# PostgreSQL &version; Documentation

The PostgreSQL Global Development Group PostgreSQL &version; &legal;
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## Tutorial

Welcome to the PostgreSQL Tutorial. The following few chapters are intended to give a simple introduction to PostgreSQL, relational database concepts, and the SQL language to those who are new to any one of these aspects. We only assume some general knowledge about how to use computers. No particular Unix or programming experience is required. This part is mainly intended to give you some hands-on experience with important aspects of the PostgreSQL system. It makes no attempt to be a complete or thorough treatment of the topics it covers.

After you have worked through this tutorial you might want to move on to reading to gain a more formal knowledge of the SQL language, or for information about developing applications for PostgreSQL. Those who set up and manage their own server should also read .

&start; &query; &advanced;

## The SQL Language

This part describes the use of the SQL language in PostgreSQL. We start with describing the general syntax of SQL, then explain how to create the structures to hold data, how to populate the database, and how to query it. The middle part lists the available data types and functions for use in SQL commands. The rest treats several aspects that are important for tuning a database for optimal performance.

The information in this part is arranged so that a novice user can follow it start to end to gain a full understanding of the topics without having to refer forward too many times. The chapters are intended to be self-contained, so that advanced users can read the chapters individually as they choose. The information in this part is presented in a narrative fashion in topical units. Readers looking for a complete description of a particular command should see .

Readers of this part should know how to connect to a PostgreSQL database and issue SQL commands. Readers that are unfamiliar with these issues are encouraged to read first. SQL commands are typically entered using the PostgreSQL interactive terminal psql, but other programs that have similar functionality can be used as well.

&syntax; &ddl; &dml; &queries; &datatype; &func; &typeconv; &indices; &textsearch; &mvcc; &perform; ∥

## Server Administration

This part covers topics that are of interest to a PostgreSQL database administrator. This includes installation of the software, set up and configuration of the server, management of users and databases, and maintenance tasks. Anyone who runs a PostgreSQL server, even for personal use, but especially in production, should be familiar with the topics covered in this part.

The information in this part is arranged approximately in the order in which a new user should read it. But the chapters are self-contained and can be read individually as desired. The information in this part is presented in a narrative fashion in topical units. Readers looking for a complete description of a particular command should see .

The first few chapters are written so they can be understood without prerequisite knowledge, so new users who need to set up their own server can begin their exploration with this part. The rest of this part is about tuning and management; that material assumes that the reader is familiar with the general use of the PostgreSQL database system. Readers are encouraged to look at and for additional information.

&installation; &installw; &runtime; &config; &client-auth; &user-manag; &manage-ag; &charset; &maintenance; &backup; &high-availability; &monitoring; &diskusage; &wal; &logical-replication; &jit; ®ress;

## Client Interfaces

This part describes the client programming interfaces distributed with PostgreSQL. Each of these chapters can be read independently. Note that there are many other programming interfaces for client programs that are distributed separately and contain their own documentation ( lists some of the more popular ones). Readers of this part should be familiar with using SQL commands to manipulate and query the database (see ) and of course with the programming language that the interface uses.

&libpq; &lobj; &ecpg; &infoschema;

## Server Programming

This part is about extending the server functionality with user-defined functions, data types, triggers, etc. These are advanced topics which should probably be approached only after all the other user documentation about PostgreSQL has been understood. Later chapters in this part describe the server-side programming languages available in the PostgreSQL distribution as well as general issues concerning server-side programming languages. It is essential to read at least the earlier sections of (covering functions) before diving into the material about server-side programming languages.

&extend; &trigger; &event-trigger; &rules; &xplang; &plsql; &pltcl; &plperl; &plpython; &spi; &bgworker; &logicaldecoding; &replication-origins;
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## Internals

This part contains assorted information that might be of use to PostgreSQL developers.

&arch-dev; &catalogs; &protocol; &sources; &nls; &plhandler; &fdwhandler; &tablesample-method; &custom-scan; &geqo; &tableam; &indexam; &generic-wal; &btree; &gist; &spgist; &gin; &brin; &storage; &bki; &planstats;

## Appendixes

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