhaud)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix query-lifespan memory leak and potential index corruption hazard in
      GIN index insertion (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The memory leak would typically not amount to much in simple queries,
      but it could be very substantial during a large GIN index build with
      high <varname>maintenance_work_mem</varname>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible misbehavior of <literal>TH</literal>, <literal>th</literal>,
      and <literal>Y,YYY</literal> format codes in <function>to_timestamp()</function>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      These could advance off the end of the input string, causing subsequent
      format codes to read garbage.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix dumping of rules and views in which the <replaceable>array</replaceable>
      argument of a <literal><replaceable>value</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable>
      ANY (<replaceable>array</replaceable>)</literal> construct is a sub-SELECT
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Disallow newlines in <command>ALTER SYSTEM</command> parameter values
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The configuration-file parser doesn't support embedded newlines in
      string literals, so we mustn't allow them in values to be inserted
      by <command>ALTER SYSTEM</command>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>ALTER TABLE ... REPLICA IDENTITY USING INDEX</command> to
      work properly if an index on OID is selected (David Rowley)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix crash in logical decoding on alignment-picky platforms (Tom Lane,
      Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      The failure occurred only with a transaction large enough to spill to
      disk and a primary-key change within that transaction.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid repeated requests for feedback from receiver while shutting down
      walsender (Nick Cleaton)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_regress</application> use a startup timeout from the
      <envar>PGCTLTIMEOUT</envar> environment variable, if that's set (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This is for consistency with a behavior recently added
      to <application>pg_ctl</application>; it eases automated testing on slow machines.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_upgrade</application> to correctly restore extension
      membership for operator families containing only one operator class
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In such a case, the operator family was restored into the new database,
      but it was no longer marked as part of the extension.  This had no
      immediate ill effects, but would cause later <application>pg_dump</application>
      runs to emit output that would cause (harmless) errors on restore.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_upgrade</application> to not fail when new-cluster TOAST rules
      differ from old (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_upgrade</application> had special-case code to handle the
      situation where the new <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> version thinks that
      a table should have a TOAST table while the old version did not.  That
      code was broken, so remove it, and instead do nothing in such cases;
      there seems no reason to believe that we can't get along fine without
      a TOAST table if that was okay according to the old version's rules.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reduce the number of SysV semaphores used by a build configured with
      <option>--disable-spinlocks</option> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Rename internal function <function>strtoi()</function>
      to <function>strtoint()</function> to avoid conflict with a NetBSD library
      function (Thomas Munro)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix reporting of errors from <function>bind()</function>
      and <function>listen()</function> system calls on Windows (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reduce verbosity of compiler output when building with Microsoft Visual
      Studio (Christian Ullrich)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>putenv()</function> to work properly with Visual Studio 2013
      (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid possibly-unsafe use of Windows' <function>FormatMessage()</function>
      function (Christian Ullrich)
     </para>

     <para>
      Use the <literal>FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS</literal> flag where
      appropriate.  No live bug is known to exist here, but it seems like a
      good idea to be careful.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application> release 2016d
      for DST law changes in Russia and Venezuela.  There are new zone
      names <literal>Europe/Kirov</literal> and <literal>Asia/Tomsk</literal> to reflect
      the fact that these regions now have different time zone histories from
      adjacent regions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-7">
  <title>Release 9.4.7</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2016-03-31</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.6.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.7</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.6,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-6">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect handling of NULL index entries in
      indexed <literal>ROW()</literal> comparisons (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      An index search using a row comparison such as <literal>ROW(a, b) &gt;
      ROW('x', 'y')</literal> would stop upon reaching a NULL entry in
      the <structfield>b</structfield> column, ignoring the fact that there might be
      non-NULL <structfield>b</structfield> values associated with later values
      of <structfield>a</structfield>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid unlikely data-loss scenarios due to renaming files without
      adequate <function>fsync()</function> calls before and after (Michael Paquier,
      Tomas Vondra, Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bug in <function>json_to_record()</function> when a field of its input
      object contains a sub-object with a field name matching one of the
      requested output column names (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix misformatting of negative time zone offsets
      by <function>to_char()</function>'s <literal>OF</literal> format code
      (Thomas Munro, Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ignore <xref linkend="recovery-min-apply-delay"> parameter until
      recovery has reached a consistent state (Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, standby servers would delay application of WAL records in
      response to <varname>recovery_min_apply_delay</varname> even while replaying
      the initial portion of WAL needed to make their database state valid.
      Since the standby is useless until it's reached a consistent database
      state, this was deemed unhelpful.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Correctly handle cases where <literal>pg_subtrans</literal> is close to XID
      wraparound during server startup (Jeff Janes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix assorted bugs in logical decoding (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      Trouble cases included tuples larger than one page when replica
      identity is <literal>FULL</literal>, <command>UPDATE</command>s that change a
      primary key within a transaction large enough to be spooled to disk,
      incorrect reports of <quote>subxact logged without previous toplevel
      record</quote>, and incorrect reporting of a transaction's commit time.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planner error with nested security barrier views when the outer
      view has a <literal>WHERE</literal> clause containing a correlated subquery
      (Dean Rasheed)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix corner-case crash due to trying to free <function>localeconv()</function>
      output strings more than once (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix parsing of affix files for <literal>ispell</literal> dictionaries
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The code could go wrong if the affix file contained any characters
      whose byte length changes during case-folding, for
      example <literal>I</literal> in Turkish UTF8 locales.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid use of <function>sscanf()</function> to parse <literal>ispell</literal>
      dictionary files (Artur Zakirov)
     </para>

     <para>
      This dodges a portability problem on FreeBSD-derived platforms
      (including macOS).
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid a crash on old Windows versions (before 7SP1/2008R2SP1) with an
      AVX2-capable CPU and a Postgres build done with Visual Studio 2013
      (Christian Ullrich)
     </para>

     <para>
      This is a workaround for a bug in Visual Studio 2013's runtime
      library, which Microsoft have stated they will not fix in that
      version.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>psql</application>'s tab completion logic to handle multibyte
      characters properly (Kyotaro Horiguchi, Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>psql</application>'s tab completion for
      <literal>SECURITY LABEL</literal> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Pressing TAB after <literal>SECURITY LABEL</literal> might cause a crash
      or offering of inappropriate keywords.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_ctl</application> accept a wait timeout from the
      <envar>PGCTLTIMEOUT</envar> environment variable, if none is specified on
      the command line (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      This eases testing of slower buildfarm members by allowing them
      to globally specify a longer-than-normal timeout for postmaster
      startup and shutdown.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect test for Windows service status
      in <application>pg_ctl</application> (Manuel Mathar)
     </para>

     <para>
      The previous set of minor releases attempted to
      fix <application>pg_ctl</application> to properly determine whether to send log
      messages to Window's Event Log, but got the test backwards.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pgbench</application> to correctly handle the combination
      of <literal>-C</literal> and <literal>-M prepared</literal> options (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_upgrade</application>, skip creating a deletion script when
      the new data directory is inside the old data directory (Bruce
      Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      Blind application of the script in such cases would result in loss of
      the new data directory.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In PL/Perl, properly translate empty Postgres arrays into empty Perl
      arrays (Alex Hunsaker)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make PL/Python cope with function names that aren't valid Python
      identifiers (Jim Nasby)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix multiple mistakes in the statistics returned
      by <filename>contrib/pgstattuple</filename>'s <function>pgstatindex()</function>
      function (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove dependency on <literal>psed</literal> in MSVC builds, since it's no
      longer provided by core Perl (Michael Paquier, Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application> release 2016c
      for DST law changes in Azerbaijan, Chile, Haiti, Palestine, and Russia
      (Altai, Astrakhan, Kirov, Sakhalin, Ulyanovsk regions), plus
      historical corrections for Lithuania, Moldova, and Russia
      (Kaliningrad, Samara, Volgograd).
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-6">
  <title>Release 9.4.6</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2016-02-11</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.5.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.6</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading an installation that contains any GIN
    indexes that use the (non-default) <literal>jsonb_path_ops</literal> operator
    class, see the first changelog entry below.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.4,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-4">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [b23af4587] 2015-11-05 18:15:48 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [4d867458f] 2015-11-05 18:15:48 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [788e35ac0] 2015-11-05 18:15:48 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix inconsistent hash calculations in <literal>jsonb_path_ops</literal> GIN
      indexes (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      When processing <type>jsonb</type> values that contain both scalars and
      sub-objects at the same nesting level, for example an array containing
      both scalars and sub-arrays, key hash values could be calculated
      differently than they would be for the same key in a different context.
      This could result in queries not finding entries that they should find.
      Fixing this means that existing indexes may now be inconsistent with the
      new hash calculation code.  Users
      should <command>REINDEX</command> <literal>jsonb_path_ops</literal> GIN indexes after
      installing this update to make sure that all searches work as expected.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix infinite loops and buffer-overrun problems in regular expressions
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Very large character ranges in bracket expressions could cause
      infinite loops in some cases, and memory overwrites in other cases.
      (CVE-2016-0773)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [7e2a18a91] 2015-10-06 17:15:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [02580df6c] 2015-10-06 17:15:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [3d701277f] 2015-10-06 17:15:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [31bc563b9] 2015-10-06 17:15:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [3d10f3970] 2015-10-06 17:15:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [dea6da132] 2015-10-06 17:15:27 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Perform an immediate shutdown if the <filename>postmaster.pid</filename> file
      is removed (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The postmaster now checks every minute or so
      that <filename>postmaster.pid</filename> is still there and still contains its
      own PID.  If not, it performs an immediate shutdown, as though it had
      received <systemitem>SIGQUIT</systemitem>.  The main motivation for this change
      is to ensure that failed buildfarm runs will get cleaned up without
      manual intervention; but it also serves to limit the bad effects if a
      DBA forcibly removes <filename>postmaster.pid</filename> and then starts a new
      postmaster.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Kevin Grittner <kgrittn@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [585e2a3b1] 2015-10-31 14:43:34 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [50ca917d9] 2015-10-31 14:42:46 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [1d95617f7] 2015-10-31 14:45:15 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [18479293c] 2015-10-31 14:46:57 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [caff7fc3f] 2015-10-31 14:36:37 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [08322daed] 2015-10-31 14:36:58 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <literal>SERIALIZABLE</literal> transaction isolation mode, serialization
      anomalies could be missed due to race conditions during insertions
      (Kevin Grittner, Thomas Munro)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [f54d0629e] 2015-12-12 14:17:39 +0100
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [ada9c09ae] 2015-12-12 14:19:19 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d638aeef6] 2015-12-12 14:19:23 +0100
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [9037bdc88] 2015-12-12 14:19:25 +0100
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [a15ad6708] 2015-12-12 14:19:51 +0100
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [5f9a86b35] 2015-12-12 14:19:29 +0100
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix failure to emit appropriate WAL records when doing <literal>ALTER
      TABLE ... SET TABLESPACE</literal> for unlogged relations (Michael Paquier,
      Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      Even though the relation's data is unlogged, the move must be logged or
      the relation will be inaccessible after a standby is promoted to master.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [e3f4cfc7a] 2015-12-10 16:29:26 +0100
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [5b51805fe] 2015-12-10 16:39:25 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c6a67bbc7] 2015-12-10 16:29:26 +0100
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [b19405a44] 2015-12-10 16:29:27 +0100
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [2de281da2] 2015-12-10 16:29:27 +0100
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [3199c13fc] 2015-12-10 16:29:27 +0100
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible misinitialization of unlogged relations at the end of
      crash recovery (Andres Freund, Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Magnus Hagander <magnus@hagander.net>
Branch: master [263c19572] 2015-12-13 16:46:56 +0100
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [a9c56ff0e] 2015-12-13 16:43:35 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [61c7bee21] 2015-12-13 16:43:52 +0100
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [a1fb84990] 2015-12-13 16:44:04 +0100
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure walsender slots are fully re-initialized when being re-used
      (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [074c5cfbf] 2015-11-20 14:55:47 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [a35c5b7c1] 2015-11-20 14:55:28 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [47ea4614e] 2015-11-20 14:55:28 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [64349f1d2] 2015-11-20 14:55:29 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [c49279dfd] 2015-11-20 14:55:29 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [60ba32cb5] 2015-11-20 14:55:29 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</command> to reconstruct inherited check
      constraints properly (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d07afa42d] 2015-12-21 19:49:15 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [bc72c3b3f] 2015-12-21 19:49:15 -0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [f9643d0d6] 2015-12-21 19:49:15 -0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [7e29e7f55] 2015-12-21 19:49:15 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>REASSIGN OWNED</command> to change ownership of composite types
      properly (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2c8ae6442] 2015-12-21 19:16:15 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [62e6eba8d] 2015-12-21 19:16:15 -0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [7af3dd540] 2015-12-21 19:16:15 -0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [ab14c1383] 2015-12-21 19:16:15 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>REASSIGN OWNED</command> and <command>ALTER OWNER</command> to correctly
      update granted-permissions lists when changing owners of data types,
      foreign data wrappers, or foreign servers (Bruce Momjian,
      &Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [8c1615531] 2015-12-11 18:39:09 -0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [31f88a12a] 2015-12-11 18:39:09 -0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [1f8757ad8] 2015-12-11 18:39:09 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [4626245bc] 2015-12-11 18:39:09 -0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [629842a8e] 2015-12-11 18:39:09 -0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [f44c5203b] 2015-12-11 18:39:09 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>REASSIGN OWNED</command> to ignore foreign user mappings,
      rather than fail (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Stephen Frost <sfrost@snowman.net>
Branch: master [6f8cb1e23] 2015-12-21 10:34:14 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [496943ec2] 2015-12-21 10:34:20 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f02137da8] 2015-12-21 10:34:23 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [4271ed386] 2015-12-21 10:34:28 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible crash after doing query rewrite for an updatable view
      (Stephen Frost)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [acfcd45ca] 2015-12-11 14:22:20 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [564c19e86] 2015-12-11 14:22:20 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [7ad696066] 2015-12-11 14:22:20 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [260590e6b] 2015-12-11 14:22:20 -0500
Branch: master [7e19db0c0] 2015-12-07 17:42:11 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [25517ee14] 2015-12-07 17:41:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [0901d68ba] 2015-12-07 17:41:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [0a34ff7e9] 2015-12-07 17:41:45 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planner's handling of <literal>LATERAL</literal> references (Tom
      Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fixes some corner cases that led to <quote>failed to build any
      N-way joins</quote> or <quote>could not devise a query plan</quote> planner
      failures.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [3c93a60f6] 2016-01-01 13:42:21 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [d932391fd] 2016-01-01 13:42:30 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [76eccf07b] 2016-01-01 13:42:35 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [94114469f] 2016-01-01 13:42:39 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [8e79b24c5] 2016-01-01 13:42:43 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [60f8cc91d] 2016-01-01 13:42:48 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add more defenses against bad planner cost estimates for GIN index
      scans when the index's internal statistics are very out-of-date
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [7fb008c5e] 2015-12-01 16:24:34 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [e9986a811] 2015-12-01 16:24:34 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ab14e0e4c] 2015-12-01 16:24:34 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [52774e52d] 2015-12-01 16:24:34 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [3d4bdd2f9] 2015-12-01 16:24:35 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [7882143dc] 2015-12-01 16:24:35 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make planner cope with hypothetical GIN indexes suggested by an index
      advisor plug-in (Julien Rouhaud)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [8004953b5] 2015-11-16 13:45:17 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [34d4f49bb] 2015-11-16 13:45:17 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [a6c4c07fc] 2015-11-16 13:45:17 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [faf18a905] 2015-11-16 13:45:17 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Speed up generation of unique table aliases in <command>EXPLAIN</command> and
      rule dumping, and ensure that generated aliases do not
      exceed <literal>NAMEDATALEN</literal> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [7745bc352] 2015-11-15 14:41:09 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [0489a048d] 2015-11-15 14:41:09 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d33ab56b0] 2015-11-15 14:41:09 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [7d0e87208] 2015-11-15 14:41:09 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [ed824cf80] 2015-11-15 14:41:09 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [7b21d1bca] 2015-11-15 14:41:09 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix dumping of whole-row Vars in <literal>ROW()</literal>
      and <literal>VALUES()</literal> lists (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [d43554258] 2015-10-20 11:07:04 -0700
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [5fb20a5ba] 2015-10-20 11:07:05 -0700
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [4f33572ee] 2015-10-20 11:06:24 -0700
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Translation of minus-infinity dates and timestamps to <type>json</type>
      or <type>jsonb</type> incorrectly rendered them as plus-infinity (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [5f10b7a60] 2015-11-17 15:46:47 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [80be41979] 2015-11-17 15:46:54 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [cc95595e0] 2015-11-17 15:46:59 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [7df6dc405] 2015-11-17 15:47:03 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [c47bdb372] 2015-11-17 15:47:08 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [728a2ac21] 2015-11-17 15:47:12 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible internal overflow in <type>numeric</type> division
      (Dean Rasheed)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [a43b4ab11] 2015-11-07 12:43:24 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [44fc25153] 2015-11-07 12:43:24 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f69c01f2c] 2015-11-07 12:43:24 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [8db652359] 2015-11-07 12:43:24 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [bfb10db81] 2015-11-07 12:43:24 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [03ee6591d] 2015-11-07 12:43:24 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix enforcement of restrictions inside parentheses within regular
      expression lookahead constraints (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Lookahead constraints aren't allowed to contain backrefs, and
      parentheses within them are always considered non-capturing, according
      to the manual.  However, the code failed to handle these cases properly
      inside a parenthesized subexpression, and would give unexpected
      results.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [9f1e642d5] 2015-10-19 13:54:53 -0700
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [43e36f8dd] 2015-10-19 13:54:53 -0700
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [52f21c588] 2015-10-19 13:54:53 -0700
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [e69d4756e] 2015-10-19 13:54:54 -0700
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [05e62ff59] 2015-10-19 13:54:54 -0700
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [0ce829caf] 2015-10-19 13:54:54 -0700
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Conversion of regular expressions to indexscan bounds could produce
      incorrect bounds from regexps containing lookahead constraints
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [48789c5d2] 2015-10-16 15:55:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [0889e1857] 2015-10-16 15:56:00 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b6eb5fc40] 2015-10-16 14:14:41 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [6e4dda796] 2015-10-16 14:14:41 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [83c34825e] 2015-10-16 14:14:41 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [d394f12c0] 2015-10-16 14:14:41 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix regular-expression compiler to handle loops of constraint arcs
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The code added for CVE-2007-4772 was both incomplete, in that it didn't
      handle loops involving more than one state, and incorrect, in that it
      could cause assertion failures (though there seem to be no bad
      consequences of that in a non-assert build).  Multi-state loops would
      cause the compiler to run until the query was canceled or it reached
      the too-many-states error condition.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [538b3b8b3] 2015-10-16 15:55:59 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [e91cfdead] 2015-10-16 15:56:00 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [0ecf4a9e5] 2015-10-16 15:36:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [ad5e5a62a] 2015-10-16 15:36:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [4e4610a8a] 2015-10-16 15:36:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [b94c2b6a6] 2015-10-16 15:36:17 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve memory-usage accounting in regular-expression compiler
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This causes the code to emit <quote>regular expression is too
      complex</quote> errors in some cases that previously used unreasonable
      amounts of time and memory.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [6a7153661] 2015-10-16 15:55:59 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [1bb0fbca3] 2015-10-16 15:56:00 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [9774fda86] 2015-10-16 15:11:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [2a8d6e4d0] 2015-10-16 15:11:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [a257b808a] 2015-10-16 15:11:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [067f96fe3] 2015-10-16 15:11:49 -0400
Branch: master [f5b7d103b] 2015-10-16 15:55:59 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [e9cf3dc30] 2015-10-16 15:56:00 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [8cf4eed0b] 2015-10-16 14:58:11 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [677e64cb8] 2015-10-16 14:58:11 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [18b032f8f] 2015-10-16 14:58:11 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [5503e6e0f] 2015-10-16 14:58:11 -0400
Branch: master [579840ca0] 2015-10-16 15:55:59 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [cff9e0659] 2015-10-16 15:56:00 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [bdde29e1c] 2015-10-16 14:43:18 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [296241635] 2015-10-16 14:43:18 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [a2ad467ae] 2015-10-16 14:43:18 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [b00c79b5b] 2015-10-16 14:43:18 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve performance of regular-expression compiler (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <literal>%h</literal> and <literal>%r</literal> escapes
      in <varname>log_line_prefix</varname> work for messages emitted due
      to <varname>log_connections</varname> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, <literal>%h</literal>/<literal>%r</literal> started to work just after a
      new session had emitted the <quote>connection received</quote> log message;
      now they work for that message too.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [869f693a3] 2015-10-13 11:21:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [39ac29394] 2015-10-13 11:21:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [44a6e24fb] 2015-10-13 11:21:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [bc6b03bb8] 2015-10-13 11:21:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [39cd1bdb8] 2015-10-13 11:21:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [b0d858359] 2015-10-13 11:21:33 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On Windows, ensure the shared-memory mapping handle gets closed in
      child processes that don't need it (Tom Lane, Amit Kapila)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight resulted in failure to recover from crashes
      whenever <varname>logging_collector</varname> is turned on.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [add6d821b] 2016-01-04 17:41:33 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [0f527f73b] 2016-01-04 17:41:33 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [9b2eacba7] 2016-01-04 17:41:33 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [d05103b77] 2016-01-04 17:41:33 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible failure to detect socket EOF in non-blocking mode on
      Windows (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      It's not entirely clear whether this problem can happen in pre-9.5
      branches, but if it did, the symptom would be that a walsender process
      would wait indefinitely rather than noticing a loss of connection.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid leaking a token handle during SSPI authentication
      (Christian Ullrich)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [2ec477dc8] 2015-12-16 16:59:35 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [f1c152866] 2015-12-16 16:58:55 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [e168dfef6] 2015-12-16 16:58:55 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [9afe392dc] 2015-12-16 16:58:56 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [bcce4a5e3] 2015-12-16 16:58:56 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [03b138e90] 2015-12-16 16:58:56 -0500
Branch: master [aee7705be] 2015-12-17 16:55:23 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [5ec0aad01] 2015-12-17 16:55:33 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [acb6c64f4] 2015-12-17 16:55:39 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [09b7abc27] 2015-12-17 16:55:43 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [b41777988] 2015-12-17 16:55:47 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [db462a44e] 2015-12-17 16:55:51 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>psql</application>, ensure that <application>libreadline</application>'s idea
      of the screen size is updated when the terminal window size changes
      (Merlin Moncure)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, <application>libreadline</application> did not notice if the window
      was resized during query output, leading to strange behavior during
      later input of multiline queries.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>psql</application>'s <literal>\det</literal> command to interpret its
      pattern argument the same way as other <literal>\d</literal> commands with
      potentially schema-qualified patterns do (Reece Hart)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [c5ef8ce53] 2015-11-25 17:31:53 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [55a2cc844] 2015-11-25 17:31:53 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [3d357b48f] 2015-11-25 17:31:53 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [64b7079e5] 2015-11-25 17:31:53 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d44b4deaa] 2015-11-25 17:31:54 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [6430a11fa] 2015-11-25 17:31:54 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid possible crash in <application>psql</application>'s <literal>\c</literal> command
      when previous connection was via Unix socket and command specifies a
      new hostname and same username (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [6bcce2580] 2015-10-12 18:30:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [a151a5c38] 2015-10-12 18:30:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [57f54b5e4] 2015-10-12 18:30:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [dfe572de0] 2015-10-12 18:30:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [250108b6f] 2015-10-12 18:30:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [c869a7d5b] 2015-10-12 18:30:37 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <literal>pg_ctl start -w</literal>, test child process status directly
      rather than relying on heuristics (Tom Lane, Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, <application>pg_ctl</application> relied on an assumption that the new
      postmaster would always create <filename>postmaster.pid</filename> within five
      seconds.  But that can fail on heavily-loaded systems,
      causing <application>pg_ctl</application> to report incorrectly that the
      postmaster failed to start.
     </para>

     <para>
      Except on Windows, this change also means that a <literal>pg_ctl start
      -w</literal> done immediately after another such command will now reliably
      fail, whereas previously it would report success if done within two
      seconds of the first command.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [fed19f312] 2015-11-08 17:28:53 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [bdb42bac3] 2015-11-08 17:29:47 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [24379a45c] 2015-11-08 17:31:21 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [34725292d] 2015-11-08 17:31:22 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [99027350e] 2015-11-08 17:31:23 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [87deb55a4] 2015-11-08 17:31:24 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <literal>pg_ctl start -w</literal>, don't attempt to use a wildcard listen
      address to connect to the postmaster (Kondo Yuta)
     </para>

     <para>
      On Windows, <application>pg_ctl</application> would fail to detect postmaster
      startup if <varname>listen_addresses</varname> is set to <literal>0.0.0.0</literal>
      or <literal>::</literal>, because it would try to use that value verbatim as
      the address to connect to, which doesn't work.  Instead assume
      that <literal>127.0.0.1</literal> or <literal>::1</literal>, respectively, is the
      right thing to use.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_ctl</application> on Windows, check service status to decide
      where to send output, rather than checking if standard output is a
      terminal (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [00cdd8352] 2015-11-21 20:21:31 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [5f5e68b08] 2015-11-21 20:21:32 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [7acad9546] 2015-11-21 20:22:39 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [0e6185283] 2015-11-21 20:21:32 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [b054ca031] 2015-11-21 20:21:32 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [8f1559aa5] 2015-11-21 20:21:32 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [05c9bc063] 2015-11-23 00:32:01 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [6df62ef43] 2015-11-23 00:32:01 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_dump</application> and <application>pg_basebackup</application>, adopt
      the GNU convention for handling tar-archive members exceeding 8GB
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The POSIX standard for <literal>tar</literal> file format does not allow
      archive member files to exceed 8GB, but most modern implementations
      of <application>tar</application> support an extension that fixes that.  Adopt
      this extension so that <application>pg_dump</application> with <option>-Ft</option> no
      longer fails on tables with more than 8GB of data, and so
      that <application>pg_basebackup</application> can handle files larger than 8GB.
      In addition, fix some portability issues that could cause failures for
      members between 4GB and 8GB on some platforms.  Potentially these
      problems could cause unrecoverable data loss due to unreadable backup
      files.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix assorted corner-case bugs in <application>pg_dump</application>'s processing
      of extension member objects (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_dump</application> mark a view's triggers as needing to be
      processed after its rule, to prevent possible failure during
      parallel <application>pg_restore</application> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [c7e27becd] 2016-01-01 15:27:53 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [404c45bac] 2016-01-01 15:27:53 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f9b3b3fec] 2016-01-01 15:27:53 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [babf38e88] 2016-01-01 15:27:53 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [69cfe15b5] 2016-01-01 15:27:53 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [85dbc46bd] 2016-01-01 15:27:53 -0500
Branch: master [b416c0bb6] 2016-01-02 19:04:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [b01828e97] 2016-01-02 19:04:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [aab4b73bd] 2016-01-02 19:04:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [6a0d63d35] 2016-01-02 19:04:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [1eb515ad7] 2016-01-02 19:04:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [e4959fb5c] 2016-01-02 19:04:45 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that relation option values are properly quoted
      in <application>pg_dump</application> (Kouhei Sutou, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A reloption value that isn't a simple identifier or number could lead
      to dump/reload failures due to syntax errors in CREATE statements
      issued by <application>pg_dump</application>.  This is not an issue with any
      reloption currently supported by core <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, but
      extensions could allow reloptions that cause the problem.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [1aa41e3ea] 2015-12-23 14:25:53 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [a21994c1b] 2015-12-23 14:25:31 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f56802a2d] 2015-12-23 14:25:31 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [534a4159c] 2015-12-23 14:25:31 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid repeated password prompts during parallel <application>pg_dump</application>
      (Zeus Kronion)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [025106e31] 2015-11-14 11:47:12 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [fae58d5be] 2015-11-14 11:47:11 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [87cdfeb18] 2015-11-14 11:47:11 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [a75efb483] 2015-11-14 11:47:11 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [b4c4220ed] 2015-11-14 11:47:11 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [bdcbc2b47] 2015-11-14 11:47:11 -0500
Branch: master [13b30c16f] 2015-11-24 17:18:28 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [b17dbf262] 2015-11-24 17:18:28 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f91c4e326] 2015-11-24 17:18:28 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [6638c9aaf] 2015-11-24 17:18:27 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [0ca3c51e5] 2015-11-24 17:18:27 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [c36064e43] 2015-11-24 17:18:27 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_upgrade</application>'s file-copying code to handle errors
      properly on Windows (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Install guards in <application>pgbench</application> against corner-case overflow
      conditions during evaluation of script-specified division or modulo
      operators (Fabien Coelho, Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [fc995bfdb] 2015-12-28 10:50:35 -0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [c3e068b26] 2015-12-28 10:50:35 -0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f98bc20dd] 2015-12-28 10:50:35 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [7533d5d35] 2015-12-28 10:50:35 -0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [4fb9e6109] 2015-12-28 10:50:35 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix failure to localize messages emitted
      by <application>pg_receivexlog</application> and <application>pg_recvlogical</application>
      (Ioseph Kim)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid dump/reload problems when using both <application>plpython2</application>
      and <application>plpython3</application> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In principle, both versions of <application>PL/Python</application> can be used in
      the same database, though not in the same session (because the two
      versions of <application>libpython</application> cannot safely be used concurrently).
      However, <application>pg_restore</application> and <application>pg_upgrade</application> both
      do things that can fall foul of the same-session restriction.  Work
      around that by changing the timing of the check.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>PL/Python</application> regression tests to pass with Python 3.5
      (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [c40591885] 2015-11-12 13:03:52 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [747854f01] 2015-11-12 13:03:52 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [40879a92b] 2015-11-12 13:03:52 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [db6e8e162] 2015-11-12 13:03:53 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix premature clearing of <application>libpq</application>'s input buffer when
      socket EOF is seen (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This mistake caused <application>libpq</application> to sometimes not report the
      backend's final error message before reporting <quote>server closed the
      connection unexpectedly</quote>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent certain <application>PL/Java</application> parameters from being set by
      non-superusers (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change mitigates a <application>PL/Java</application> security bug
      (CVE-2016-0766), which was fixed in <application>PL/Java</application> by marking
      these parameters as superuser-only.  To fix the security hazard for
      sites that update <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> more frequently
      than <application>PL/Java</application>, make the core code aware of them also.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [7b96bf445] 2015-12-14 18:19:10 +0200
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [34d136f92] 2015-12-14 18:24:58 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [affae5e98] 2015-12-14 18:40:51 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [dee1ed54f] 2015-12-14 18:52:29 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [1e23caae3] 2015-12-14 18:41:11 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [4b58ded74] 2015-12-14 18:48:49 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <application>libpq</application>'s handling of out-of-memory situations
      (Michael Paquier, Amit Kapila, Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Michael Meskes <meskes@postgresql.org>
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [937261454] 2015-10-18 10:15:18 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [a850d7136] 2015-10-18 10:16:36 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [defd2ecf4] 2015-10-18 10:16:49 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [8f67643be] 2015-10-18 10:17:01 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [a9bcd8370] 2015-10-18 10:17:12 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix order of arguments
      in <application>ecpg</application>-generated <literal>typedef</literal> statements
      (Michael Meskes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [db4a5cfc7] 2015-12-01 11:42:25 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [c79bdc990] 2015-12-01 11:42:35 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [346cc2f01] 2015-12-01 11:42:39 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [3e6e98c5a] 2015-12-01 11:42:43 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [74cf6defa] 2015-12-01 11:42:47 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [84387496f] 2015-12-01 11:42:52 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use <literal>%g</literal> not <literal>%f</literal> format
      in <application>ecpg</application>'s <function>PGTYPESnumeric_from_double()</function>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>ecpg</application>-supplied header files to not contain comments
      continued from a preprocessor directive line onto the next line
      (Michael Meskes)
     </para>

     <para>
      Such a comment is rejected by <application>ecpg</application>.  It's not yet clear
      whether <application>ecpg</application> itself should be changed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>hstore_to_json_loose()</function>'s test for whether
      an <type>hstore</type> value can be converted to a JSON number (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously this function could be fooled by non-alphanumeric trailing
      characters, leading to emitting syntactically-invalid JSON.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [743229a67] 2015-12-27 13:03:19 -0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [c886c30cc] 2015-12-27 13:03:19 -0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [0a29cf693] 2015-12-27 13:03:19 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [0244677cf] 2015-12-27 13:03:19 -0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [51dd54ba7] 2015-12-27 13:03:19 -0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [1b6102eb7] 2015-12-27 13:03:19 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</filename>'s <function>crypt()</function>
      function can be interrupted by query cancel (Andreas Karlsson)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <filename>contrib/postgres_fdw</filename>, fix bugs triggered by use
      of <literal>tableoid</literal> in data-modifying commands (Etsuro Fujita,
      Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [32f15d05c] 2015-11-18 17:45:05 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [659d47292] 2015-11-18 17:45:05 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d5bb7c6f6] 2015-11-18 17:45:05 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [ae81d4fb1] 2015-11-18 17:45:05 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [6e1d26f1f] 2015-11-18 17:45:06 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [b4afc39f7] 2015-11-18 17:45:06 -0500
Branch: master [9c779c49e] 2015-12-10 10:19:13 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [2355faae0] 2015-12-10 10:19:18 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ee0df4d77] 2015-12-10 10:19:22 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [b3e377a00] 2015-12-10 10:19:27 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [7f94a5c10] 2015-12-10 10:19:31 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Accept <application>flex</application> versions later than 2.5.x
      (Tom Lane, Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      Now that flex 2.6.0 has been released, the version checks in our build
      scripts needed to be adjusted.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve reproducibility of build output by ensuring filenames are given
      to the linker in a fixed order (Christoph Berg)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids possible bitwise differences in the produced executable
      files from one build to the next.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [dccf8e9e6] 2015-12-11 16:15:05 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [6061aa8ed] 2015-12-11 16:15:06 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [423697e3d] 2015-12-11 16:14:36 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [1ebe75a2c] 2015-12-11 16:14:40 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [98467b35d] 2015-12-11 16:14:44 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [2a37a103b] 2015-12-11 16:14:48 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Install our <filename>missing</filename> script where PGXS builds can find it
      (Jim Nasby)
     </para>

     <para>
      This allows sane behavior in a PGXS build done on a machine where build
      tools such as <application>bison</application> are missing.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that <filename>dynloader.h</filename> is included in the installed
      header files in MSVC builds (Bruce Momjian, Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [085423e3e] 2015-12-11 19:09:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE Release: REL9_5_0 [ea7f7d8b3] 2015-12-11 19:08:40 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [09824cd99] 2015-12-11 19:08:40 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [fee485815] 2015-12-11 19:08:40 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [f5eebea8d] 2015-12-11 19:08:40 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [386dcd539] 2015-12-11 19:08:40 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add variant regression test expected-output file to match behavior of
      current <application>libxml2</application> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The fix for <application>libxml2</application>'s CVE-2015-7499 causes it not to
      output error context reports in some cases where it used to do so.
      This seems to be a bug, but we'll probably have to live with it for
      some time, so work around it.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application> release 2016a for
      DST law changes in Cayman Islands, Metlakatla, and Trans-Baikal
      Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai), plus historical corrections for Pakistan.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-5">
  <title>Release 9.4.5</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2015-10-08</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.4.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.5</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.4,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-4">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [08fa47c48] 2015-10-05 10:06:29 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [98f30d2e5] 2015-10-05 10:06:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [16d58b5b5] 2015-10-05 10:06:34 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [f8862172e] 2015-10-05 10:06:34 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Guard against stack overflows in <type>json</type> parsing
      (Oskari Saarenmaa)
     </para>

     <para>
      If an application constructs PostgreSQL <type>json</type>
      or <type>jsonb</type> values from arbitrary user input, the application's
      users can reliably crash the PostgreSQL server, causing momentary
      denial of service.  (CVE-2015-5289)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [1d812c8b0] 2015-10-05 10:06:29 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [4d6752277] 2015-10-05 10:06:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [4d95419e8] 2015-10-05 10:06:34 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [cc1210f0a] 2015-10-05 10:06:34 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [56232f987] 2015-10-05 10:06:35 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [48f6310bc] 2015-10-05 10:06:35 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [188e081ef] 2015-10-05 10:06:36 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</filename> to detect and report
      too-short <function>crypt()</function> salts (Josh Kupershmidt)
     </para>

     <para>
      Certain invalid salt arguments crashed the server or disclosed a few
      bytes of server memory.  We have not ruled out the viability of
      attacks that arrange for presence of confidential information in the
      disclosed bytes, but they seem unlikely.  (CVE-2015-5288)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [c5454f99c] 2015-09-04 13:37:14 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [a2538da89] 2015-09-04 13:37:16 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [37d10c524] 2015-09-04 13:37:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [9e9b310d8] 2015-09-04 13:36:50 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [39ebb6466] 2015-09-04 13:36:50 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [dae1c9480] 2015-09-04 13:36:50 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [81ee435c4] 2015-09-04 13:36:50 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix subtransaction cleanup after a portal (cursor) belonging to an
      outer subtransaction fails (Tom Lane, Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      A function executed in an outer-subtransaction cursor could cause an
      assertion failure or crash by referencing a relation created within an
      inner subtransaction.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [358cde320] 2015-08-02 20:08:10 +0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [54f23a45f] 2015-08-02 20:08:50 +0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [bab959906] 2015-08-02 20:09:05 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible deadlock during WAL insertion
      when <varname>commit_delay</varname> is set (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Stephen Frost <sfrost@snowman.net>
Branch: master [c3e0ddd40] 2015-09-08 17:02:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [9801bae21] 2015-09-08 17:02:53 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [83d004904] 2015-09-08 17:02:56 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [cb1b9b959] 2015-09-08 17:02:59 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure all relations referred to by an updatable view are properly
      locked during an update statement (Dean Rasheed)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master Release: REL9_5_BR [5d1ff6bd5] 2015-06-25 14:39:05 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [e118555cf] 2015-06-25 14:39:05 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [834aa56ea] 2015-06-25 14:39:05 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [88fab18a4] 2015-06-25 14:39:05 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [a9b7bf82f] 2015-06-25 14:39:06 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [45c69178b] 2015-06-25 14:39:06 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix insertion of relations into the relation cache <quote>init file</quote>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      An oversight in a patch in the most recent minor releases
      caused <structname>pg_trigger_tgrelid_tgname_index</structname> to be omitted
      from the init file.  Subsequent sessions detected this, then deemed the
      init file to be broken and silently ignored it, resulting in a
      significant degradation in session startup time.  In addition to fixing
      the bug, install some guards so that any similar future mistake will be
      more obvious.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [6e5d9f278] 2015-08-21 20:32:11 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [68a14ca74] 2015-08-21 20:32:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [fe939d950] 2015-08-21 20:32:26 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [ea9892444] 2015-08-21 20:32:29 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d951d6065] 2015-08-21 20:32:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [87b8c9e12] 2015-08-21 20:32:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [7c57449fc] 2015-08-21 20:32:41 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid O(N^2) behavior when inserting many tuples into a SPI query
      result (Neil Conway)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [07e4d03fb] 2015-09-30 23:32:43 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [8c8a834b1] 2015-09-30 23:32:23 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [03f9b63e2] 2015-09-30 23:32:23 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [aad86c518] 2015-09-30 23:32:23 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [e4c00750a] 2015-09-30 23:32:23 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [2bbe8a684] 2015-09-30 23:32:23 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [2d4336cf8] 2015-09-30 23:32:23 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <command>LISTEN</command> startup time when there are many unread
      notifications (Matt Newell)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [2abfd9d5e] 2015-09-25 13:16:30 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [c9645f757] 2015-09-25 13:16:30 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [67d0f7a37] 2015-09-25 13:16:30 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [1bcc9e60a] 2015-09-25 13:16:31 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix performance problem when a session alters large numbers of foreign
      key constraints (Jan Wieck, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This was seen primarily when restoring <application>pg_dump</application> output
      for databases with many thousands of tables.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ab6084782] 2015-07-28 22:06:31 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [48d23c72d] 2015-07-28 22:06:31 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [2f91e7bb5] 2015-07-28 22:06:31 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [624a3c9be] 2015-07-28 22:06:32 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [444b2ebee] 2015-07-28 22:06:32 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Disable SSL renegotiation by default (Michael Paquier, Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      While use of SSL renegotiation is a good idea in theory, we have seen
      too many bugs in practice, both in the underlying OpenSSL library and
      in our usage of it.  Renegotiation will be removed entirely in 9.5 and
      later.  In the older branches, just change the default value
      of <varname>ssl_renegotiation_limit</varname> to zero (disabled).
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [020235a57] 2015-09-24 14:53:32 +0200
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [ef4fccd2b] 2015-09-24 14:53:33 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [4ff753c91] 2015-09-24 14:53:33 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [fee2275ae] 2015-09-24 14:53:33 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [f12932dd4] 2015-09-24 14:53:33 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [ff090bbb7] 2015-09-24 14:53:33 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [078d471a9] 2015-09-24 14:53:33 +0200
Branch: master [2596d705b] 2015-10-05 11:53:43 +0200
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [0577821b5] 2015-10-05 11:56:58 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [13ac4c035] 2015-10-05 11:57:07 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [393341714] 2015-10-05 11:57:11 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [e07cfef34] 2015-10-05 11:57:15 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [7116a3e98] 2015-10-05 11:57:20 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [eeb0b7830] 2015-10-05 11:57:25 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Lower the minimum values of the <literal>*_freeze_max_age</literal> parameters
      (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      This is mainly to make tests of related behavior less time-consuming,
      but it may also be of value for installations with limited disk space.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [369342cf7] 2015-08-04 12:58:54 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [cd52e4a2b] 2015-08-04 13:05:43 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [3a35ca5ad] 2015-08-04 13:05:48 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [11ed4bab5] 2015-08-04 13:05:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [5ef8e1114] 2015-08-04 13:05:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [4e51ea8fd] 2015-08-04 13:06:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [b09446ed7] 2015-08-04 13:12:03 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Limit the maximum value of <varname>wal_buffers</varname> to 2GB to avoid
      server crashes (Josh Berkus)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [1afc1fe9c] 2015-06-28 18:38:06 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [5a56c2545] 2015-06-28 18:38:06 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid logging complaints when a parameter that can only be set at
      server start appears multiple times in <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>,
      and fix counting of line numbers after an <literal>include_dir</literal>
      directive (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [246693e5a] 2015-09-21 12:11:32 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [3dfffac70] 2015-09-21 12:11:45 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [fa9fc3a1b] 2015-09-21 12:11:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [8b75e489a] 2015-09-21 12:11:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [844486216] 2015-09-21 12:12:04 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [5f79730ec] 2015-09-21 12:12:10 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [a89781e34] 2015-09-21 12:12:16 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix rare internal overflow in multiplication of <type>numeric</type> values
      (Dean Rasheed)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [30cb12881] 2015-10-05 10:06:29 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [acf0da1e6] 2015-10-05 10:06:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [a0c02ed5b] 2015-10-05 10:06:34 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [9286ff78f] 2015-10-05 10:06:34 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [5e43130b5] 2015-10-05 10:06:35 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [9581e2699] 2015-10-05 10:06:35 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [0398e071a] 2015-10-05 10:06:36 -0400
Branch: master [5976097c0] 2015-10-05 10:06:30 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [7bed97d48] 2015-10-05 10:06:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [bed3f6d03] 2015-10-05 10:06:34 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [28dea9485] 2015-10-05 10:06:34 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [ea68c221f] 2015-10-05 10:06:35 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [879877b00] 2015-10-05 10:06:35 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [682a25d41] 2015-10-05 10:06:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [8dacb29ca] 2015-10-05 10:06:35 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Guard against hard-to-reach stack overflows involving record types,
      range types, <type>json</type>, <type>jsonb</type>, <type>tsquery</type>,
      <type>ltxtquery</type> and <type>query_int</type> (Noah Misch)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Greg Stark <stark@mit.edu>
Branch: master [258ee1b63] 2015-09-06 03:35:56 +0100
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [c11100d0f] 2015-09-06 04:05:46 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b17ce6208] 2015-09-06 03:56:59 +0100
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [dd04d43bf] 2015-09-06 03:58:27 +0100
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [f4afbe065] 2015-09-06 03:58:32 +0100
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [07cef3eb8] 2015-09-06 04:02:57 +0100
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [530d0c504] 2015-09-06 04:05:20 +0100
Branch: master [37239ef8c] 2015-09-07 20:41:29 +0100
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [a12424028] 2015-09-07 20:47:41 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [0198a8d82] 2015-09-07 20:47:37 +0100
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [fde40e53f] 2015-09-07 20:47:33 +0100
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [af9d9e59c] 2015-09-07 20:47:29 +0100
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [0252d7777] 2015-09-07 20:47:19 +0100
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [92d956f51] 2015-09-07 20:47:06 +0100
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix handling of <literal>DOW</literal> and <literal>DOY</literal> in datetime input
      (Greg Stark)
     </para>

     <para>
      These tokens aren't meant to be used in datetime values, but previously
      they resulted in opaque internal error messages rather
      than <quote>invalid input syntax</quote>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [9fe8fe9c9] 2015-10-02 13:45:39 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [bb704a781] 2015-10-02 13:45:39 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [109def032] 2015-10-02 13:45:39 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [384ce1b75] 2015-10-02 13:45:39 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [2d51f55ff] 2015-10-02 13:45:39 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [da8ff2920] 2015-10-02 13:45:39 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [d4f6488ec] 2015-10-02 13:45:39 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add more query-cancel checks to regular expression matching (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [b63fc2877] 2015-10-02 14:51:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [20c627707] 2015-10-02 14:51:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c5e38b93c] 2015-10-02 14:51:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [9ed207ae9] 2015-10-02 14:51:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [a0c089f33] 2015-10-02 14:51:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [e7de1bc09] 2015-10-02 14:51:59 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [54b116d83] 2015-10-02 14:51:59 -0400
Branch: master [2e8cfcf4e] 2015-10-02 15:00:51 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [bdc5d95b6] 2015-10-02 15:00:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [bb1d97961] 2015-10-02 15:00:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [4175cc604] 2015-10-02 15:00:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [57bf7b548] 2015-10-02 15:00:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [f80af0117] 2015-10-02 15:00:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [b875ca09f] 2015-10-02 15:00:52 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add recursion depth protections to regular expression, <literal>SIMILAR
      TO</literal>, and <literal>LIKE</literal> matching (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Suitable search patterns and a low stack depth limit could lead to
      stack-overrun crashes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [f2c4ffc33] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [51f235931] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c0215b2cf] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [6b3810d0a] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [483bbc9fe] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [630154955] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [2a8878289] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix potential infinite loop in regular expression execution (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A search pattern that can apparently match a zero-length string, but
      actually doesn't match because of a back reference, could lead to an
      infinite loop.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [f2c4ffc33] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [51f235931] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c0215b2cf] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [6b3810d0a] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [483bbc9fe] 2015-10-02 14:26:36 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In regular expression execution, correctly record match data for
      capturing parentheses within a quantifier even when the match is
      zero-length (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [8a0258c31] 2015-08-12 00:48:11 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [c5bfcc18a] 2015-08-12 00:48:28 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [a35a527f2] 2015-08-12 00:48:34 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [a54875602] 2015-08-12 00:48:39 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [234205a2e] 2015-08-12 00:48:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [7a801ba8c] 2015-08-12 00:48:48 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [7e23b63bd] 2015-08-12 00:48:54 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix low-memory failures in regular expression compilation
      (Andreas Seltenreich)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [d9c0c728a] 2015-09-18 13:55:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [a39331fa5] 2015-09-18 13:55:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f7d896ab9] 2015-09-18 13:55:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [b84310808] 2015-09-18 13:55:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [dc4e8c101] 2015-09-18 13:55:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [28c396134] 2015-09-18 13:55:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [ba9eb293f] 2015-09-18 13:55:17 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix low-probability memory leak during regular expression execution
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [ba51774d8] 2015-09-20 16:48:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [3d3bc2905] 2015-09-20 16:48:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [e32c5f118] 2015-09-20 16:48:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [7e6e3bdd3] 2015-09-20 16:48:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [ac0c71228] 2015-09-20 16:48:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [553ce7e9a] 2015-09-20 16:48:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [eed5bbc48] 2015-09-20 16:48:44 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix rare low-memory failure in lock cleanup during transaction abort
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [8ea3e7a75] 2015-08-04 18:18:46 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [e2035dc9a] 2015-08-04 18:18:46 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [118c9bb8d] 2015-08-04 18:18:46 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [8bd45a394] 2015-08-04 18:18:46 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [b6659a3b9] 2015-08-04 18:18:46 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [9965aff1c] 2015-08-04 18:18:47 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [bd327627f] 2015-08-04 18:18:47 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>unexpected out-of-memory situation during sort</quote> errors
      when using tuplestores with small <varname>work_mem</varname> settings (Tom
      Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [9d6077abf] 2015-07-16 22:57:46 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [fd415ffc9] 2015-07-16 22:57:46 -0400
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [36522d627] 2015-07-16 22:57:46 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix very-low-probability stack overrun in <function>qsort</function> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ff4cbc1ff] 2015-10-04 14:16:59 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [45dd7cdba] 2015-10-04 14:17:14 -0400
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-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>invalid memory alloc request size</quote> failure in hash joins
      with large <varname>work_mem</varname> settings (Tomas Vondra, Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [8693ebe37] 2015-07-30 12:11:23 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [e91a1643a] 2015-07-30 12:11:23 -0400
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Branch: master [a6492ff89] 2015-07-31 19:26:33 -0400
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Branch: master [f69b4b949] 2015-08-01 20:57:41 -0400
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Branch: master [85e5e222b] 2015-08-04 14:55:50 -0400
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Branch: master [8703059c6] 2015-08-06 15:35:46 -0400
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Branch: master [bab163e12] 2015-08-06 22:14:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [de0227d8a] 2015-08-06 22:14:28 -0400
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Branch: master [89db83922] 2015-08-07 14:13:50 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [085338822] 2015-08-07 14:13:51 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [30b4ccdab] 2015-08-07 14:13:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [868bfd1f3] 2015-08-07 14:13:39 -0400
Branch: master [4200a9286] 2015-08-10 17:18:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [fda25b220] 2015-08-10 17:18:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [7371ab74f] 2015-08-10 17:18:17 -0400
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Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [54cea765c] 2015-08-10 17:18:17 -0400
Branch: master [cfe30a72f] 2015-08-12 21:19:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [ec94bc147] 2015-08-12 21:19:04 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [8cd3a7ada] 2015-08-12 21:19:05 -0400
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Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [866197d82] 2015-08-12 21:19:07 -0400
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [7b4b57fc4] 2015-08-12 21:19:10 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix assorted planner bugs (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      These mistakes could lead to incorrect query plans that would give wrong
      answers, or to assertion failures in assert-enabled builds, or to odd
      planner errors such as <quote>could not devise a query plan for the
      given query</quote>, <quote>could not find pathkey item to
      sort</quote>, <quote>plan should not reference subplan's variable</quote>,
      or <quote>failed to assign all NestLoopParams to plan nodes</quote>.
      Thanks are due to Andreas Seltenreich and Piotr Stefaniak for fuzz
      testing that exposed these problems.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master Release: REL9_5_BR [2cb9ec1bc] 2015-06-22 18:53:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d8f9ab776] 2015-06-22 18:53:27 -0400
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Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [e538e510e] 2015-06-22 18:53:27 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve planner's performance for <command>UPDATE</command>/<command>DELETE</command>
      on large inheritance sets (Tom Lane, Dean Rasheed)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Fujii Masao <fujii@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [96f6a0cb4] 2015-09-09 22:51:44 +0900
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [65f37b3e9] 2015-09-09 22:52:28 +0900
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2244c0652] 2015-09-09 22:52:35 +0900
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [47387732b] 2015-09-09 22:52:40 +0900
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [67518a141] 2015-09-09 23:01:10 +0900
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [60fe73b79] 2015-09-09 23:03:17 +0900
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure standby promotion trigger files are removed at postmaster
      startup (Michael Paquier, Fujii Masao)
     </para>

     <para>
      This prevents unwanted promotion from occurring if these files appear
      in a database backup that is used to initialize a new standby server.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [d73d14c27] 2015-08-02 14:55:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [72697d2ba] 2015-08-02 14:55:04 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c6d901292] 2015-08-02 14:55:05 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [fad824a88] 2015-08-02 14:54:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [20d1878b6] 2015-08-02 14:54:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [f1e84d3eb] 2015-08-02 14:54:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [8b53c087d] 2015-08-02 14:54:44 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      During postmaster shutdown, ensure that per-socket lock files are
      removed and listen sockets are closed before we remove
      the <filename>postmaster.pid</filename> file (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids race-condition failures if an external script attempts to
      start a new postmaster as soon as <literal>pg_ctl stop</literal> returns.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master Release: REL9_5_BR [48913db88] 2015-06-19 14:23:39 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [29722d79b] 2015-06-19 14:23:39 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that the postmaster does not exit until all its child processes
      are gone, even in an immediate shutdown (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Like the previous item, this avoids possible race conditions against a
      subsequently-started postmaster.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [45811be94] 2015-07-09 13:22:22 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [193e02707] 2015-07-09 13:22:23 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [0d01c5b93] 2015-07-09 13:22:23 -0400
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [6718f07a0] 2015-07-09 13:22:23 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix postmaster's handling of a startup-process crash during crash
      recovery (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If, during a crash recovery cycle, the startup process crashes without
      having restored database consistency, we'd try to launch a new startup
      process, which typically would just crash again, leading to an infinite
      loop.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master Release: REL9_5_BR [667912aee] 2015-06-21 18:57:28 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ec1408155] 2015-06-21 19:00:30 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [203193144] 2015-06-21 19:00:40 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make emergency autovacuuming for multixact wraparound more robust
      (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [d8f15c95b] 2015-07-28 17:34:23 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [116be6c17] 2015-07-28 17:34:00 -0400
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [f527c0a2a] 2015-07-28 17:34:00 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Do not print a <literal>WARNING</literal> when an autovacuum worker is already
      gone when we attempt to signal it, and reduce log verbosity for such
      signals (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master Release: REL9_5_BR [da1a9d0f5] 2015-06-19 12:44:36 -0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [cf733760e] 2015-06-19 12:44:35 -0300
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [d68df5e40] 2015-06-19 12:44:33 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent autovacuum launcher from sleeping unduly long if the server
      clock is moved backwards a large amount (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Teodor Sigaev <teodor@sigaev.ru>
Branch: master [e26692248] 2015-09-07 17:16:29 +0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [d592a8745] 2015-09-07 17:17:15 +0300
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [a7496aee6] 2015-09-07 17:20:44 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that cleanup of a GIN index's pending-insertions list is
      interruptable by cancel requests (Jeff Janes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [334445179] 2015-07-27 12:30:26 +0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [202aea62a] 2015-07-27 12:31:05 +0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [746e7f1c1] 2015-07-27 12:32:08 +0300
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [f87bf8480] 2015-07-27 12:33:18 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow all-zeroes pages in GIN indexes to be reused (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Such a page might be left behind after a crash.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [023430abf] 2015-07-27 12:28:21 +0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [2fa8ba348] 2015-07-27 12:31:05 +0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [579b9f97c] 2015-07-27 12:32:08 +0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [863af3a37] 2015-07-27 12:32:30 +0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [f4297f8c5] 2015-07-27 12:32:48 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix handling of all-zeroes pages in SP-GiST indexes (Heikki
      Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      <command>VACUUM</command> attempted to recycle such pages, but did so in a
      way that wasn't crash-safe.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [766dcfb16] 2015-07-23 01:29:59 +0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [a9b3a22aa] 2015-07-23 01:30:07 +0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b7551339d] 2015-07-23 01:30:09 +0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [6ae9a0218] 2015-07-23 01:30:11 +0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [84330d0c1] 2015-07-23 01:30:15 +0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [e54e17aca] 2015-07-23 01:30:17 +0300
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [40ad78220] 2015-07-23 01:30:19 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix off-by-one error that led to otherwise-harmless warnings
      about <quote>apparent wraparound</quote> in subtrans/multixact truncation
      (Thomas Munro)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [2edb94911] 2015-08-18 19:22:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [4c3754ffe] 2015-08-18 19:22:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [928d0226e] 2015-08-18 19:22:38 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [8992e1acd] 2015-08-18 19:22:38 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [fb41bf4b5] 2015-08-18 19:22:38 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [17aa3c2d1] 2015-08-18 19:22:38 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [e41718fa1] 2015-08-18 19:22:38 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix misreporting of <command>CONTINUE</command> and <command>MOVE</command> statement
      types in <application>PL/pgSQL</application>'s error context messages
      (Pavel Stehule, Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [b631a46ed] 2015-09-29 10:52:22 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [a16b9b193] 2015-09-29 10:52:22 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b62c870ff] 2015-09-29 10:52:22 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [f60b2e2d4] 2015-09-29 10:52:22 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [aae40cf13] 2015-09-29 10:52:22 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [ca6c2f863] 2015-09-29 10:52:22 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>PL/Perl</application> to handle non-<acronym>ASCII</acronym> error
      message texts correctly (Alex Hunsaker)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [09b3d2725] 2015-08-21 11:19:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [20bef3fe2] 2015-08-21 11:19:40 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f7ed465e0] 2015-08-21 11:19:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [461235bda] 2015-08-21 11:19:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [2f1d558bc] 2015-08-21 11:19:54 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [f2ae044ba] 2015-08-21 11:19:58 -0400
Branch: master [f469f634a] 2015-08-21 12:21:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [19446280f] 2015-08-21 12:21:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [22b9ce798] 2015-08-21 12:21:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [59592efcf] 2015-08-21 12:21:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [dadef8af2] 2015-08-21 12:21:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [1d190d095] 2015-08-21 12:21:37 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>PL/Python</application> crash when returning the string
      representation of a <type>record</type> result (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [f8d67ca8d] 2015-07-20 14:10:07 +0200
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [b0b6f8d71] 2015-07-20 14:18:08 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [49c300040] 2015-07-20 14:18:08 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [b2efbb71d] 2015-07-20 14:18:08 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [3cb6ef998] 2015-07-20 14:18:08 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [14ade020f] 2015-07-20 14:18:08 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [4c11967e7] 2015-07-20 14:18:08 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix some places in <application>PL/Tcl</application> that neglected to check for
      failure of <function>malloc()</function> calls (Michael Paquier, &Aacute;lvaro
      Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [cb3384a0c] 2015-08-02 22:12:33 +0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [ea8385df6] 2015-08-02 22:12:38 +0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d7d4bd2c3] 2015-08-02 22:12:41 +0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [9d04a9824] 2015-08-02 22:12:45 +0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [56187c6fb] 2015-08-02 22:12:48 +0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [2d19a0e97] 2015-08-02 22:12:51 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <filename>contrib/isn</filename>, fix output of ISBN-13 numbers that begin
      with 979 (Fabien Coelho)
     </para>

     <para>
      EANs beginning with 979 (but not 9790) are considered ISBNs, but they
      must be printed in the new 13-digit format, not the 10-digit format.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [8bbe4cbd9] 2015-10-04 17:58:42 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [39a716d93] 2015-10-04 17:58:30 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [93840f96c] 2015-10-04 17:58:30 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <filename>contrib/pg_stat_statements</filename>' handling of
      query-text garbage collection (Peter Geoghegan)
     </para>

     <para>
      The external file containing query texts could bloat to very large
      sizes; once it got past 1GB attempts to trim it would fail, soon
      leading to situations where the file could not be read at all.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [76f965ff1] 2015-09-24 12:47:29 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [59d765b65] 2015-09-24 12:47:30 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [0da864c53] 2015-09-24 12:47:30 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [b7dcb2dd4] 2015-09-24 12:47:30 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <filename>contrib/postgres_fdw</filename>'s handling of
      collation-related decisions (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The main user-visible effect is expected to be that comparisons
      involving <type>varchar</type> columns will be sent to the remote server
      for execution in more cases than before.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [414bef30b] 2015-07-07 18:44:59 +0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [28c38396e] 2015-07-07 18:47:25 +0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [992c6f0d2] 2015-07-07 18:45:17 +0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [fcdac5614] 2015-07-07 18:45:22 +0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [6d88c1fc5] 2015-07-07 18:45:24 +0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [dcbaf4b37] 2015-07-07 18:45:28 +0300
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [2b189c7ec] 2015-07-07 18:45:31 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <application>libpq</application>'s handling of out-of-memory conditions
      (Michael Paquier, Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Michael Meskes <meskes@postgresql.org>
Branch: master Release: REL9_5_BR [82be1bf50] 2015-06-12 14:50:47 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [70767ac26] 2015-06-13 11:05:06 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [d65e5f832] 2015-06-13 11:08:16 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [1ea539ae3] 2015-06-13 11:13:59 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [866e7f591] 2015-06-13 11:15:09 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [4678be617] 2015-06-13 11:18:31 +0200
Branch: master Release: REL9_5_BR [96ad72d1c] 2015-06-12 14:52:55 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [4f60d6658] 2015-06-13 11:04:58 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [31c06d4b6] 2015-06-13 11:13:16 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [ec311b1d8] 2015-06-13 11:14:07 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [a5238ced6] 2015-06-13 11:17:42 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [235bd4ccb] 2015-06-13 11:20:31 +0200
Branch: master Release: REL9_5_BR [af0b49fc9] 2015-06-15 14:20:09 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [853222ce0] 2015-06-15 14:22:18 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [3e2a17eec] 2015-06-15 14:22:50 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [fd1ff4a13] 2015-06-15 14:23:04 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [a38f08bb9] 2015-06-15 14:23:17 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [abf92840a] 2015-06-15 14:23:30 +0200
Branch: master Release: REL9_5_BR [94a484222] 2015-06-15 14:21:03 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2a781b5bb] 2015-06-15 14:22:24 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [4130b2c1f] 2015-06-15 14:22:54 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [711cbaadd] 2015-06-15 14:23:07 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [6ab1a53dd] 2015-06-15 14:23:21 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [d278ff3b2] 2015-06-15 14:27:39 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory leaks and missing out-of-memory checks
      in <application>ecpg</application> (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [4778a0bda] 2015-09-24 23:01:04 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [f1ee153dc] 2015-09-24 23:01:04 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [348dd2847] 2015-09-24 23:01:04 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [7e327ecd2] 2015-09-24 23:01:04 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [596c9e9ef] 2015-09-24 23:01:04 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [7ddadacec] 2015-09-24 23:01:04 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [c2d6ef14e] 2015-09-24 23:01:04 -0400
Branch: master [6325527d8] 2015-09-25 00:00:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [da4af91ce] 2015-09-25 00:00:43 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [49917edad] 2015-09-25 00:00:51 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [9c547c939] 2015-09-25 00:00:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [60617d7d6] 2015-09-25 00:01:08 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [c48623d8d] 2015-09-25 00:01:14 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [71763ecff] 2015-09-25 00:01:20 -0400
Branch: master [77130fc14] 2015-09-25 12:20:45 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [5eb702437] 2015-09-25 12:20:45 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c961f401b] 2015-09-25 12:20:45 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [b7d17eca5] 2015-09-25 12:20:46 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [80fa54210] 2015-09-25 12:20:46 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [f88643476] 2015-09-25 12:20:46 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [98d8c75f9] 2015-09-25 12:20:46 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>psql</application>'s code for locale-aware formatting of numeric
      output (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The formatting code invoked by <literal>\pset numericlocale on</literal>
      did the wrong thing for some uncommon cases such as numbers with an
      exponent but no decimal point.  It could also mangle already-localized
      output from the <type>money</type> data type.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [e135c3d99] 2015-07-08 20:44:21 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [fb990ce6c] 2015-07-08 20:44:25 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [eb1525e89] 2015-07-08 20:44:26 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [49008d645] 2015-07-08 20:44:26 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [458ccbf2b] 2015-07-08 20:44:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [5f173a9f2] 2015-07-08 20:44:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [6087bf1a1] 2015-07-08 20:44:27 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent crash in <application>psql</application>'s <command>\c</command> command when
      there is no current connection (Noah Misch)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [8ab4a6bd3] 2015-10-01 16:20:13 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [5ea47e8f2] 2015-10-01 16:20:15 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [35435af38] 2015-10-01 16:19:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [7e1e1c9d1] 2015-10-01 16:19:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [3756c65a0] 2015-10-01 16:19:49 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_dump</application> handle inherited <literal>NOT VALID</literal>
      check constraints correctly (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andrew Dunstan <andrew@dunslane.net>
Branch: master [caef94d59] 2015-07-25 17:14:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [08012455c] 2015-07-25 17:15:32 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [41ed5bb9a] 2015-07-25 17:15:48 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [84bf6ece1] 2015-07-25 17:16:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [aa1266d5f] 2015-07-25 17:16:14 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [af225551e] 2015-07-25 17:16:39 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix selection of default <application>zlib</application> compression level
      in <application>pg_dump</application>'s directory output format (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [8346218c0] 2015-09-20 20:42:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [1be9d65e1] 2015-09-20 20:42:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [7496aba80] 2015-09-20 20:42:50 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [ea218a2ba] 2015-09-20 20:42:55 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [c94b65f67] 2015-09-20 20:43:47 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [5dc49efe9] 2015-09-20 20:44:23 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [24aed2124] 2015-09-20 20:44:34 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that temporary files created during a <application>pg_dump</application>
      run with <acronym>tar</acronym>-format output are not world-readable (Michael
      Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [7f8d090b8] 2015-09-11 15:51:11 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [3243fce88] 2015-09-11 15:51:11 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [35d2fc1f2] 2015-09-11 15:51:11 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [ca445043e] 2015-09-11 15:51:10 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [befc63e84] 2015-09-11 15:51:10 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [c5391e933] 2015-09-11 15:51:10 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [52b07779d] 2015-09-11 15:51:10 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</application> and <application>pg_upgrade</application> to support
      cases where the <literal>postgres</literal> or <literal>template1</literal> database
      is in a non-default tablespace (Marti Raudsepp, Bruce Momjian)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [b861678f5] 2015-08-10 20:10:15 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [1cd468516] 2015-08-10 20:10:15 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [3352c23a6] 2015-08-10 20:10:16 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [75d02d787] 2015-08-10 20:10:16 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [be9ef396c] 2015-08-10 20:10:16 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [34f1a85e5] 2015-08-10 20:10:16 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [298d1f808] 2015-08-10 20:10:16 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</application> to handle object privileges sanely when
      dumping from a server too old to have a particular privilege type
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      When dumping data types from pre-9.2 servers, and when dumping
      functions or procedural languages from pre-7.3
      servers, <application>pg_dump</application> would
      produce <command>GRANT</command>/<command>REVOKE</command> commands that revoked the
      owner's grantable privileges and instead granted all privileges
      to <literal>PUBLIC</literal>.  Since the privileges involved are
      just <literal>USAGE</literal> and <literal>EXECUTE</literal>, this isn't a security
      problem, but it's certainly a surprising representation of the older
      systems' behavior.  Fix it to leave the default privilege state alone
      in these cases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [3bdd7f90f] 2015-08-04 19:34:12 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [1f507c7e9] 2015-08-04 19:34:12 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [fa6e785fd] 2015-08-04 19:34:12 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [5da713f31] 2015-08-04 19:34:12 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [dae6e4601] 2015-08-04 19:34:12 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [270a877cc] 2015-08-04 19:34:12 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [5d175be17] 2015-08-04 19:34:12 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</application> to dump shell types (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Shell types (that is, not-yet-fully-defined types) aren't useful for
      much, but nonetheless <application>pg_dump</application> should dump them.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [bcc87b6b0] 2015-07-12 16:26:08 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [0e78a610f] 2015-07-12 16:26:18 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [1ed549387] 2015-07-12 16:25:51 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [faf686b54] 2015-07-12 16:25:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [a24ceea4b] 2015-07-12 16:25:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [e9a859b54] 2015-07-12 16:25:52 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix assorted minor memory leaks in <application>pg_dump</application> and other
      client-side programs (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [9031ff91a] 2015-07-03 11:12:34 +0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [5174ca17a] 2015-07-03 11:15:55 +0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [9d6352aaa] 2015-07-03 11:15:27 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pgbench</application>'s progress-report behavior when a query,
      or <application>pgbench</application> itself, gets stuck (Fabien Coelho)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [747ca6697] 2015-08-29 16:34:30 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix spinlock assembly code for Alpha hardware (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [c41a1215f] 2015-08-29 16:09:25 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [ffbc387bf] 2015-08-29 16:09:25 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [3da9c060f] 2015-08-29 16:09:25 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [c355df54e] 2015-08-29 16:09:25 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [472680c57] 2015-08-29 16:09:25 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [14b497cfb] 2015-08-29 16:09:25 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [b5a22d8bb] 2015-08-29 16:09:25 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix spinlock assembly code for PPC hardware to be compatible
      with <acronym>AIX</acronym>'s native assembler (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Building with <application>gcc</application> didn't work if <application>gcc</application>
      had been configured to use the native assembler, which is becoming more
      common.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [43d89a23d] 2015-07-17 03:01:14 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [eb3b93b53] 2015-07-17 03:01:29 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f3f037e18] 2015-07-17 03:01:35 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [7319c0524] 2015-07-17 03:02:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [12073b9aa] 2015-07-17 03:02:18 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [76fa354c5] 2015-07-17 03:02:23 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [cdf596b1c] 2015-07-17 03:02:46 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On <acronym>AIX</acronym>, test the <literal>-qlonglong</literal> compiler option
      rather than just assuming it's safe to use (Noah Misch)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [bcd7c4120] 2015-07-15 21:00:26 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [c2b824e34] 2015-07-15 21:00:30 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2405107b4] 2015-07-15 21:00:30 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [dc5075fed] 2015-07-15 21:00:30 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [690bec26c] 2015-07-15 21:00:31 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [1dd2b6b68] 2015-07-15 21:00:31 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [7803d5720] 2015-07-15 21:00:31 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On <acronym>AIX</acronym>, use <literal>-Wl,-brtllib</literal> link option to allow
      symbols to be resolved at runtime (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Perl relies on this ability in 5.8.0 and later.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [c53f73879] 2015-07-29 22:49:48 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [a664d4790] 2015-07-29 22:52:43 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [76cf5f195] 2015-07-29 22:53:09 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [23e7ee962] 2015-07-29 22:53:40 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [0a89f3bc6] 2015-07-29 22:53:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [d20327a4f] 2015-07-29 22:54:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [2d8c136e7] 2015-07-29 22:54:08 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid use of inline functions when compiling with
      32-bit <application>xlc</application>, due to compiler bugs (Noah Misch)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master Release: REL9_5_BR [ab93f90cd] 2015-06-30 14:20:38 -0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ef704ec06] 2015-06-30 14:20:38 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [c085e072f] 2015-06-30 14:20:38 -0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [c538d7363] 2015-06-30 14:20:38 -0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [a9f886f41] 2015-06-30 14:20:38 -0300
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [b185c42c1] 2015-06-30 14:20:37 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use <filename>librt</filename> for <function>sched_yield()</function> when necessary,
      which it is on some Solaris versions (Oskari Saarenmaa)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [ec79978dd] 2015-08-14 20:23:13 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [f19ad6fbe] 2015-08-14 20:23:35 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [a0104e080] 2015-08-14 20:23:42 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Translate encoding <literal>UHC</literal> as Windows code page 949
      (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fixes presentation of non-ASCII log messages from processes that
      are not attached to any particular database, such as the postmaster.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [43adc7a71] 2015-08-14 20:23:09 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [92516bf19] 2015-08-14 20:23:34 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f988da953] 2015-08-14 20:23:41 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On Windows, avoid failure when doing encoding conversion to UTF16
      outside a transaction, such as for log messages (Noah Misch)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master Release: REL9_5_BR [f0a264a36] 2015-06-20 12:09:29 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b2ed1682d] 2015-06-20 12:10:56 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix postmaster startup failure due to not
      copying <function>setlocale()</function>'s return value (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      This has been reported on Windows systems with the ANSI code page set
      to CP936 (<quote>Chinese (Simplified, PRC)</quote>), and may occur with
      other multibyte code pages.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [6c534fd68] 2015-07-06 22:18:26 +0300
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [e5460aa02] 2015-07-07 16:33:10 +0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [4dac5651b] 2015-07-07 16:31:52 +0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [880365a3c] 2015-07-07 16:37:16 +0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [a5273ef37] 2015-07-07 16:37:34 +0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [3b7cf4367] 2015-07-07 16:38:24 +0300
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [341b877d3] 2015-07-07 16:39:25 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix Windows <filename>install.bat</filename> script to handle target directory
      names that contain spaces (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [a5d489ccb] 2015-07-02 17:24:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_5_STABLE [d1fec374f] 2015-07-05 12:01:01 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [60c38e62c] 2015-07-05 12:01:01 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [544e75814] 2015-07-05 12:01:01 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [89b8cf47b] 2015-07-05 12:01:01 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [9b00885d0] 2015-07-05 12:01:01 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [29ff43adf] 2015-07-05 12:01:02 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make the numeric form of the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> version number
      (e.g., <literal>90405</literal>) readily available to extension Makefiles,
      as a variable named <varname>VERSION_NUM</varname> (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

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Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [241e6844a] 2015-10-02 19:15:39 -0400
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-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application> release 2015g for
      DST law changes in Cayman Islands, Fiji, Moldova, Morocco, Norfolk
      Island, North Korea, Turkey, and Uruguay.  There is a new zone name
      <literal>America/Fort_Nelson</literal> for the Canadian Northern Rockies.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-4">
  <title>Release 9.4.4</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2015-06-12</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a small number of fixes from 9.4.3.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.4</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading an installation that was previously
    upgraded using a <application>pg_upgrade</application> version between 9.3.0 and
    9.3.4 inclusive, see the first changelog entry below.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.2,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-2">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

<!--
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [068cfadf9] 2015-06-05 09:31:57 -0400
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-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible failure to recover from an inconsistent database state
      (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Recent <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> releases introduced mechanisms to
      protect against multixact wraparound, but some of that code did not
      account for the possibility that it would need to run during crash
      recovery, when the database may not be in a consistent state.  This
      could result in failure to restart after a crash, or failure to start
      up a secondary server.  The lingering effects of a previously-fixed
      bug in <application>pg_upgrade</application> could also cause such a failure, in
      installations that had used <application>pg_upgrade</application> versions
      between 9.3.0 and 9.3.4.
     </para>

     <para>
      The <application>pg_upgrade</application> bug in question was that it would
      set <literal>oldestMultiXid</literal> to 1 in <filename>pg_control</filename> even
      if the true value should be higher.  With the fixes introduced in
      this release, such a situation will result in immediate emergency
      autovacuuming until a correct <literal>oldestMultiXid</literal> value can
      be determined.  If that would pose a hardship, users can avoid it by
      doing manual vacuuming <emphasis>before</emphasis> upgrading to this release.
      In detail:

      <orderedlist>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Check whether <application>pg_controldata</application> reports <quote>Latest
         checkpoint's oldestMultiXid</quote> to be 1.  If not, there's nothing
         to do.
        </para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Look in <filename>PGDATA/pg_multixact/offsets</filename> to see if there's a
         file named <filename>0000</filename>.  If there is, there's nothing to do.
        </para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Otherwise, for each table that has
         <structname>pg_class</structname>.<structfield>relminmxid</structfield> equal to 1,
         <command>VACUUM</command> that table with
         both <xref linkend="guc-vacuum-multixact-freeze-min-age">
         and <xref linkend="guc-vacuum-multixact-freeze-table-age"> set to
         zero.  (You can use the vacuum cost delay parameters described
         in <xref linkend="runtime-config-resource-vacuum-cost"> to reduce
         the performance consequences for concurrent sessions.)
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [f3b5565dd] 2015-06-07 15:32:09 -0400
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix rare failure to invalidate relation cache init file (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      With just the wrong timing of concurrent activity, a <command>VACUUM
      FULL</command> on a system catalog might fail to update the <quote>init file</quote>
      that's used to avoid cache-loading work for new sessions.  This would
      result in later sessions being unable to access that catalog at all.
      This is a very ancient bug, but it's so hard to trigger that no
      reproducible case had been seen until recently.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [ac23b711d] 2015-06-05 13:22:27 -0400
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-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid deadlock between incoming sessions and <literal>CREATE/DROP
      DATABASE</literal> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A new session starting in a database that is the target of
      a <command>DROP DATABASE</command> command, or is the template for
      a <command>CREATE DATABASE</command> command, could cause the command to wait
      for five seconds and then fail, even if the new session would have
      exited before that.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [3f59be836] 2015-06-03 11:59:10 -0400
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Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [d3fdec6ae] 2015-06-03 11:58:47 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve planner's cost estimates for semi-joins and anti-joins with
      inner indexscans (Tom Lane, Tomas Vondra)
     </para>

     <para>
      This type of plan is quite cheap when all the join clauses are used
      as index scan conditions, even if the inner scan would nominally
      fetch many rows, because the executor will stop after obtaining one
      row.  The planner only partially accounted for that effect, and would
      therefore overestimate the cost, leading it to possibly choose some
      other much less efficient plan type.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-3">
  <title>Release 9.4.3</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2015-06-04</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a small number of fixes from 9.4.2.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.3</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.2,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-2">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [d8179b001] 2015-05-28 17:33:03 -0400
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [e4a04e5a4] 2015-05-28 17:33:03 -0400
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [c07d8c963] 2015-05-29 13:05:16 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [dbde225b1] 2015-05-29 13:05:16 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [52fc94844] 2015-05-29 13:05:16 -0400
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [57e1138bc] 2015-05-29 15:11:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [70a4519b8] 2015-05-29 15:11:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [35dd1b51f] 2015-05-29 15:11:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [77642a819] 2015-05-29 15:11:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [9e79ca326] 2015-05-29 15:11:36 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [bf2f20c08] 2015-05-29 15:11:36 -0400
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [1943c000b] 2015-05-29 17:02:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [99f50dd72] 2015-05-29 17:02:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [c2b68b1f7] 2015-05-29 17:02:58 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid failures while <function>fsync</function>'ing data directory during
      crash restart (Abhijit Menon-Sen, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In the previous minor releases we added a patch to <function>fsync</function>
      everything in the data directory after a crash.  Unfortunately its
      response to any error condition was to fail, thereby preventing the
      server from starting up, even when the problem was quite harmless.
      An example is that an unwritable file in the data directory would
      prevent restart on some platforms; but it is common to make SSL
      certificate files unwritable by the server.  Revise this behavior so
      that permissions failures are ignored altogether, and other types of
      failures are logged but do not prevent continuing.
     </para>

     <para>
      Also apply the same rules in <literal>initdb --sync-only</literal>.
      This case is less critical but it should act similarly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [f46edf479] 2015-05-28 11:24:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d4a9f5519] 2015-05-28 11:24:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [27bae8d96] 2015-05-28 11:24:37 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [f3c67aad4] 2015-05-28 11:24:37 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>pg_get_functiondef()</function> to show
      functions' <literal>LEAKPROOF</literal> property, if set (Jeevan Chalke)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andrew Dunstan <andrew@dunslane.net>
Branch: master [5302760a5] 2015-05-22 10:21:41 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [9b74f32cd] 2015-05-22 10:31:29 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>pushJsonbValue()</function> to unpack <type>jbvBinary</type>
      objects (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change does not affect any behavior in the core code as of 9.4,
      but it avoids a corner case for possible third-party callers.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [86832eb89] 2015-05-26 22:14:59 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [79f0f7cab] 2015-05-26 22:14:59 -0400
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove <application>configure</application>'s check prohibiting linking to a
      threaded <application>libpython</application>
      on <systemitem class="osname">OpenBSD</systemitem> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The failure this restriction was meant to prevent seems to not be a
      problem anymore on current <systemitem class="osname">OpenBSD</systemitem>
      versions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-2">
  <title>Release 9.4.2</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2015-05-22</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.1.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.2</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you use <filename>contrib/citext</filename>'s
    <function>regexp_matches()</function> functions, see the changelog entry below
    about that.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.4.1,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-4-1">.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [b0ce38503] 2015-05-18 10:02:31 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [7a0d48ac7] 2015-05-18 10:02:35 -0400
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [648e41a6e] 2015-05-18 10:02:38 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid possible crash when client disconnects just before the
      authentication timeout expires (Benkocs Norbert Attila)
     </para>

     <para>
      If the timeout interrupt fired partway through the session shutdown
      sequence, SSL-related state would be freed twice, typically causing a
      crash and hence denial of service to other sessions.  Experimentation
      shows that an unauthenticated remote attacker could trigger the bug
      somewhat consistently, hence treat as security issue.
      (CVE-2015-3165)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [cac18a76b] 2015-05-18 10:02:31 -0400
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [19f7adc01] 2015-05-18 10:02:38 -0400
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [16304a013] 2015-05-18 10:02:31 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2e3bd0665] 2015-05-18 10:02:35 -0400
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [b08c7aff7] 2015-05-18 10:02:38 -0400
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [fd97bd411] 2015-05-18 10:02:31 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ca325941d] 2015-05-18 10:02:35 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [c669915fd] 2015-05-18 10:02:37 -0400
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Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [2cb9f2cab] 2015-05-18 10:02:38 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [9b5e831e3] 2015-05-18 10:02:38 -0400
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [0c071936e] 2015-05-19 18:19:38 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2eb2fcd56] 2015-05-19 18:16:19 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [13341276e] 2015-05-19 18:16:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [221f7a949] 2015-05-19 18:17:42 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [0510cff6e] 2015-05-19 18:18:16 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [cf893530a] 2015-05-19 18:18:56 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve detection of system-call failures (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Our replacement implementation of <function>snprintf()</function> failed to
      check for errors reported by the underlying system library calls;
      the main case that might be missed is out-of-memory situations.
      In the worst case this might lead to information exposure, due to our
      code assuming that a buffer had been overwritten when it hadn't been.
      Also, there were a few places in which security-relevant calls of other
      system library functions did not check for failure.
     </para>

     <para>
      It remains possible that some calls of the <function>*printf()</function>
      family of functions are vulnerable to information disclosure if an
      out-of-memory error occurs at just the wrong time.  We judge the risk
      to not be large, but will continue analysis in this area.
      (CVE-2015-3166)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [85270ac7a] 2015-05-18 10:02:31 -0400
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-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</filename>, uniformly report decryption failures
      as <quote>Wrong key or corrupt data</quote> (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, some cases of decryption with an incorrect key could report
      other error message texts.  It has been shown that such variance in
      error reports can aid attackers in recovering keys from other systems.
      While it's unknown whether <filename>pgcrypto</filename>'s specific behaviors
      are likewise exploitable, it seems better to avoid the risk by using a
      one-size-fits-all message.
      (CVE-2015-3167)
     </para>
    </listitem>

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Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [b69bf30b9] 2015-04-28 11:32:53 -0300
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Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [669c7d20e] 2015-04-30 13:55:06 -0300
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Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [e60581fdf] 2015-04-30 13:55:06 -0300
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [7be47c56a] 2015-05-07 11:19:31 -0400
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Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [83fbd9b59] 2015-05-07 11:16:41 -0400
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [312747c22] 2015-05-10 21:34:26 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [7b3f0f8b8] 2015-05-10 21:47:28 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [24aa77ec9] 2015-05-10 21:47:41 -0400
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [f6a6c46d7] 2015-05-10 22:21:20 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ded891916] 2015-05-10 22:45:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [5bbac7ec1] 2015-05-10 22:45:42 -0400
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [53bb309d2] 2015-05-08 12:53:00 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [3ecab37d9] 2015-05-08 12:53:30 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [596fb5aa7] 2015-05-08 12:55:14 -0400
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [04e6d3b87] 2015-05-11 10:51:14 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [8ec1a3a54] 2015-05-11 10:56:19 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [543fbecee] 2015-05-11 10:56:32 -0400
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [b4d4ce1d5] 2015-05-11 12:15:50 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ea70595a3] 2015-05-11 12:16:35 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [ddebd2119] 2015-05-11 12:16:51 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Protect against wraparound of multixact member IDs
      (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera, Robert Haas, Thomas Munro)
     </para>

     <para>
      Under certain usage patterns, the existing defenses against this might
      be insufficient, allowing <filename>pg_multixact/members</filename> files to be
      removed too early, resulting in data loss.
      The fix for this includes modifying the server to fail transactions
      that would result in overwriting old multixact member ID data, and
      improving autovacuum to ensure it will act proactively to prevent
      multixact member ID wraparound, as it does for transaction ID
      wraparound.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [b22527f29] 2015-05-05 15:51:22 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b1ec45994] 2015-05-05 15:50:53 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [ffac9f65d] 2015-05-05 15:50:53 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d4070d10c] 2015-05-05 15:50:53 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [801e250a8] 2015-05-05 15:50:53 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect declaration of <filename>contrib/citext</filename>'s
      <function>regexp_matches()</function> functions (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      These functions should return <type>setof text[]</type>, like the core
      functions they are wrappers for; but they were incorrectly declared as
      returning just <type>text[]</type>.  This mistake had two results: first,
      if there was no match you got a scalar null result, whereas what you
      should get is an empty set (zero rows).  Second, the <literal>g</literal> flag
      was effectively ignored, since you would get only one result array even
      if there were multiple matches.
     </para>

     <para>
      While the latter behavior is clearly a bug, there might be applications
      depending on the former behavior; therefore the function declarations
      will not be changed by default until <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.5.
      In pre-9.5 branches, the old behavior exists in version 1.0 of
      the <literal>citext</literal> extension, while we have provided corrected
      declarations in version 1.1 (which is <emphasis>not</emphasis> installed by
      default).  To adopt the fix in pre-9.5 branches, execute
      <literal>ALTER EXTENSION citext UPDATE TO '1.1'</literal> in each database in
      which <literal>citext</literal> is installed.  (You can also <quote>update</quote>
      back to 1.0 if you need to undo that.)  Be aware that either update
      direction will require dropping and recreating any views or rules that
      use <filename>citext</filename>'s <function>regexp_matches()</function> functions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andrew Dunstan <andrew@dunslane.net>
Branch: master [bda76c1c8] 2015-02-26 12:25:21 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [79afe6e66] 2015-02-26 12:34:43 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Render infinite dates and timestamps as <literal>infinity</literal> when
      converting to <type>json</type>, rather than throwing an error
      (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andrew Dunstan <andrew@dunslane.net>
Branch: master [3c000fd9a] 2015-05-04 12:38:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [997066f44] 2015-05-04 12:43:16 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <type>json</type>/<type>jsonb</type>'s <function>populate_record()</function>
      and <function>to_record()</function> functions to handle empty input properly
      (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [20781765f] 2015-05-11 12:25:43 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [4d3d9719d] 2015-05-11 12:25:44 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [7d09fdf82] 2015-05-11 12:25:45 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [46f9acd3e] 2015-05-11 12:25:28 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [dd75518d5] 2015-05-11 12:25:28 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [b93c8eaf8] 2015-05-11 12:25:28 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect checking of deferred exclusion constraints after a HOT
      update (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If a new row that potentially violates a deferred exclusion constraint
      is HOT-updated (that is, no indexed columns change and the row can be
      stored back onto the same table page) later in the same transaction,
      the exclusion constraint would be reported as violated when the check
      finally occurred, even if the row(s) the new row originally conflicted
      with had been deleted.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [a4820434c] 2015-05-03 11:30:24 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [79edb2981] 2015-05-03 11:30:24 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix behavior when changing foreign key constraint deferrability status
      with <literal>ALTER TABLE ... ALTER CONSTRAINT</literal> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Operations later in the same session or concurrent sessions might not
      honor the status change promptly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [b514a7460] 2015-02-28 12:43:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [fdacbf9e8] 2015-02-28 12:43:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [1b558782b] 2015-02-28 12:43:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [6f419958a] 2015-02-28 12:43:04 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planning of star-schema-style queries (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Sometimes, efficient scanning of a large table requires that index
      parameters be provided from more than one other table (commonly,
      dimension tables whose keys are needed to index a large fact table).
      The planner should be able to find such plans, but an overly
      restrictive search heuristic prevented it.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [3cf868601] 2015-04-25 16:44:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [5f3d1909c] 2015-04-25 16:44:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [3e47d0b2a] 2015-04-25 16:44:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [950f80dd5] 2015-04-25 16:44:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [2e38198f6] 2015-04-25 16:44:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [985da346e] 2015-04-25 16:44:27 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent improper reordering of antijoins (NOT EXISTS joins) versus
      other outer joins (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight in the planner has been observed to cause <quote>could
      not find RelOptInfo for given relids</quote> errors, but it seems possible
      that sometimes an incorrect query plan might get past that consistency
      check and result in silently-wrong query output.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [ca6805338] 2015-04-04 19:55:15 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [1d71d36ff] 2015-04-04 19:55:15 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [e105df208] 2015-04-04 19:55:15 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [b7d493bf7] 2015-04-04 19:55:15 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [3b5d67102] 2015-04-04 19:55:15 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [da8819194] 2015-04-04 19:55:15 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect matching of subexpressions in outer-join plan nodes
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, if textually identical non-strict subexpressions were used
      both above and below an outer join, the planner might try to re-use
      the value computed below the join, which would be incorrect because the
      executor would force the value to NULL in case of an unmatched outer row.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [1a179f36f] 2015-02-10 20:37:19 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [433c79d2c] 2015-02-10 20:37:22 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [672abc402] 2015-02-10 20:37:24 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [0d083103f] 2015-02-10 20:37:26 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [52579d507] 2015-02-10 20:37:29 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [72bbca27e] 2015-02-10 20:37:31 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix GEQO planner to cope with failure of its join order heuristic
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight has been seen to lead to <quote>failed to join all
      relations together</quote> errors in queries involving <literal>LATERAL</literal>,
      and that might happen in other cases as well.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Stephen Frost <sfrost@snowman.net>
Branch: master [6f9bd50ea] 2015-02-25 21:36:29 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f16270ade] 2015-02-25 21:36:40 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that row locking occurs properly when the target of
      an <command>UPDATE</command> or <command>DELETE</command> is a security-barrier view
      (Stephen Frost)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [dfbaed459] 2015-04-28 00:17:43 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [fd3dfc236] 2015-04-28 00:18:04 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use a file opened for read/write when syncing replication slot data
      during database startup (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      On some platforms, the previous coding could result in errors like
      <quote>could not fsync file "pg_replslot/...": Bad file descriptor</quote>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [2c47fe16a] 2015-04-23 21:39:35 +0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [438a062d5] 2015-04-23 21:35:10 +0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [f73ebd766] 2015-04-23 21:36:24 +0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d3f5d2892] 2015-04-23 21:36:50 +0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [e8528a8f5] 2015-04-23 21:36:59 +0300
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [223a94680] 2015-04-23 21:37:09 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible deadlock at startup
      when <literal>max_prepared_transactions</literal> is too small
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [b2a5545bd] 2015-04-13 16:53:49 +0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d72792d02] 2015-04-13 17:22:21 +0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [a800267e4] 2015-04-13 17:22:35 +0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [cc2939f44] 2015-04-13 17:26:59 +0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [ad2925e20] 2015-04-13 17:26:49 +0300
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [5b6938186] 2015-04-13 17:26:35 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Don't archive useless preallocated WAL files after a timeline switch
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [2ce439f33] 2015-05-04 14:13:53 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d8ac77ab1] 2015-05-04 14:19:32 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [14de825de] 2015-05-04 12:27:55 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [2bc339716] 2015-05-04 12:41:53 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [4b71d28d5] 2015-05-04 12:47:11 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [30ba0d0c2] 2015-05-04 14:04:53 -0400
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [456ff0863] 2015-05-05 09:29:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [603fe0181] 2015-05-05 09:16:39 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [6fd666954] 2015-05-05 09:19:39 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [53e1498c6] 2015-05-05 09:22:51 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [6ee1a7738] 2015-05-05 09:25:51 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [262fbcb9d] 2015-05-05 09:30:07 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Recursively <function>fsync()</function> the data directory after a crash
      (Abhijit Menon-Sen, Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This ensures consistency if another crash occurs shortly later.  (The
      second crash would have to be a system-level crash, not just a database
      crash, for there to be a problem.)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [5df64f298] 2015-04-08 13:19:49 -0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ec01c1c0a] 2015-04-08 13:19:49 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [0d6c9e061] 2015-04-08 13:19:49 -0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [37dc228e8] 2015-04-08 13:19:49 -0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [cf5d3f274] 2015-04-08 13:19:49 -0300
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [595bc97b5] 2015-04-08 13:19:49 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix autovacuum launcher's possible failure to shut down, if an error
      occurs after it receives SIGTERM (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [bc49d9324] 2015-04-03 00:07:29 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ee0d06c0b] 2015-04-03 00:07:29 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix failure to handle invalidation messages for system catalogs
      early in session startup (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight could result in failures in sessions that start
      concurrently with a <command>VACUUM FULL</command> on a system catalog.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [701dcc983] 2015-03-30 13:05:27 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2897e069c] 2015-03-30 13:05:35 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix crash in <function>BackendIdGetTransactionIds()</function> when trying
      to get status for a backend process that just exited (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [bc208a5a2] 2015-02-23 16:14:14 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [89629f289] 2015-02-23 16:14:14 +0100
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [a6ddff812] 2015-02-23 16:14:15 +0100
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [c76e6dd7a] 2015-02-23 16:14:15 +0100
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [25576bee2] 2015-02-23 16:14:15 +0100
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [87b7fcc87] 2015-02-23 16:14:16 +0100
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Cope with unexpected signals in <function>LockBufferForCleanup()</function>
      (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight could result in spurious errors about <quote>multiple
      backends attempting to wait for pincount 1</quote>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [08361cea2] 2015-02-15 23:26:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [1bf32972e] 2015-02-15 23:26:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [4662ba5a2] 2015-02-15 23:26:46 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [effcaa4c2] 2015-02-15 23:26:46 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix crash when doing <literal>COPY IN</literal> to a table with check
      constraints that contain whole-row references (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The known failure case only crashes in 9.4 and up, but there is very
      similar code in 9.3 and 9.2, so back-patch those branches as well.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [fd6a3f3ad] 2015-02-26 12:50:07 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d72115112] 2015-02-26 12:50:07 +0100
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [abce8dc7d] 2015-02-26 12:50:07 +0100
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d67076529] 2015-02-26 12:50:07 +0100
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [5c8dabecd] 2015-02-26 12:50:08 +0100
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [82e0d6eb5] 2015-02-26 12:50:08 +0100
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid waiting for WAL flush or synchronous replication during commit of
      a transaction that was read-only so far as the user is concerned
      (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, a delay could occur at commit in transactions that had
      written WAL due to HOT page pruning, leading to undesirable effects
      such as sessions getting stuck at startup if all synchronous replicas
      are down.  Sessions have also been observed to get stuck in catchup
      interrupt processing when using synchronous replication; this will fix
      that problem as well.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [87cec51d3] 2015-03-23 16:51:11 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [16be9737c] 2015-03-23 16:52:17 +0100
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid busy-waiting with short <literal>recovery_min_apply_delay</literal>
      values (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [462a2f1f0] 2015-05-13 09:53:50 +0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [96b676cc6] 2015-05-13 09:54:06 +0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [1a99d392c] 2015-05-13 10:06:52 +0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [f6c4a8690] 2015-05-13 10:06:47 +0300
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [bd1cfde70] 2015-05-13 10:06:38 +0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix crash when manipulating hash indexes on temporary tables
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [ed9cc2b5d] 2015-03-30 16:40:05 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [a6a8bf5cd] 2015-03-30 16:40:05 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [246bbf65c] 2015-03-30 16:40:05 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [f155466fe] 2015-03-30 16:40:05 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [46bfe44e8] 2015-03-30 16:40:05 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [8f3c57721] 2015-03-30 16:40:05 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible failure during hash index bucket split, if other processes
      are modifying the index concurrently (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [26d2c5dc8] 2015-03-12 15:34:32 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d81072026] 2015-03-12 15:40:07 +0100
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory leaks in GIN index vacuum (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [e4cbfd673] 2015-03-29 15:04:09 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f444de5e3] 2015-03-29 15:04:18 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [995a664c8] 2015-03-29 15:04:24 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d12afe114] 2015-03-29 15:04:28 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [ab02d35e0] 2015-03-29 15:04:33 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [152c94632] 2015-03-29 15:04:38 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Check for interrupts while analyzing index expressions (Jeff Janes)
     </para>

     <para>
      <command>ANALYZE</command> executes index expressions many times; if there are
      slow functions in such an expression, it's desirable to be able to
      cancel the <command>ANALYZE</command> before that loop finishes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [443fd0540] 2015-03-12 13:39:09 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [32269be59] 2015-03-12 13:39:10 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [5bdf3cf5a] 2015-03-12 13:38:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [590fc5d96] 2015-03-12 13:38:49 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [4a4fd2b0c] 2015-03-12 13:38:49 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure <structfield>tableoid</structfield> of a foreign table is reported
      correctly when a <literal>READ COMMITTED</literal> recheck occurs after
      locking rows in <command>SELECT FOR UPDATE</command>, <command>UPDATE</command>,
      or <command>DELETE</command> (Etsuro Fujita)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [cf34e373f] 2015-03-05 18:03:16 -0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [749977634] 2015-03-05 18:03:16 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [5cf400003] 2015-03-05 18:03:16 -0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [e166e6441] 2015-03-05 18:03:16 -0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [8167ef8e2] 2015-03-05 18:03:16 -0300
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [71b8e8e6c] 2015-03-05 18:03:16 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add the name of the target server to object description strings for
      foreign-server user mappings (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [0d906798f] 2015-02-18 14:28:11 -0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [66463a3cf] 2015-02-18 14:28:12 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [a196e67f9] 2015-02-18 14:28:12 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Include the schema name in object identity strings for conversions
      (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Stephen Frost <sfrost@snowman.net>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c106f397d] 2015-05-08 19:39:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [3de791ee7] 2015-05-08 19:40:06 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [21cb21de2] 2015-05-08 19:40:09 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [edfef090a] 2015-05-08 19:40:11 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [c981e5999] 2015-05-08 19:40:15 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Recommend setting <literal>include_realm</literal> to 1 when using
      Kerberos/GSSAPI/SSPI authentication (Stephen Frost)
     </para>

     <para>
      Without this, identically-named users from different realms cannot be
      distinguished.  For the moment this is only a documentation change, but
      it will become the default setting in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.5.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [cb66f495f] 2015-02-16 16:18:31 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [23291a796] 2015-02-16 16:17:59 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [7bc6e5954] 2015-02-16 16:18:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [3913b897d] 2015-02-16 16:18:08 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [2df854f84] 2015-02-16 16:18:12 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [c99ef9aff] 2015-02-16 16:18:17 -0500
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [2e105def0] 2015-02-17 12:49:18 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [a271c9260] 2015-02-17 12:49:18 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [4ea2d2ddb] 2015-02-17 12:49:18 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d068609b9] 2015-02-17 12:49:44 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [64e045838] 2015-02-17 12:49:46 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [e48ce4f33] 2015-02-17 12:49:18 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove code for matching IPv4 <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> entries to
      IPv4-in-IPv6 addresses (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This hack was added in 2003 in response to a report that some Linux
      kernels of the time would report IPv4 connections as having
      IPv4-in-IPv6 addresses.  However, the logic was accidentally broken in
      9.0.  The lack of any field complaints since then shows that it's not
      needed anymore.  Now we have reports that the broken code causes
      crashes on some systems, so let's just remove it rather than fix it.
      (Had we chosen to fix it, that would make for a subtle and potentially
      security-sensitive change in the effective meaning of
      IPv4 <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> entries, which does not seem like a good
      thing to do in minor releases.)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [bf740ce9e] 2015-03-19 11:04:09 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [76d07a2a0] 2015-03-19 11:08:54 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix status reporting for terminated background workers that were never
      actually started (Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [b3a5e76e1] 2015-04-02 14:38:06 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [a1f4ade01] 2015-04-02 14:39:18 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      After a database crash, don't restart background workers that are
      marked <literal>BGW_NEVER_RESTART</literal> (Amit Khandekar)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [ff16b40f8] 2015-02-06 11:26:50 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [3bc4c6942] 2015-02-06 11:27:12 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [5f0ba4abb] 2015-02-06 11:32:16 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [2af568c6b] 2015-02-06 11:32:37 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [0d36d9f2b] 2015-02-06 11:32:42 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Report WAL flush, not insert, position in <literal>IDENTIFY_SYSTEM</literal>
      replication command (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids a possible startup failure
      in <application>pg_receivexlog</application>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Magnus Hagander <magnus@hagander.net>
Branch: master [1a241d22a] 2015-05-07 15:04:13 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [43ed06816] 2015-05-07 15:09:21 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [ba3caee84] 2015-05-07 15:09:32 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [447e16581] 2015-05-07 15:09:42 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [b9ded1529] 2015-05-07 15:09:53 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [78ce2dc8e] 2015-05-07 15:10:01 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      While shutting down service on Windows, periodically send status
      updates to the Service Control Manager to prevent it from killing the
      service too soon; and ensure that <application>pg_ctl</application> will wait for
      shutdown (Krystian Bigaj)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [2a3f6e368] 2015-02-23 13:34:21 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [0214a61e0] 2015-02-23 13:32:39 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [cdf813c59] 2015-02-23 13:32:42 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [22c9c8a7e] 2015-02-23 13:32:46 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [7052abbb6] 2015-02-23 13:32:50 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [8878eaaa8] 2015-02-23 13:32:53 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reduce risk of network deadlock when using <application>libpq</application>'s
      non-blocking mode (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      When sending large volumes of data, it's important to drain the input
      buffer every so often, in case the server has sent enough response data
      to cause it to block on output.  (A typical scenario is that the server
      is sending a stream of NOTICE messages during <literal>COPY FROM
      STDIN</literal>.)  This worked properly in the normal blocking mode, but not
      so much in non-blocking mode.  We've modified <application>libpq</application>
      to opportunistically drain input when it can, but a full defense
      against this problem requires application cooperation: the application
      should watch for socket read-ready as well as write-ready conditions,
      and be sure to call <function>PQconsumeInput()</function> upon read-ready.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [b26e20814] 2015-02-21 12:59:54 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [9c15a778a] 2015-02-21 12:59:35 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [f389b6e0a] 2015-02-21 12:59:39 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [83c3115dd] 2015-02-21 12:59:43 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>libpq</application>, fix misparsing of empty values in URI
      connection strings (Thomas Fanghaenel)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Michael Meskes <meskes@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [1f393fc92] 2015-02-10 12:04:10 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [66c4ea8cb] 2015-02-11 10:57:02 +0100
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [1a321fea7] 2015-02-11 11:13:11 +0100
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [9be9ac425] 2015-02-11 11:14:14 +0100
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [32e633195] 2015-02-11 11:27:21 +0100
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [ce2fcc58e] 2015-02-11 11:30:11 +0100
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix array handling in <application>ecpg</application> (Michael Meskes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [fcef16172] 2015-04-01 20:00:07 -0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [a44e54cf4] 2015-04-01 20:00:07 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [f4540cae1] 2015-04-01 20:00:07 -0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d4bacdcb9] 2015-04-01 20:00:07 -0300
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [276591bc4] 2015-04-01 20:00:07 -0300
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [557fcfae3] 2015-04-01 20:00:07 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>psql</application> to sanely handle URIs and conninfo strings as
      the first parameter to <command>\connect</command>
      (David Fetter, Andrew Dunstan, &Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>

     <para>
      This syntax has been accepted (but undocumented) for a long time, but
      previously some parameters might be taken from the old connection
      instead of the given string, which was agreed to be undesirable.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [df9ebf1ee] 2015-03-14 13:43:00 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [f50b5c7d0] 2015-03-14 13:43:08 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [2cb76fa6f] 2015-03-14 13:43:13 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [309ff2ad0] 2015-03-14 13:43:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [043fe5c5a] 2015-03-14 13:43:21 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [396ef6fd8] 2015-03-14 13:43:26 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Suppress incorrect complaints from <application>psql</application> on some
      platforms that it failed to write <filename>~/.psql_history</filename> at exit
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This misbehavior was caused by a workaround for a bug in very old
      (pre-2006) versions of <application>libedit</application>.  We fixed it by
      removing the workaround, which will cause a similar failure to appear
      for anyone still using such versions of <application>libedit</application>.
      Recommendation: upgrade that library, or use <application>libreadline</application>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [9feefedf9] 2015-02-10 22:38:15 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [a592e5883] 2015-02-10 22:38:17 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [a4e871caa] 2015-02-10 22:38:20 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [2593c7039] 2015-02-10 22:38:22 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [14794f9b8] 2015-02-10 22:38:26 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [8e70f3c40] 2015-02-10 22:38:29 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</application>'s rule for deciding which casts are
      system-provided casts that should not be dumped (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [0e7e355f2] 2015-02-18 11:43:00 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [a75dfb73e] 2015-02-18 11:43:00 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [a7ad5cf0c] 2015-02-18 11:43:00 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [c86f8f361] 2015-02-18 11:43:00 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [b0d53b2e3] 2015-02-18 11:43:00 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_dump</application>, fix failure to honor <literal>-Z</literal>
      compression level option together with <literal>-Fd</literal>
      (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Stephen Frost <sfrost@snowman.net>
Branch: master [ebd092bc2] 2015-03-02 14:12:21 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c05fa3433] 2015-03-02 14:12:28 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [43d81f16a] 2015-03-02 14:12:33 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d13bbfabb] 2015-03-02 14:12:38 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [dcb467b8e] 2015-03-02 14:12:43 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_dump</application> consider foreign key relationships
      between extension configuration tables while choosing dump order
      (Gilles Darold, Michael Paquier, Stephen Frost)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight could result in producing dumps that fail to reload
      because foreign key constraints are transiently violated.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [e3bfe6d84] 2015-03-06 13:27:46 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [629f8613f] 2015-03-06 13:27:46 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [d645273cf] 2015-03-06 13:27:46 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid possible <application>pg_dump</application> failure when concurrent sessions
      are creating and dropping temporary functions (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [e9f1c01b7] 2015-02-25 12:01:12 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2164a0de2] 2015-02-25 12:01:12 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [f864fe074] 2015-02-25 12:01:12 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [be8801e9c] 2015-02-25 12:01:12 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [f7b41902a] 2015-02-25 12:01:12 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [7a501bcbf] 2015-02-25 12:01:12 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix dumping of views that are just <literal>VALUES(...)</literal> but have
      column aliases (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [b2f95c34f] 2015-05-01 13:03:23 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [70fac4844] 2015-05-01 13:03:23 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that a view's replication identity is correctly set
      to <literal>nothing</literal> during dump/restore (Marko Tiikkaja)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, if the view was involved in a circular dependency,
      it might wind up with an incorrect replication identity property.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [4c5e06004] 2015-05-16 00:40:18 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [387a3e46c] 2015-05-16 00:40:18 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [bffbeec0c] 2015-05-16 00:40:18 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [affc04d16] 2015-05-16 00:40:18 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [acd75b264] 2015-05-16 00:40:18 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [df161c94e] 2015-05-16 00:40:18 -0400
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [5f6539635] 2015-05-16 15:16:28 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [4e9935979] 2015-05-16 15:16:28 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_upgrade</application>, force timeline 1 in the new cluster
      (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change prevents upgrade failures caused by bogus complaints about
      missing WAL history files.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [fb694d959] 2015-05-16 00:10:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [31f5d3f35] 2015-05-16 00:10:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [4cfba5369] 2015-05-16 00:10:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [2a55e7134] 2015-05-16 00:10:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [321db7123] 2015-05-16 00:10:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [2194aa92b] 2015-05-16 00:10:03 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_upgrade</application>, check for improperly non-connectable
      databases before proceeding
      (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [056764b10] 2015-02-11 22:06:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [5eef3c61e] 2015-02-11 22:06:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [9ecd51da7] 2015-02-11 22:06:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [66f5217f5] 2015-02-11 22:06:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [08aaae40e] 2015-02-11 22:06:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [4ae178f60] 2015-02-11 22:06:04 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_upgrade</application>, quote directory paths
      properly in the generated <literal>delete_old_cluster</literal> script
      (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [866f3017a] 2015-02-11 21:02:44 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c7bc5be11] 2015-02-11 21:02:36 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [e20523f8f] 2015-02-11 21:02:28 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d99cf27b7] 2015-02-11 21:02:12 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [55179b03e] 2015-02-11 21:02:07 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [85dac37ee] 2015-02-11 21:02:06 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_upgrade</application>, preserve database-level freezing info
      properly
      (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight could cause missing-clog-file errors for tables within
      the <literal>postgres</literal> and <literal>template1</literal> databases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andrew Dunstan <andrew@dunslane.net>
Branch: master [fa1e5afa8] 2015-03-30 17:07:52 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2366761bf] 2015-03-30 17:16:57 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [0904eb3e1] 2015-03-30 17:17:17 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [948566313] 2015-03-30 17:17:39 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [22b3f5b26] 2015-03-30 17:17:54 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [bf22a8e58] 2015-03-30 17:18:10 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Run <application>pg_upgrade</application> and <application>pg_resetxlog</application> with
      restricted privileges on Windows, so that they don't fail when run by
      an administrator (Muhammad Asif Naeem)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [5d6c2405f] 2015-02-17 10:19:30 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [5e49c98e0] 2015-02-17 10:50:49 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [9a90ec9cf] 2015-02-17 10:54:29 -0500
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [319406c2a] 2015-02-17 11:02:46 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [d7d294f59] 2015-02-17 11:08:40 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve handling of <function>readdir()</function> failures when scanning
      directories in <application>initdb</application> and <application>pg_basebackup</application>
      (Marco Nenciarini)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [8d1f23900] 2015-03-15 23:22:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [904e8b627] 2015-03-15 23:22:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [83587a075] 2015-03-15 23:22:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [8582ae7aa] 2015-03-15 23:22:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [9288645b5] 2015-03-15 23:22:03 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [40b0c10b7] 2015-03-15 23:22:03 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix slow sorting algorithm in <filename>contrib/intarray</filename> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [33e879c4e] 2015-02-13 23:56:25 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [56a23a83f] 2015-02-13 23:56:57 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [6ef5d894a] 2015-02-13 23:57:05 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [a0d84da1d] 2015-02-13 23:57:25 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [ebdc2e1e2] 2015-02-13 23:57:28 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [61165fae0] 2015-02-13 23:57:35 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix compile failure on Sparc V8 machines (Rob Rowan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [91f4a5a97] 2015-03-14 14:08:45 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c415c13b7] 2015-03-14 14:08:45 -0400
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [73b416b2e] 2015-04-05 13:01:59 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [8972a152c] 2015-04-05 13:01:55 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [6347bdb31] 2015-04-05 13:01:55 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Silence some build warnings on macOS (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [9d366c1f3] 2015-05-15 19:35:29 -0400
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d0ddcf62e] 2015-05-15 19:35:51 -0400
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [4fd69e412] 2015-05-15 19:35:58 -0400
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [2a63434f0] 2015-05-15 19:36:06 -0400
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [436f35609] 2015-05-15 19:36:13 -0400
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [3c3749a3b] 2015-05-15 19:36:20 -0400
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application> release 2015d
      for DST law changes in Egypt, Mongolia, and Palestine, plus historical
      changes in Canada and Chile.  Also adopt revised zone abbreviations for
      the America/Adak zone (HST/HDT not HAST/HADT).
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4-1">
  <title>Release 9.4.1</title>

  <formalpara>
  <title>Release date:</title>
  <para>2015-02-05</para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.0.
   For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-4">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.4.1</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are a Windows user and are using the <quote>Norwegian
    (Bokm&aring;l)</quote> locale, manual action is needed after the upgrade to
    replace any <quote>Norwegian (Bokm&aring;l)_Norway</quote>
    or <quote>norwegian-bokmal</quote> locale names stored
    in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> system catalogs with the plain-ASCII
    alias <quote>Norwegian_Norway</quote>.  For details see
    <ulink url="http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Changes_To_Norwegian_Locale"></ulink>
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

<!--
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [0150ab567] 2015-02-02 10:00:44 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [1628a0bbf] 2015-02-02 10:00:49 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [b8b580147] 2015-02-02 10:00:50 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [5ae3bf1af] 2015-02-02 10:00:50 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [037529a11] 2015-02-02 10:00:51 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [611e110aa] 2015-02-02 10:00:52 -0500
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [9241c84cb] 2015-02-02 10:00:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [56d2bee9d] 2015-02-02 10:00:49 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [fe2526990] 2015-02-02 10:00:50 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [e09651e9d] 2015-02-02 10:00:50 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [2ceb63deb] 2015-02-02 10:00:51 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [56b970f2e] 2015-02-02 10:00:52 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix buffer overruns in <function>to_char()</function>
      (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      When <function>to_char()</function> processes a numeric formatting template
      calling for a large number of digits, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
      would read past the end of a buffer.  When processing a crafted
      timestamp formatting template, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> would write
      past the end of a buffer.  Either case could crash the server.
      We have not ruled out the possibility of attacks that lead to
      privilege escalation, though they seem unlikely.
      (CVE-2015-0241)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [29725b3db] 2015-02-02 10:00:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2ac95c83c] 2015-02-02 10:00:49 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [bc4d5f2e5] 2015-02-02 10:00:50 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [c6c6aa288] 2015-02-02 10:00:51 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [98f2479d8] 2015-02-02 10:00:51 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [9e05c5063] 2015-02-02 10:00:52 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix buffer overrun in replacement <function>*printf()</function> functions
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> includes a replacement implementation
      of <function>printf</function> and related functions.  This code will overrun
      a stack buffer when formatting a floating point number (conversion
      specifiers <literal>e</literal>, <literal>E</literal>, <literal>f</literal>, <literal>F</literal>,
      <literal>g</literal> or <literal>G</literal>) with requested precision greater than
      about 500.  This will crash the server, and we have not ruled out the
      possibility of attacks that lead to privilege escalation.
      A database user can trigger such a buffer overrun through
      the <function>to_char()</function> SQL function.  While that is the only
      affected core <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> functionality, extension
      modules that use printf-family functions may be at risk as well.
     </para>

     <para>
      This issue primarily affects <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> on Windows.
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> uses the system implementation of these
      functions where adequate, which it is on other modern platforms.
      (CVE-2015-0242)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [1dc755158] 2015-02-02 10:00:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [82806cf4e] 2015-02-02 10:00:49 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [6994f0790] 2015-02-02 10:00:50 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d95ebe0ac] 2015-02-02 10:00:51 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [11f738a8a] 2015-02-02 10:00:51 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [ce6f261cd] 2015-02-02 10:00:52 -0500
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [8b59672d8] 2015-02-02 10:00:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [258e294db] 2015-02-02 10:00:49 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [a558ad3a7] 2015-02-02 10:00:50 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d1972da8c] 2015-02-02 10:00:51 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [8d412e02e] 2015-02-02 10:00:52 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [0a3ee8a5f] 2015-02-02 10:00:52 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix buffer overruns in <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</filename>
      (Marko Tiikkaja, Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Errors in memory size tracking within the <filename>pgcrypto</filename>
      module permitted stack buffer overruns and improper dependence on the
      contents of uninitialized memory.  The buffer overrun cases can
      crash the server, and we have not ruled out the possibility of
      attacks that lead to privilege escalation.
      (CVE-2015-0243)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [2b3a8b20c] 2015-02-02 17:09:53 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [57ec87c6b] 2015-02-02 17:09:46 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [cd19848bd] 2015-02-02 17:09:40 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [289592b23] 2015-02-02 17:09:35 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [af9c5c074] 2015-02-02 17:09:31 +0200
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [47ba0fbd7] 2015-02-02 17:09:25 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible loss of frontend/backend protocol synchronization after
      an error
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      If any error occurred while the server was in the middle of reading a
      protocol message from the client, it could lose synchronization and
      incorrectly try to interpret part of the message's data as a new
      protocol message.  An attacker able to submit crafted binary data
      within a command parameter might succeed in injecting his own SQL
      commands this way.  Statement timeout and query cancellation are the
      most likely sources of errors triggering this scenario.  Particularly
      vulnerable are applications that use a timeout and also submit
      arbitrary user-crafted data as binary query parameters.  Disabling
      statement timeout will reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of
      exploit.  Our thanks to Emil Lenngren for reporting this issue.
      (CVE-2015-0244)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Stephen Frost <sfrost@snowman.net>
Branch: master [804b6b6db] 2015-01-28 12:31:30 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [3cc74a3d6] 2015-01-28 12:32:06 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [4b9874216] 2015-01-28 12:32:39 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d49f84b08] 2015-01-28 12:32:56 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [9406884af] 2015-01-28 12:33:15 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [3a2063369] 2015-01-28 12:33:29 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix information leak via constraint-violation error messages
      (Stephen Frost)
     </para>

     <para>
      Some server error messages show the values of columns that violate
      a constraint, such as a unique constraint.  If the user does not have
      <literal>SELECT</literal> privilege on all columns of the table, this could
      mean exposing values that the user should not be able to see.  Adjust
      the code so that values are displayed only when they came from the SQL
      command or could be selected by the user.
      (CVE-2014-8161)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [f6dc6dd5b] 2014-12-17 22:48:40 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [6b87d423d] 2014-12-17 22:48:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [442dc2c35] 2014-12-17 22:48:46 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [0046f651d] 2014-12-17 22:48:47 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [6aa98e957] 2014-12-17 22:48:47 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [6d45ee572] 2014-12-17 22:48:48 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Lock down regression testing's temporary installations on Windows
      (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Use SSPI authentication to allow connections only from the OS user
      who launched the test suite.  This closes on Windows the same
      vulnerability previously closed on other platforms, namely that other
      users might be able to connect to the test postmaster.
      (CVE-2014-0067)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [8f80dcf3c] 2014-10-24 19:59:49 +0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [d440c4b55] 2014-10-24 19:59:52 +0300
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [2a1b34959] 2014-10-24 19:36:28 +0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [737ae3fc7] 2014-10-24 19:53:27 +0300
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [aa1d2fc5e] 2015-01-16 13:28:19 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2049a7d82] 2015-01-16 13:10:06 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [1619442a1] 2015-01-16 13:10:15 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [6bf343c6e] 2015-01-16 13:10:23 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Cope with the Windows locale named <quote>Norwegian (Bokm&aring;l)</quote>
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Non-ASCII locale names are problematic since it's not clear what
      encoding they should be represented in.  Map the troublesome locale
      name to a plain-ASCII alias, <quote>Norwegian_Norway</quote>.
     </para>

     <para>
      9.4.0 mapped the troublesome name to <quote>norwegian-bokmal</quote>,
      but that turns out not to work on all Windows configurations.
      <quote>Norwegian_Norway</quote> is now recommended instead.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [c480cb9d2] 2015-01-15 18:52:58 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b75d18bd4] 2015-01-15 18:53:05 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [34668c8ec] 2015-01-15 18:52:28 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [0acb32efb] 2015-01-15 18:52:31 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [450530fce] 2015-01-15 18:52:34 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [5308e085b] 2015-01-15 18:52:38 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix use-of-already-freed-memory problem in EvalPlanQual processing
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In <literal>READ COMMITTED</literal> mode, queries that lock or update
      recently-updated rows could crash as a result of this bug.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [0e5680f47] 2014-12-26 13:52:27 -0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [0e3a1f71d] 2014-12-26 13:52:27 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [048912386] 2014-12-26 13:52:27 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid possible deadlock while trying to acquire tuple locks
      in EvalPlanQual processing (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera, Mark Kirkwood)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [d5e3d1e96] 2015-01-04 15:48:29 -0300
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [51742063b] 2015-01-04 15:48:29 -0300
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [54a8abc2b] 2015-01-04 15:48:29 -0300
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix failure to wait when a transaction tries to acquire a <literal>FOR
      NO KEY EXCLUSIVE</literal> tuple lock, while multiple other transactions
      currently hold <literal>FOR SHARE</literal> locks (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [a5cd70dcb] 2015-01-15 13:18:12 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d25192892] 2015-01-15 13:18:16 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [939f0fb67] 2015-01-15 13:18:19 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve performance of <command>EXPLAIN</command> with large range tables
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [451d28081] 2015-01-30 14:44:56 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [4cbf390d5] 2015-01-30 14:44:49 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <type>jsonb</type> Unicode escape processing, and in consequence
      disallow <literal>\u0000</literal> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, the JSON Unicode escape <literal>\u0000</literal> was accepted
      and was stored as those six characters; but that is indistinguishable
      from what is stored for the input <literal>\\u0000</literal>, resulting in
      ambiguity.  Moreover, in cases where de-escaped textual output is
      expected, such as the <literal>-&gt;&gt;</literal> operator, the sequence was
      printed as <literal>\u0000</literal>, which does not meet the expectation
      that JSON escaping would be removed.  (Consistent behavior would
      require emitting a zero byte, but <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> does not
      support zero bytes embedded in text strings.)  9.4.0 included an
      ill-advised attempt to improve this situation by adjusting JSON output
      conversion rules; but of course that could not fix the fundamental
      ambiguity, and it turned out to break other usages of Unicode escape
      sequences.  Revert that, and to avoid the core problem,
      reject <literal>\u0000</literal> in <type>jsonb</type> input.
     </para>

     <para>
      If a <type>jsonb</type> column contains a <literal>\u0000</literal> value stored
      with 9.4.0, it will henceforth read out as though it
      were <literal>\\u0000</literal>, which is the other valid interpretation of
      the data stored by 9.4.0 for this case.
     </para>

     <para>
      The <type>json</type> type did not have the storage-ambiguity problem, but
      it did have the problem of inconsistent de-escaped textual output.
      Therefore <literal>\u0000</literal> will now also be rejected
      in <type>json</type> values when conversion to de-escaped form is
      required.  This change does not break the ability to
      store <literal>\u0000</literal> in <type>json</type> columns so long as no
      processing is done on the values.  This is exactly parallel to the
      cases in which non-ASCII Unicode escapes are allowed when the database
      encoding is not UTF8.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Peter Eisentraut <peter_e@gmx.net>
Branch: master [79af9a1d2] 2015-01-06 23:06:13 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [6bbf75192] 2015-01-17 22:11:20 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [e32cb8d0e] 2015-01-17 22:13:27 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [c8ef5b1ac] 2015-01-17 22:14:21 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [c975fa471] 2015-01-17 22:37:07 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [cebb3f032] 2015-01-17 22:37:32 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix namespace handling in <function>xpath()</function> (Ali Akbar)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, the <type>xml</type> value resulting from
      an <function>xpath()</function> call would not have namespace declarations if
      the namespace declarations were attached to an ancestor element in the
      input <type>xml</type> value, rather than to the specific element being
      returned.  Propagate the ancestral declaration so that the result is
      correct when considered in isolation.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [3d660d33a] 2015-01-30 12:30:59 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b6a164e5c] 2015-01-30 12:31:08 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [527ff8baf] 2015-01-30 12:30:43 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix assorted oversights in range-operator selectivity estimation
      (Emre Hasegeli)
     </para>

     <para>
      This patch fixes corner-case <quote>unexpected operator NNNN</quote> planner
      errors, and improves the selectivity estimates for some other cases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [930fd6845] 2014-12-30 14:53:11 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [4e241f7cd] 2014-12-30 14:53:03 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Revert unintended reduction in maximum size of a GIN index item
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      9.4.0 could fail with <quote>index row size exceeds maximum</quote> errors
      for data that previous versions would accept.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [68fa75f31] 2015-01-30 17:58:23 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [dc40ca696] 2015-01-30 17:59:17 +0100
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix query-duration memory leak during repeated GIN index rescans
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [31ed42b9a] 2015-01-29 19:35:55 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [28a37deab] 2015-01-29 19:37:29 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [1c2774f37] 2015-01-29 19:37:27 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [61729e99d] 2015-01-29 19:37:25 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [37e0f13f2] 2015-01-29 19:37:22 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible crash when using
      nonzero <varname>gin_fuzzy_search_limit</varname> (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [3fabed070] 2015-01-07 00:19:37 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [7da102154] 2015-01-07 00:24:58 +0100
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [31912d01d] 2015-01-07 00:18:00 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [84911ff51] 2015-01-07 00:24:47 +0100
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Assorted fixes for logical decoding (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [49b04188f] 2015-01-15 20:52:41 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b337d9657] 2015-01-15 20:52:18 +0200
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect replay of WAL parameter change records that report
      changes in the <varname>wal_log_hints</varname> setting (Petr Jelinek)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [75b48e1ff] 2015-01-19 23:01:33 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [3387cbbcb] 2015-01-19 23:01:36 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [19794e997] 2015-01-19 23:01:39 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [33b723538] 2015-01-19 23:01:41 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [b87c1dcef] 2015-01-19 23:01:44 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [a1a8d0249] 2015-01-19 23:01:46 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change <quote>pgstat wait timeout</quote> warning message to be LOG level,
      and rephrase it to be more understandable (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This message was originally thought to be essentially a can't-happen
      case, but it occurs often enough on our slower buildfarm members to be
      a nuisance.  Reduce it to LOG level, and expend a bit more effort on
      the wording: it now reads <quote>using stale statistics instead of
      current ones because stats collector is not responding</quote>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [894459e59] 2015-01-07 22:35:44 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [83fb1ca5c] 2015-01-07 22:36:35 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [1a366d51e] 2015-01-07 22:40:40 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [5ca4e444c] 2015-01-07 22:41:49 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [8dc83104e] 2015-01-07 22:42:42 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [2e4946169] 2015-01-07 22:46:20 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Warn if macOS's <function>setlocale()</function> starts an unwanted extra
      thread inside the postmaster (Noah Misch)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [080eabe2e] 2015-01-11 12:35:44 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [733728ff3] 2015-01-11 12:35:47 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>libpq</application>'s behavior when <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
      isn't readable (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      While doing <function>PQsetdbLogin()</function>, <application>libpq</application>
      attempts to ascertain the user's operating system name, which on most
      Unix platforms involves reading <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>.  As of 9.4,
      failure to do that was treated as a hard error.  Restore the previous
      behavior, which was to fail only if the application does not provide a
      database role name to connect as.  This supports operation in chroot
      environments that lack an <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [28551797a] 2014-12-31 12:18:50 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c35249939] 2014-12-31 12:16:57 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [7582cce56] 2014-12-31 12:17:00 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [64c506535] 2014-12-31 12:17:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [1773e0702] 2014-12-31 12:17:08 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [2600e4436] 2014-12-31 12:17:12 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve consistency of parsing of <application>psql</application>'s special
      variables (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Allow variant spellings of <literal>on</literal> and <literal>off</literal> (such
      as <literal>1</literal>/<literal>0</literal>) for <literal>ECHO_HIDDEN</literal>
      and <literal>ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK</literal>.  Report a warning for unrecognized
      values for <literal>COMP_KEYWORD_CASE</literal>, <literal>ECHO</literal>,
      <literal>ECHO_HIDDEN</literal>, <literal>HISTCONTROL</literal>,
      <literal>ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK</literal>, and <literal>VERBOSITY</literal>.  Recognize
      all values for all these variables case-insensitively; previously
      there was a mishmash of case-sensitive and case-insensitive behaviors.
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [adfc157dd] 2015-01-05 19:27:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c99e41f68] 2015-01-05 19:27:06 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [bb1e2426b] 2015-01-05 19:27:09 -0500
-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</application> to handle comments on event triggers
      without failing (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

<!--
Author: Kevin Grittner <kgrittn@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [cff1bd2a3] 2015-01-30 08:57:24 -0600
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [cb0168528] 2015-01-30 08:57:53 -0600
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow parallel <application>pg_dump</application> to
      use <option>--serializable-deferrable</option> (Kevin Grittner)
     </para>
    </listitem>

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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent WAL files created by <literal>pg_basebackup -x/-X</literal> from
      being archived again when the standby is promoted (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Handle unexpected query results, especially NULLs, safely in
      <filename>contrib/tablefunc</filename>'s <function>connectby()</function>
      (Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      <function>connectby()</function> previously crashed if it encountered a NULL
      key value.  It now prints that row but doesn't recurse further.
     </para>
    </listitem>

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Branch: master [e37d474f9] 2015-01-13 14:33:05 +0200
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Numerous cleanups of warnings from Coverity static code analyzer
      (Andres Freund, Tatsuo Ishii, Marko Kreen, Tom Lane, Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      These changes are mostly cosmetic but in some cases fix corner-case
      bugs, for example a crash rather than a proper error report after an
      out-of-memory failure.  None are believed to represent security
      issues.
     </para>
    </listitem>

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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <varname>CFLAGS</varname> from <application>configure</application>'s environment
      to override automatically-supplied <varname>CFLAGS</varname> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, <application>configure</application> would add any switches that it
      chose of its own accord to the end of the
      user-specified <varname>CFLAGS</varname> string.  Since most compilers
      process switches left-to-right, this meant that configure's choices
      would override the user-specified flags in case of conflicts.  That
      should work the other way around, so adjust the logic to put the
      user's string at the end not the beginning.
     </para>
    </listitem>

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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_regress</application> remove any temporary installation it
      created upon successful exit (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This results in a very substantial reduction in disk space usage
      during <literal>make check-world</literal>, since that sequence involves
      creation of numerous temporary installations.
     </para>
    </listitem>

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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add CST (China Standard Time) to our lists of timezone abbreviations
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</application> release 2015a
      for DST law changes in Chile and Mexico, plus historical changes in
      Iceland.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-4">
  <title>Release 9.4</title>

  <formalpara>
   <title>Release date:</title>
   <para>2014-12-18</para>
  </formalpara>

  <sect2>
   <title>Overview</title>

   <para>
    Major enhancements in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.4 include:
   </para>

   <!-- This list duplicates items below, but without authors or details-->

   <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <link linkend="datatype-json"><type>jsonb</type></link>, a more
       capable and efficient data type for storing <acronym>JSON</acronym> data
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add new <acronym>SQL</acronym> command <xref linkend="sql-altersystem">
       for changing <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> configuration file entries
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Reduce lock strength for some <xref linkend="sql-altertable">
       commands
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <link linkend="rules-materializedviews">materialized views</link>
       to be refreshed without blocking concurrent reads
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add support for <link linkend="logicaldecoding">logical decoding</link>
       of WAL data, to allow database changes to be streamed out in a
       customizable format
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Allow <link linkend="bgworker">background worker processes</link>
        to be dynamically registered, started and terminated
      </para>
     </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

   <para>
    The above items are explained in more detail in the sections below.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>

  <title>Migration to Version 9.4</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore using <xref linkend="app-pg-dumpall">, or use
    of <xref linkend="pgupgrade">, is required for those wishing to migrate
    data from any previous release.
   </para>

   <para>
    Version 9.4 contains a number of changes that may affect compatibility
    with previous releases.  Observe the following incompatibilities:
   </para>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Tighten checks for multidimensional <link
      linkend="arrays">array</link> input (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, an input array string that started with a single-element
      sub-array could later contain multi-element sub-arrays,
      e.g. <literal>'{{1}, {2,3}}'::int[]</literal> would be accepted.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      When converting values of type <type>date</type>, <type>timestamp</type>
      or <type>timestamptz</type>
      to <link linkend="datatype-json"><type>JSON</type></link>, render the
      values in a format compliant with ISO 8601 (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously such values were rendered according to the current
      <xref linkend="guc-datestyle"> setting; but many JSON processors
      require timestamps to be in ISO 8601 format.  If necessary, the
      previous behavior can be obtained by explicitly casting the datetime
      value to <type>text</type> before passing it to the JSON conversion
      function.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      The <link linkend="functions-json-op-table"><type>json</type>
      <literal>#&gt;</literal> <type>text[]</type></link> path extraction operator now
      returns its lefthand input, not NULL, if the array is empty (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This is consistent with the notion that this represents zero
      applications of the simple field/element extraction
      operator <literal>-&gt;</literal>.  Similarly, <type>json</type>
      <literal>#&gt;&gt;</literal> <type>text[]</type> with an empty array merely
      coerces its lefthand input to text.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Corner cases in
      the <link linkend="functions-json-op-table"><type>JSON</type>
      field/element/path extraction operators</link> now return NULL rather
      than raising an error (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      For example, applying field extraction to a JSON array now yields NULL
      not an error.  This is more consistent (since some comparable cases such
      as no-such-field already returned NULL), and it makes it safe to create
      expression indexes that use these operators, since they will now not
      throw errors for any valid JSON input.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Cause consecutive whitespace in <link
      linkend="functions-formatting-table"><function>to_timestamp()</function></link>
      and <function>to_date()</function> format strings to consume a corresponding
      number of characters in the input string (whitespace or not), then
      conditionally consume adjacent whitespace, if not in <literal>FX</literal>
      mode (Jeevan Chalke)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, consecutive whitespace characters in a non-<literal>FX</literal>
      format string behaved like a single whitespace character and consumed
      all adjacent whitespace in the input string.  For example, previously
      a format string of three spaces would consume only the first space in
      <literal>' 12'</literal>, but it will now consume all three characters.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <link
      linkend="textsearch-functions-table"><function>ts_rank_cd()</function></link>
      to ignore stripped lexemes (Alex Hill)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, stripped lexemes were treated as if they had a default
      location, producing a rank of dubious usefulness.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      For functions declared to
      take <link linkend="xfunc-sql-variadic-functions"><literal>VARIADIC
      "any"</literal></link>, an actual parameter marked as <literal>VARIADIC</literal>
      must be of a determinable array type (Pavel Stehule)
     </para>

     <para>
      Such parameters can no longer be written as an undecorated string
      literal or <literal>NULL</literal>; a cast to an appropriate array data type
      will now be required.  Note that this does not affect parameters not
      marked <literal>VARIADIC</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that whole-row variables expose the expected column names
      to functions that pay attention to column names within composite
      arguments (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Constructs like <literal>row_to_json(tab.*)</literal> now always emit column
      names that match the column aliases visible for table <literal>tab</literal>
      at the point of the call.  In previous releases the emitted column
      names would sometimes be the table's actual column names regardless
      of any aliases assigned in the query.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <xref linkend="sql-discard"> now also discards sequence-related state
      (Fabr&iacute;zio de Royes Mello, Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Rename <link linkend="sql-explain"><command>EXPLAIN
      ANALYZE</command></link>'s <quote>total runtime</quote> output
      to <quote>execution time</quote> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Now that planning time is also reported, the previous name was
      confusing.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <link linkend="sql-show"><command>SHOW TIME ZONE</command></link> now
      outputs simple numeric UTC offsets in <acronym>POSIX</acronym> timezone
      format (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, such timezone settings were displayed as <link
      linkend="datatype-interval-output"><type>interval</type></link> values.
      The new output is properly interpreted by <command>SET TIME ZONE</command>
      when passed as a simple string, whereas the old output required
      special treatment to be re-parsed correctly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Foreign data wrappers that support updating foreign tables must
      consider the possible presence of <literal>AFTER ROW</literal> triggers
      (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      When an <literal>AFTER ROW</literal> trigger is present, all columns of the
      table must be returned by updating actions, since the trigger might
      inspect any or all of them.  Previously, foreign tables never had
      triggers, so the FDW might optimize away fetching columns not mentioned
      in the <literal>RETURNING</literal> clause (if any).
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent <link
      linkend="ddl-constraints-check-constraints"><literal>CHECK</literal></link>
      constraints from referencing system columns, except
      <structfield>tableoid</structfield> (Amit Kapila)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously such check constraints were allowed, but they would often
      cause errors during restores.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use the last specified <link linkend="recovery-target-settings">recovery
      target parameter</link> if multiple target parameters are specified
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, there was an undocumented precedence order among
      the <literal>recovery_target_<replaceable>xxx</replaceable></literal> parameters.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On Windows, automatically preserve quotes in command strings supplied
      by the user (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      User commands that did their own quote preservation might need
      adjustment.  This is likely to be an issue for commands used in
      <xref linkend="guc-archive-command">, <xref linkend="restore-command">,
      and <link linkend="sql-copy"><command>COPY TO/FROM PROGRAM</command></link>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove catalog column <link
      linkend="catalog-pg-class"><structfield>pg_class.reltoastidxid</structfield></link>
      (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove catalog column <link
      linkend="catalog-pg-rewrite"><structfield>pg_rewrite.ev_attr</structfield></link>
      (Kevin Grittner)
     </para>

     <para>
      Per-column rules have not been supported since
      <application>PostgreSQL</application> 7.3.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove native support for <application>Kerberos</application> authentication
      (<option>--with-krb5</option>, etc)
      (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>

     <para>
      The supported way to use <application>Kerberos</application> authentication is
      with <acronym>GSSAPI</acronym>.  The native code has been deprecated since
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.3.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>PL/Python</application>, handle domains over arrays like the
      underlying array type (Rodolfo Campero)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously such values were treated as strings.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make libpq's <link
      linkend="libpq-pqconnectdbparams"><function>PQconnectdbParams()</function></link>
      and <link
      linkend="libpq-pqpingparams"><function>PQpingParams()</function></link>
      functions process zero-length strings as defaults (Adrian
      Vondendriesch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, these functions treated zero-length string values as
      selecting the default in only some cases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change empty arrays returned by the <xref linkend="intarray"> module
      to be zero-dimensional arrays (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, empty arrays were returned as zero-length one-dimensional
      arrays, whose text representation looked the same as zero-dimensional
      arrays (<literal>{}</literal>), but they acted differently in array
      operations.  <application>intarray</application>'s behavior in this area now
      matches the built-in array operators.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <xref linkend="pgupgrade"> now uses <option>-U</option>
      or <option>--username</option> to specify the user name (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously this option was spelled <option>-u</option> or <option>--user</option>,
      but that was inconsistent with other tools.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <para>
    Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between
    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.4 and the previous major
    release.
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="bgworker">background worker processes</link>
        to be dynamically registered, started and terminated (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new <filename>worker_spi</filename> module shows an example of use
        of this feature.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow dynamic allocation of shared memory segments (Robert Haas,
        Amit Kapila)
       </para>

       <para>
        This feature is illustrated in the <filename>test_shm_mq</filename>
        module.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        During crash recovery or immediate shutdown, send uncatchable
        termination signals (<systemitem>SIGKILL</systemitem>) to child processes
        that do not shut down promptly (MauMau, &Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
       </para>

       <para>
        This reduces the likelihood of leaving orphaned child processes
        behind after <xref linkend="app-postmaster"> shutdown, as well
        as ensuring that crash recovery can proceed if some child processes
        have become <quote>stuck</quote>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve randomness of the database system identifier (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <xref linkend="sql-vacuum"> properly report dead but
        not-yet-removable rows to the statistics collector (Hari Babu)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously these were reported as live rows.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Indexes</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce <link linkend="gin"><acronym>GIN</acronym></link> index size
        (Alexander Korotkov, Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Indexes upgraded via <xref linkend="pgupgrade"> will work fine
        but will still be in the old, larger <acronym>GIN</acronym> format.
        Use <xref linkend="sql-reindex"> to recreate old GIN indexes in the
        new format.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve speed of multi-key <link
        linkend="gin"><acronym>GIN</acronym></link> lookups (Alexander Korotkov,
        Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="gist"><acronym>GiST</acronym></link> index support
        for <link linkend="datatype-inet"><type>inet</type></link> and
        <link linkend="datatype-cidr"><type>cidr</type></link> data types
        (Emre Hasegeli)
       </para>

       <para>
        Such indexes improve <link
        linkend="cidr-inet-operators-table">subnet and supernet</link>
        lookups and ordering comparisons.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix rare race condition in B-tree page deletion (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make the handling of interrupted B-tree page splits more robust
        (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>General Performance</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow multiple backends to insert
        into <link linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</acronym></link> buffers
        concurrently (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This improves parallel write performance.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Conditionally write only the modified portion of updated rows to
        <link linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</acronym></link> (Amit Kapila)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve performance of aggregate functions used as <link
        linkend="syntax-window-functions">window functions</link>
        (David Rowley, Florian Pflug, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve speed of aggregates that
        use <link linkend="datatype-numeric"><type>numeric</type></link> state
        values (Hadi Moshayedi)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Attempt to <link linkend="vacuum-for-wraparound">freeze</link>
        tuples when tables are rewritten with <xref
        linkend="sql-cluster"> or <link
        linkend="sql-vacuum"><command>VACUUM FULL</command></link> (Robert Haas,
        Andres Freund)
       </para>

       <para>
        This can avoid the need to freeze the tuples in the future.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve speed of <xref linkend="sql-copy"> with default <link
        linkend="functions-sequence-table"><function>nextval()</function></link>
        columns (Simon Riggs)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve speed of accessing many different <link
        linkend="sql-createsequence">sequences</link> in the same session
        (David Rowley)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Raise hard limit on the number of tuples held in memory during sorting
        and B-tree index builds (Noah Misch)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce memory allocated by <application>PL/pgSQL</application>
        <xref linkend="sql-do"> blocks (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make the planner more aggressive about extracting restriction clauses
        from mixed <literal>AND</literal>/<literal>OR</literal> clauses (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Disallow pushing volatile <literal>WHERE</literal> clauses down
        into <literal>DISTINCT</literal> subqueries (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        Pushing down a <literal>WHERE</literal> clause can produce a more
        efficient plan overall, but at the cost of evaluating the clause
        more often than is implied by the text of the query; so don't do it
        if the clause contains any volatile functions.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Auto-resize the catalog caches (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This reduces memory consumption for sessions accessing only a few
        tables, and improves performance for sessions accessing many tables.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Monitoring</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <xref linkend="pg-stat-archiver-view"> system view to
        report <link linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</acronym></link> archiver activity
        (Gabriele Bartolini)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <structfield>n_mod_since_analyze</structfield> columns to
        <xref linkend="pg-stat-all-tables-view"> and related system views
        (Mark Kirkwood)
       </para>

       <para>
        These columns expose the system's estimate of the number of changed
        tuples since the table's last <xref linkend="sql-analyze">.  This
        estimate drives decisions about when to auto-analyze.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <structfield>backend_xid</structfield> and <structfield>backend_xmin</structfield>
        columns to the system view <xref linkend="pg-stat-activity-view">,
        and a <structfield>backend_xmin</structfield> column to
        <xref linkend="pg-stat-replication-view"> (Christian Kruse)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><acronym>SSL</acronym></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <acronym>SSL</acronym> <acronym>ECDH</acronym> key exchange
        (Marko Kreen)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows use of Elliptic Curve keys for server authentication.
        Such keys are faster and have better security than <acronym>RSA</acronym>
        keys. The new configuration parameter
        <xref linkend="guc-ssl-ecdh-curve">
        controls which curve is used for <acronym>ECDH</acronym>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve the default <xref linkend="guc-ssl-ciphers"> setting
        (Marko Kreen)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        By default, the server not the client now controls the preference
        order of <acronym>SSL</acronym> ciphers
        (Marko Kreen)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, the order specified by <xref linkend="guc-ssl-ciphers">
        was usually ignored in favor of client-side defaults, which are not
        configurable in most <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> clients.  If
        desired, the old behavior can be restored via the new configuration
        parameter <xref linkend="guc-ssl-prefer-server-ciphers">.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <xref linkend="guc-log-connections"> show <acronym>SSL</acronym>
        encryption information (Andreas Kunert)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve <acronym>SSL</acronym> renegotiation handling (&Aacute;lvaro
        Herrera)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Server Settings</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new <acronym>SQL</acronym> command <xref linkend="sql-altersystem">
        for changing <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> configuration file entries
        (Amit Kapila)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously such settings could only be changed by manually
        editing <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <xref linkend="guc-autovacuum-work-mem"> configuration parameter
        to control the amount of memory used by autovacuum workers
        (Peter Geoghegan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <xref linkend="guc-huge-pages"> parameter to allow using huge
        memory pages on Linux (Christian Kruse, Richard Poole, Abhijit
        Menon-Sen)
       </para>

       <para>
        This can improve performance on large-memory systems.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <xref linkend="guc-max-worker-processes"> parameter
        to limit the number of background workers (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is helpful in configuring a standby server to have the
        required number of worker processes (the same as the primary).
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add superuser-only <xref linkend="guc-session-preload-libraries">
        parameter to load libraries at session start (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        In contrast to <xref linkend="guc-local-preload-libraries">, this
        parameter can load any shared library, not just those in
        the <filename>$libdir/plugins</filename> directory.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <xref linkend="guc-wal-log-hints"> parameter to enable WAL
        logging of hint-bit changes (Sawada Masahiko)
       </para>

       <para>
        Hint bit changes are not normally logged, except when checksums are
        enabled.  This is useful for external tools
        like <application>pg_rewind</application>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Increase the default settings of <xref linkend="guc-work-mem">
        and <xref linkend="guc-maintenance-work-mem"> by four times (Bruce
        Momjian)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new defaults are 4MB and 64MB respectively.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Increase the default setting of <xref
        linkend="guc-effective-cache-size">
        to 4GB (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <function>printf</function>-style space padding to be
        specified in <xref linkend="guc-log-line-prefix"> (David Rowley)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow terabyte units (<literal>TB</literal>) to be used when specifying
        configuration variable values (Simon Riggs)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Show <acronym>PID</acronym>s of lock holders and waiters and improve
        information about relations in <xref linkend="guc-log-lock-waits">
        log messages (Christian Kruse)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce server logging level when loading shared libraries (Peter
        Geoghegan)
       </para>

       <para>
        The previous level was <literal>LOG</literal>, which was too verbose
        for libraries loaded per-session.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        On Windows, make <literal>SQL_ASCII</literal>-encoded databases and server
        processes (e.g., <xref linkend="app-postmaster">) emit messages in
        the character encoding of the server's Windows user locale
        (Alexander Law, Noah Misch)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously these messages were output in the Windows
        <acronym>ANSI</acronym> code page.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Replication and Recovery</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="streaming-replication-slots">replication
        slots</link> to coordinate activity on streaming standbys with the
        node they are streaming from (Andres Freund, Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Replication slots allow preservation of resources like
        <acronym>WAL</acronym> files on the primary until they are no longer
        needed by standby servers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add recovery parameter <xref linkend="recovery-min-apply-delay">
        to delay replication (Robert Haas, Fabr&iacute;zio de Royes Mello,
        Simon Riggs)
       </para>

       <para>
        Delaying replay on standby servers can be useful for recovering
        from user errors.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <xref linkend="recovery-target">
        option <option>immediate</option> to stop <link
        linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</acronym></link> recovery as soon as a
        consistent state is reached (MauMau, Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve recovery target processing (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        The timestamp reported
        by <link linkend="functions-recovery-info-table"><function>pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp()</function></link>
        now reflects already-committed records, not transactions about to
        be committed. Recovering to a restore point now replays the restore
        point, rather than stopping just before the restore point.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <link
        linkend="functions-admin-backup-table"><function>pg_switch_xlog()</function></link>
        now clears any unused trailing space in the old <acronym>WAL</acronym> file
        (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This improves the compression ratio for <acronym>WAL</acronym> files.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Report failure return codes from <link
        linkend="archive-recovery-settings">external recovery commands</link>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce spinlock contention during <acronym>WAL</acronym> replay (Heikki
        Linnakangas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Write <acronym>WAL</acronym> records of running transactions more
        frequently (Andres Freund)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows standby servers to start faster and clean up resources
        more aggressively.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

     <sect4>
      <title><link linkend="logicaldecoding">Logical Decoding</link></title>

      <para>
       Logical decoding allows database changes to be streamed in a
       configurable format. The data is read from
       the <link linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</acronym></link> and transformed into the
       desired target format. To implement this feature, the following changes
       were made:
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add support for <link linkend="logicaldecoding">logical decoding</link>
         of WAL data, to allow database changes to be streamed out in a
         customizable format
         (Andres Freund)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add new <xref linkend="guc-wal-level"> setting <option>logical</option>
         to enable logical change-set encoding in <acronym>WAL</acronym> (Andres
         Freund)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add table-level parameter <link
         linkend="catalog-pg-class"><literal>REPLICA IDENTITY</literal></link>
         to control logical replication (Andres Freund)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add relation option <link
         linkend="sql-createtable-storage-parameters"><option>user_catalog_table</option></link>
         to identify user-created tables involved in logical change-set
         encoding (Andres Freund)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add <xref linkend="app-pgrecvlogical"> application to receive
         logical-decoding data (Andres Freund)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add <xref linkend="test-decoding"> module to illustrate logical
         decoding at the <acronym>SQL</acronym> level (Andres Freund)
        </para>
       </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

     </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Queries</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="queries-tablefunctions"><literal>WITH
        ORDINALITY</literal></link> syntax to number the rows returned from a
        set-returning function in the <literal>FROM</literal> clause
        (Andrew Gierth, David Fetter)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is particularly useful for functions like
        <function>unnest()</function>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="queries-tablefunctions"><literal>ROWS
        FROM()</literal></link> syntax to allow horizontal concatenation of
        set-returning functions in the <literal>FROM</literal> clause (Andrew Gierth)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <xref linkend="sql-select"> to have
        an empty target list (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This was added so that views that select from a table with zero
        columns can be dumped and restored correctly.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Ensure that <link linkend="sql-select"><literal>SELECT ... FOR UPDATE
        NOWAIT</literal></link> does not wait in corner cases involving
        already-concurrently-updated tuples (Craig Ringer and Thomas Munro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Utility Commands</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="sql-discard"><command>DISCARD
        SEQUENCES</command></link> command to discard cached sequence-related state
        (Fabr&iacute;zio de Royes Mello, Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        <command>DISCARD ALL</command> will now also discard such information.
       </para>
      </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add <literal>FORCE NULL</literal> option
         to <link linkend="sql-copy"><command>COPY FROM</command></link>, which
         causes quoted strings matching the specified null string to be
         converted to NULLs in <literal>CSV</literal> mode (Ian Barwick, Michael
         Paquier)
        </para>

        <para>
         Without this option, only unquoted matching strings will be imported
         as null values.
        </para>
       </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Issue warnings for commands used outside of transaction blocks
        when they can have no effect (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>

       <para>
        New warnings are issued for <command>SET
        LOCAL</command>, <command>SET CONSTRAINTS</command>, <command>SET TRANSACTION</command> and
        <command>ABORT</command> when used outside a transaction block.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

     <sect4>
      <title><xref linkend="sql-explain"></title>

      <itemizedlist>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Make <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</command> show planning time (Andreas
         Karlsson)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Make <command>EXPLAIN</command> show the grouping columns in Agg and
         Group nodes (Tom Lane)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Make <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</command> show exact and lossy
         block counts in bitmap heap scans (Etsuro Fujita)
        </para>
       </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

     </sect4>

     <sect4>
      <title>Views</title>

      <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow a <link linkend="rules-materializedviews">materialized view</link>
        to be refreshed without blocking other sessions from reading the view
        meanwhile (Kevin Grittner)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is done with <link
        linkend="sql-refreshmaterializedview"><command>REFRESH MATERIALIZED
        VIEW CONCURRENTLY</command></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow views to be <link
        linkend="sql-createview-updatable-views">automatically
        updated</link> even if they contain some non-updatable columns
        (Dean Rasheed)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously the presence of non-updatable output columns such as
        expressions, literals, and function calls prevented automatic
        updates.  Now <command>INSERT</command>s, <command>UPDATE</command>s and
        <command>DELETE</command>s are supported, provided that they do not
        attempt to assign new values to any of the non-updatable columns.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow control over whether <command>INSERT</command>s and
        <command>UPDATE</command>s can add rows to an auto-updatable view that
        would not appear in the view (Dean Rasheed)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is controlled with the new <xref linkend="sql-createview">
        clause <literal>WITH CHECK OPTION</literal>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="rules-privileges">security barrier views</link>
        to be automatically updatable (Dean Rasheed)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

     </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Object Manipulation</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support triggers on <link linkend="sql-createforeigntable">foreign
        tables</link> (Ronan Dunklau)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow moving groups of objects from one tablespace to another
        using the <literal>ALL IN TABLESPACE ... SET TABLESPACE</literal> form of
        <xref linkend="sql-altertable">, <xref linkend="sql-alterindex">, or
        <xref linkend="sql-altermaterializedview"> (Stephen Frost)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow changing foreign key constraint deferrability
        via <xref linkend="sql-altertable"> ... <literal>ALTER
        CONSTRAINT</literal> (Simon Riggs)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce lock strength for some <xref linkend="sql-altertable">
        commands
        (Simon Riggs, Noah Misch, Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Specifically, <literal>VALIDATE CONSTRAINT</literal>, <literal>CLUSTER
        ON</literal>, <literal>SET WITHOUT CLUSTER</literal>, <literal>ALTER COLUMN
        SET STATISTICS</literal>, <literal>ALTER COLUMN</literal> <literal>SET</literal>
        <option>(attribute_option)</option>, <literal>ALTER COLUMN RESET</literal>
        <option>(attribute_option)</option> no longer require <literal>ACCESS
        EXCLUSIVE</literal> locks.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow tablespace options to be set
        in <xref linkend="sql-createtablespace"> (Vik Fearing)
       </para>

       <para>
        Formerly these options could only be set
        via <xref linkend="sql-altertablespace">.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <xref linkend="sql-createaggregate"> to define the estimated
        size of the aggregate's transition state data (Hadi Moshayedi)
       </para>

       <para>
        Proper use of this feature allows the planner to better estimate
        how much memory will be used by aggregates.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <command>DROP IF EXISTS</command> to avoid errors for non-existent
        objects in more cases (Pavel Stehule, Dean Rasheed)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve how system relations are identified (Andres Freund,
        Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, relations once moved into the <literal>pg_catalog</literal>
        schema could no longer be modified or dropped.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Data Types</title>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fully implement the <link
        linkend="datatype-line"><type>line</type></link> data type (Peter
        Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        The line <emphasis>segment</emphasis> data type (<link
        linkend="datatype-lseg"><type>lseg</type></link>) has always been
        fully supported.  The previous <type>line</type> data type (which was
        enabled only via a compile-time option) is not binary or
        dump-compatible with the new implementation.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="datatype-pg-lsn"><type>pg_lsn</type></link>
        data type to represent a <acronym>WAL</acronym> log sequence number
        (<acronym>LSN</acronym>) (Robert Haas, Michael Paquier)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow single-point <link
        linkend="datatype-polygon"><type>polygon</type></link>s to be converted
        to <link linkend="datatype-circle"><type>circle</type></link>s
        (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support time zone abbreviations that change UTC offset from time to
        time (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> assumed that the UTC offset
        associated with a time zone abbreviation (such as <literal>EST</literal>)
        never changes in the usage of any particular locale.  However this
        assumption fails in the real world, so introduce the ability for a
        zone abbreviation to represent a UTC offset that sometimes changes.
        Update the zone abbreviation definition files to make use of this
        feature in timezone locales that have changed the UTC offset of their
        abbreviations since 1970 (according to the IANA timezone database).
        In such timezones, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> will now associate the
        correct UTC offset with the abbreviation depending on the given date.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow 5+ digit years for non-<acronym>ISO</acronym> <link
        linkend="datatype-datetime"><type>timestamp</type></link> and
        <type>date</type> strings, where appropriate (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add checks for overflow/underflow of <link
        linkend="datatype-datetime"><type>interval</type></link> values
        (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="datatype-json"><acronym>JSON</acronym></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add <link linkend="datatype-json"><type>jsonb</type></link>, a more
         capable and efficient data type for storing <acronym>JSON</acronym> data
         (Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev, Alexander
         Korotkov, Peter Geoghegan, Andrew Dunstan)
        </para>

        <para>
         This new type allows faster access to values within a JSON
         document, and faster and more useful indexing of JSON columns.
         Scalar values in <type>jsonb</type> documents are stored as appropriate
         scalar SQL types, and the JSON document structure is pre-parsed
         rather than being stored as text as in the original <type>json</type>
         data type.
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add new JSON functions to allow for the construction
         of arbitrarily complex JSON trees (Andrew Dunstan, Laurence Rowe)
        </para>

        <para>
         New functions include <link
         linkend="functions-json-processing-table"><function>json_array_elements_text()</function></link>,
         <function>json_build_array()</function>, <function>json_object()</function>,
         <function>json_object_agg()</function>, <function>json_to_record()</function>,
         and <function>json_to_recordset()</function>.
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add <link
         linkend="functions-json-processing-table"><function>json_typeof()</function></link>
         to return the data type of a <type>json</type> value (Andrew Tipton)
        </para>
       </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Functions</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="functions-datetime-delay"><function>pg_sleep_for(interval)</function></link>
        and <function>pg_sleep_until(timestamp)</function> to specify
        delays more flexibly (Vik Fearing, Julien Rouhaud)
       </para>

       <para>
        The existing <function>pg_sleep()</function> function only supports delays
        specified in seconds.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="array-functions-table"><function>cardinality()</function></link>
        function for arrays (Marko Tiikkaja)
       </para>

       <para>
        This returns the total number of elements in the array, or zero
        for an array with no elements.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>SQL</acronym> functions to allow <link linkend="lo-funcs">large
        object reads/writes</link> at arbitrary offsets (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link
        linkend="array-functions-table"><function>unnest()</function></link>
        to take multiple arguments, which are individually unnested then
        horizontally concatenated (Andrew Gierth)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add functions to construct <type>time</type>s, <type>date</type>s,
        <type>timestamp</type>s, <type>timestamptz</type>s, and <type>interval</type>s
        from individual values, rather than strings (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>

       <para>
        These functions' names are prefixed with <literal>make_</literal>,
        e.g. <link linkend="functions-datetime-table"><function>make_date()</function></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <link
        linkend="functions-formatting-table"><function>to_char()</function></link>'s
        <literal>TZ</literal> format specifier return a useful value for simple
        numeric time zone offsets (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, <literal>to_char(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, 'TZ')</literal> returned
        an empty string if the <literal>timezone</literal> was set to a constant
        like <literal>-4</literal>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add timezone offset format specifier <literal>OF</literal> to <link
        linkend="functions-formatting-table"><function>to_char()</function></link>
        (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve the random seed used for <link
        linkend="functions-math-random-table"><function>random()</function></link>
        (Honza Horak)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Tighten validity checking for Unicode code points in <link
        linkend="functions-string-other"><function>chr(int)</function></link>
        (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This function now only accepts values that are valid UTF8 characters
        according to RFC 3629.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>System Information Functions</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add functions for looking up objects in <structname>pg_class</structname>,
        <structname>pg_proc</structname>, <structname>pg_type</structname>, and
        <structname>pg_operator</structname> that do not generate errors for
        non-existent objects (Yugo Nagata, Nozomi Anzai,
        Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        For example, <link
        linkend="functions-info-catalog-table"><function>to_regclass()</function></link>
        does a lookup in <structname>pg_class</structname> similarly to
        the <type>regclass</type> input function, but it returns NULL for a
        non-existent object instead of failing.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add function <link
        linkend="functions-admin-dblocation"><function>pg_filenode_relation()</function></link>
        to allow for more efficient lookup of relation names from filenodes
        (Andres Freund)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <structfield>parameter_default</structfield> column to <link
        linkend="infoschema-parameters"><structname>information_schema.parameters</structname></link>
        view (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <link
        linkend="infoschema-schemata"><structname>information_schema.schemata</structname></link>
        show all accessible schemas (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously it only showed schemas owned by the current user.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Aggregates</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add control over which rows are passed
        into aggregate functions via the <link
        linkend="syntax-aggregates"><literal>FILTER</literal></link> clause
        (David Fetter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support ordered-set (<link
        linkend="syntax-aggregates"><literal>WITHIN GROUP</literal></link>)
        aggregates (Atri Sharma, Andrew Gierth, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add standard ordered-set aggregates <link
        linkend="functions-orderedset-table"><function>percentile_cont()</function></link>,
        <function>percentile_disc()</function>, <function>mode()</function>, <link
        linkend="functions-hypothetical-table"><function>rank()</function></link>,
        <function>dense_rank()</function>, <function>percent_rank()</function>, and
        <function>cume_dist()</function>
        (Atri Sharma, Andrew Gierth)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <link
        linkend="xfunc-sql-variadic-functions"><literal>VARIADIC</literal></link>
        aggregate functions (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow polymorphic aggregates to have non-polymorphic state data
        types (Tom Lane)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows proper declaration in SQL of aggregates like the built-in
        aggregate <function>array_agg()</function>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server-Side Languages</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add event trigger support to <link linkend="plperl">PL/Perl</link>
       and <link linkend="pltcl">PL/Tcl</link> (Dimitri Fontaine)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Convert <link linkend="datatype-numeric"><type>numeric</type></link>
       values to <type>decimal</type> in <link linkend="plpython">PL/Python</link>
       (Szymon Guz, Ronan Dunklau)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously such values were converted to Python <type>float</type> values,
       risking loss of precision.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="plpgsql">PL/pgSQL</link> Server-Side Language</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add ability to retrieve the current PL/pgSQL call stack
        using <link linkend="plpgsql-call-stack"><command>GET
        DIAGNOSTICS</command></link>
        (Pavel Stehule, Stephen Frost)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add option <link
        linkend="plpgsql-statements-sql-onerow"><option>print_strict_params</option></link>
        to display the parameters passed to a query that violated a
        <literal>STRICT</literal> constraint (Marko Tiikkaja)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add variables <link
        linkend="plpgsql-extra-checks"><varname>plpgsql.extra_warnings</varname></link>
        and <varname>plpgsql.extra_errors</varname> to enable additional PL/pgSQL
        warnings and errors (Marko Tiikkaja, Petr Jelinek)
       </para>

       <para>
        Currently only warnings/errors about shadowed variables are available.
       </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title><link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</application></link></title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make libpq's <link
        linkend="libpq-pqconndefaults"><function>PQconndefaults()</function></link>
        function ignore invalid service files (Steve Singer, Bruce Momjian)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously it returned NULL if an incorrect service file was
        encountered.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Accept <acronym>TLS</acronym> protocol versions beyond <literal>TLSv1</literal>
        in libpq (Marko Kreen)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Client Applications</title>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <xref linkend="app-createuser"> option <option>-g</option>
        to specify role membership (Christopher Browne)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <xref linkend="app-vacuumdb">
        option <option>--analyze-in-stages</option> to analyze in stages of
        increasing granularity (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows minimal statistics to be created quickly.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <link linkend="app-pgresetwal"><application>pg_resetxlog</application></link>
        with option <option>-n</option> output current and potentially changed
        values (Rajeev Rastogi)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <xref linkend="app-initdb"> throw error for incorrect locale
        settings, rather than silently falling back to a default choice
        (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <xref linkend="app-pg-ctl"> return exit code <literal>4</literal> for
        an inaccessible data directory (Amit Kapila, Bruce Momjian)
       </para>

       <para>
        This behavior more closely matches the Linux Standard Base
        (<acronym>LSB</acronym>) Core Specification.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        On Windows, ensure that a non-absolute <option>-D</option> path
        specification is interpreted relative
        to <xref linkend="app-pg-ctl">'s current directory
        (Kumar Rajeev Rastogi)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously it would be interpreted relative to whichever directory
        the underlying Windows service was started in.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <function>sizeof()</function> in <link linkend="ecpg">ECPG</link>
        C array definitions (Michael Meskes)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <link linkend="ecpg">ECPG</link> properly handle nesting
        of C-style comments in both C and <acronym>SQL</acronym> text
        (Michael Meskes)
       </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><xref linkend="app-psql"></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Suppress <quote>No rows</quote> output in <application>psql</application> <link
        linkend="app-psql-meta-commands"><option>expanded</option></link>
        mode when the footer is disabled (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow Control-C to abort <application>psql</application> when it's hung at
        connection startup (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

     <sect5>
      <title><link linkend="app-psql-meta-commands">Backslash Commands</link></title>

      <itemizedlist>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Make <application>psql</application>'s <command>\db+</command> show tablespace options
         (Magnus Hagander)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Make <command>\do+</command> display the functions
         that implement the operators (Marko Tiikkaja)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Make <command>\d+</command> output an
         <literal>OID</literal> line only if an <literal>oid</literal> column
         exists in the table (Bruce Momjian)
        </para>

        <para>
         Previously, the presence or absence of an <literal>oid</literal>
         column was always reported.
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Make <command>\d</command> show disabled system triggers (Bruce
         Momjian)
        </para>

        <para>
         Previously, if you disabled all triggers, only user triggers
         would show as disabled.
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Fix <command>\copy</command> to no longer require
         a space between <literal>stdin</literal> and a semicolon (Etsuro Fujita)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Output the row count at the end of <command>\copy</command>, just
         like <command>COPY</command> already did (Kumar Rajeev Rastogi)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Fix <command>\conninfo</command> to display the
         server's <acronym>IP</acronym> address for connections using
         <literal>hostaddr</literal> (Fujii Masao)
        </para>

        <para>
         Previously <command>\conninfo</command> could not display the server's
         <acronym>IP</acronym> address in such cases.
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Show the <acronym>SSL</acronym> protocol version in
         <command>\conninfo</command> (Marko Kreen)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add tab completion for <command>\pset</command>
         (Pavel Stehule)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Allow <command>\pset</command> with no arguments
         to show all settings (Gilles Darold)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Make <command>\s</command> display the name of the history file it wrote
         without converting it to an absolute path (Tom Lane)
        </para>

        <para>
         The code previously attempted to convert a relative file name to
         an absolute path for display, but frequently got it wrong.
        </para>
       </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

     </sect5>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><xref linkend="app-pgdump"></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <xref linkend="app-pgrestore"> options
        <option>-I</option>, <option>-P</option>, <option>-T</option> and <option>-n</option>
        to be specified multiple times (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows multiple objects to be restored in one operation.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Optionally add <literal>IF EXISTS</literal> clauses to the <command>DROP</command>
        commands emitted when removing old objects during a restore (Pavel
        Stehule)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change prevents unnecessary errors when removing old objects.
        The new <option>--if-exists</option> option
        for <xref linkend="app-pgdump">, <xref linkend="app-pg-dumpall">,
        and <xref linkend="app-pgrestore"> is only available
        when <option>--clean</option> is also specified.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><xref linkend="app-pgbasebackup"></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <application>pg_basebackup</application> option <option>--xlogdir</option>
        to specify the <filename>pg_xlog</filename> directory location (Haribabu
        Kommi)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>pg_basebackup</application> to relocate tablespaces in
        the backup copy (Steeve Lennmark)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is particularly useful for using <application>pg_basebackup</application>
        on the same machine as the primary.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow network-stream base backups to be throttled (Antonin Houska)
       </para>

       <para>
        This can be controlled with the <application>pg_basebackup</application>
        <option>--max-rate</option> parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Source Code</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve the way tuples are frozen to preserve forensic information
        (Robert Haas, Andres Freund)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change removes the main objection to freezing tuples as soon
        as possible.  Code that inspects tuple flag bits will need to be
        modified.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        No longer require function prototypes for functions marked with the
        <link linkend="xfunc-c"><function>PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1</function></link>
        macro (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change eliminates the need to write boilerplate prototypes.
        Note that the <function>PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1</function> macro must appear
        before the corresponding function definition to avoid compiler
        warnings.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <varname>SnapshotNow</varname> and
        <function>HeapTupleSatisfiesNow()</function> (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        All existing uses have been switched to more appropriate snapshot
        types.  Catalog scans now use <acronym>MVCC</acronym> snapshots.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add an <acronym>API</acronym> to allow memory allocations over one gigabyte
        (Noah Misch)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>psprintf()</function> to simplify memory allocation during
        string composition (Peter Eisentraut, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <function>printf()</function> size modifier <literal>z</literal> to
        print <type>size_t</type> values (Andres Freund)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <acronym>API</acronym> of <function>appendStringInfoVA()</function>
        to better use <function>vsnprintf()</function> (David Rowley, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow new types of external toast datums to be created (Andres
        Freund)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add single-reader, single-writer, lightweight shared message queue
        (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve spinlock speed on x86_64 <acronym>CPU</acronym>s (Heikki
        Linnakangas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove spinlock support for unsupported platforms
        <productname>SINIX</productname>, <productname>Sun3</productname>, and
        <productname>NS32K</productname> (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <acronym>IRIX</acronym> port (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce the number of semaphores required by
        <option>--disable-spinlocks</option> builds (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rewrite <application>duplicate_oids</application> Unix shell script in
        <application>Perl</application> (Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add Test Anything Protocol (<acronym>TAP</acronym>) tests for client
        programs (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Currently, these tests are run by <literal>make check-world</literal>
        only if the <option>--enable-tap-tests</option> option was given
        to <application>configure</application>.
        This might become the default behavior in some future release.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add make targets <option>check-tests</option> and
        <option>installcheck-tests</option>, which allow selection of individual
        tests to be run (Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <option>maintainer-check</option> makefile rule (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        The default build rules now include all the formerly-optional tests.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve support for <envar>VPATH</envar> builds of <acronym>PGXS</acronym>
        modules  (C&eacute;dric Villemain, Andrew Dunstan, Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Upgrade to Autoconf 2.69 (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a <application>configure</application> flag that appends custom text to the
        <envar>PG_VERSION</envar> string (Oskari Saarenmaa)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is useful for packagers building custom binaries.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve DocBook <acronym>XML</acronym> validity (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix various minor security and sanity issues reported by the
        <productname>Coverity</productname> scanner (Stephen Frost)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve detection of invalid memory usage when testing
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> with <application>Valgrind</application>
        (Noah Misch)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve sample <application>Emacs</application> configuration file
        <filename>emacs.samples</filename> (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Also add <filename>.dir-locals.el</filename> to the top of the source tree.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>pgindent</application> to accept a command-line list
        of typedefs (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <application>pgindent</application> smarter about blank lines
        around preprocessor conditionals (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid most uses of <command>dlltool</command>
        in <productname>Cygwin</productname> and
        <productname>Mingw</productname> builds (Marco Atzeri, Hiroshi Inoue)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support client-only installs in <acronym>MSVC</acronym> (Windows) builds
        (MauMau)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Additional Modules</title>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <xref linkend="pgprewarm"> extension to preload relation data
        into the shared buffer cache at server start (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows reaching full operating performance more quickly.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>UUID</acronym> random number generator
        <function>gen_random_uuid()</function> to <xref linkend="pgcrypto">
        (Oskari Saarenmaa)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows creation of version 4 <acronym>UUID</acronym>s without
        requiring installation of <xref linkend="uuid-ossp">.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <xref linkend="uuid-ossp"> to work with
        the <systemitem>BSD</systemitem> or <systemitem>e2fsprogs</systemitem> UUID libraries,
        not only the <systemitem>OSSP</systemitem> UUID library (Matteo Beccati)
       </para>

       <para>
        This improves the <application>uuid-ossp</application> module's portability
        since it no longer has to have the increasingly-obsolete OSSP
        library.  The module's name is now rather a misnomer, but we won't
        change it.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add option to <xref linkend="auto-explain"> to include trigger
        execution time (Horiguchi Kyotaro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <xref linkend="pgstattuple"> to not report rows from
        uncommitted transactions as dead (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <xref linkend="pgstattuple"> functions
        use <type>regclass</type>-type arguments (Satoshi Nagayasu)
       </para>

       <para>
        While <type>text</type>-type arguments are still supported, they
        may be removed in a future major release.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve consistency of <xref linkend="pgrowlocks"> output to honor
        snapshot rules more consistently (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve <xref linkend="pgtrgm">'s choice of trigrams for indexed
        regular expression searches (Alexander Korotkov)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change discourages use of trigrams containing whitespace, which
        are usually less selective.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="pgwaldump"><application>pg_xlogdump</application></link>
        to report a live log stream with <option>--follow</option>
        (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Store <xref linkend="cube"> data more compactly (Stas Kelvich)
       </para>

       <para>
        Existing data must be dumped/restored to use the new format.
        The old format can still be read.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce <xref linkend="vacuumlo"> client-side memory usage by using
        a cursor (Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Dramatically reduce memory consumption
        in <xref linkend="pgupgrade"> (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Pass <xref linkend="pgupgrade">'s user name (<option>-U</option>) option to
        generated analyze scripts (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><xref linkend="pgbench"></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove line length limit for <application>pgbench</application> scripts (Sawada
        Masahiko)
       </para>

       <para>
        The previous line limit was <envar>BUFSIZ</envar>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add long option names to <application>pgbench</application> (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <application>pgbench</application> option <option>--rate</option> to control
        the transaction rate (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <application>pgbench</application> option <option>--progress</option> to
        print periodic progress reports
        (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><xref linkend="pgstatstatements"></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <application>pg_stat_statements</application> use a file, rather than
        shared memory, for query text storage (Peter Geoghegan)
       </para>

       <para>
        This removes the previous limitation on query text length, and
        allows a higher number of unique statements to be tracked by default.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow reporting of <application>pg_stat_statements</application>'s internal
        query hash identifier (Daniel Farina, Sameer Thakur, Peter
        Geoghegan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add the ability to retrieve all <application>pg_stat_statements</application>
        information except the query text (Peter Geoghegan)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows monitoring tools to fetch query text only for
        just-created entries, improving performance during repeated querying
        of the statistics.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <application>pg_stat_statements</application> ignore <command>DEALLOCATE</command>
        commands (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>

       <para>
        It already ignored <command>PREPARE</command>, as well as planning time in
        general, so this seems more consistent.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Save the statistics file into <filename>$PGDATA/pg_stat</filename> at server
        shutdown, rather than <filename>$PGDATA/global</filename> (Fujii Masao)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>
