======================================
Container to Container Synchronization
======================================

--------
Overview
--------

Swift has a feature where all the contents of a container can be mirrored to
another container through background synchronization. Swift cluster operators
configure their cluster to allow/accept sync requests to/from other clusters,
and the user specifies where to sync their container to along with a secret
synchronization key.

.. note::

    If you are using the large objects feature you will need to ensure both
    your manifest file and your segment files are synced if they happen to be
    in different containers.

--------------------------
Configuring Container Sync
--------------------------

Create a ``container-sync-realms.conf`` file specifying the allowable clusters
and their information::

    [realm1]
    key = realm1key
    key2 = realm1key2
    cluster_clustername1 = https://host1/v1/
    cluster_clustername2 = https://host2/v1/

    [realm2]
    key = realm2key
    key2 = realm2key2
    cluster_clustername3 = https://host3/v1/
    cluster_clustername4 = https://host4/v1/


Each section name is the name of a sync realm. A sync realm is a set of
clusters that have agreed to allow container syncing with each other. Realm
names will be considered case insensitive.

The key is the overall cluster-to-cluster key used in combination with the
external users' key that they set on their containers'
``X-Container-Sync-Key`` metadata header values. These keys will be used to
sign each request the container sync daemon makes and used to validate each
incoming container sync request.

The key2 is optional and is an additional key incoming requests will be checked
against. This is so you can rotate keys if you wish; you move the existing key
to key2 and make a new key value.

Any values in the realm section whose names begin with ``cluster_`` will
indicate the name and endpoint of a cluster and will be used by external users in
their containers' ``X-Container-Sync-To`` metadata header values with the format
"//realm_name/cluster_name/account_name/container_name". Realm and cluster
names are considered case insensitive.

The endpoint is what the container sync daemon will use when sending out
requests to that cluster. Keep in mind this endpoint must be reachable by all
container servers, since that is where the container sync daemon runs. Note
that the endpoint ends with /v1/ and that the container sync daemon will then
add the account/container/obj name after that.

Distribute this ``container-sync-realms.conf`` file to all your proxy servers
and container servers.

You also need to add the container_sync middleware to your proxy pipeline. It
needs to be after any memcache middleware and before any auth middleware. The
container_sync section only needs the "use" item. For example::

    [pipeline:main]
    pipeline = healthcheck proxy-logging cache container_sync tempauth proxy-logging proxy-server

    [filter:container_sync]
    use = egg:swift#container_sync


-------------------------------------------------------
Old-Style: Configuring a Cluster's Allowable Sync Hosts
-------------------------------------------------------

This section is for the old-style of using container sync. See the previous
section, Configuring Container Sync, for the new-style.

With the old-style, the Swift cluster operator must allow synchronization with
a set of hosts before the user can enable container synchronization. First, the
backend container server needs to be given this list of hosts in the
``container-server.conf`` file::

    [DEFAULT]
    # This is a comma separated list of hosts allowed in the
    # X-Container-Sync-To field for containers.
    # allowed_sync_hosts = 127.0.0.1
    allowed_sync_hosts = host1,host2,etc.
    ...

    [container-sync]
    # You can override the default log routing for this app here (don't
    # use set!):
    # log_name = container-sync
    # log_facility = LOG_LOCAL0
    # log_level = INFO
    # Will sync, at most, each container once per interval
    # interval = 300
    # Maximum amount of time to spend syncing each container
    # container_time = 60


----------------------
Logging Container Sync
----------------------

Tracking sync progress, problems, and just general activity can only be
achieved with log processing currently for container synchronization. In that
light, you may wish to set the above `log_` options to direct the
container-sync logs to a different file for easier monitoring. Additionally, it
should be noted there is no way for an end user to detect sync progress or
problems other than HEADing both containers and comparing the overall
information.

----------------------------------------------------------
Using the ``swift`` tool to set up synchronized containers
----------------------------------------------------------

.. note::

    The ``swift`` tool is available from the `python-swiftclient`_ library.

.. note::

    You must be the account admin on the account to set synchronization targets
    and keys.

You simply tell each container where to sync to and give it a secret
synchronization key. First, let's get the account details for our two cluster
accounts::

    $ swift -A http://cluster1/auth/v1.0 -U test:tester -K testing stat -v
    StorageURL: http://cluster1/v1/AUTH_208d1854-e475-4500-b315-81de645d060e
    Auth Token: AUTH_tkd5359e46ff9e419fa193dbd367f3cd19
       Account: AUTH_208d1854-e475-4500-b315-81de645d060e
    Containers: 0
       Objects: 0
         Bytes: 0

    $ swift -A http://cluster2/auth/v1.0 -U test2:tester2 -K testing2 stat -v
    StorageURL: http://cluster2/v1/AUTH_33cdcad8-09fb-4940-90da-0f00cbf21c7c
    Auth Token: AUTH_tk816a1aaf403c49adb92ecfca2f88e430
       Account: AUTH_33cdcad8-09fb-4940-90da-0f00cbf21c7c
    Containers: 0
       Objects: 0
         Bytes: 0

Now, let's make our first container and tell it to synchronize to a second
we'll make next::

    $ swift -A http://cluster1/auth/v1.0 -U test:tester -K testing post \
      -t '//realm_name/clustername2/AUTH_33cdcad8-09fb-4940-90da-0f00cbf21c7c/container2' \
      -k 'secret' container1

The ``-t`` indicates the cluster to sync to, which is the realm name of the
section from container-sync-realms.conf, followed by the cluster name from
that section (without the cluster\_ prefix), followed by the account and container
names we want to sync to. The ``-k`` specifies the secret key the two containers will share for
synchronization; this is the user key, the cluster key in
container-sync-realms.conf will also be used behind the scenes.

Now, we'll do something similar for the second cluster's container::

    $ swift -A http://cluster2/auth/v1.0 -U test2:tester2 -K testing2 post \
      -t '//realm_name/clustername1/AUTH_208d1854-e475-4500-b315-81de645d060e/container1' \
      -k 'secret' container2

That's it. Now we can upload a bunch of stuff to the first container and watch
as it gets synchronized over to the second::

    $ swift -A http://cluster1/auth/v1.0 -U test:tester -K testing \
      upload container1 .
    photo002.png
    photo004.png
    photo001.png
    photo003.png

    $ swift -A http://cluster2/auth/v1.0 -U test2:tester2 -K testing2 \
      list container2

    [Nothing there yet, so we wait a bit...]

.. note::

    If you're an operator running SAIO and just testing, each time you
    configure a container for synchronization and place objects in the
    source container you will need to ensure that container-sync runs
    before attempting to retrieve objects from the target container.
    That is, you need to run::

      swift-init container-sync once

Now expect to see objects copied from the first container to the second::

    $ swift -A http://cluster2/auth/v1.0 -U test2:tester2 -K testing2 \
      list container2
    photo001.png
    photo002.png
    photo003.png
    photo004.png

You can also set up a chain of synced containers if you want more than two.
You'd point 1 -> 2, then 2 -> 3, and finally 3 -> 1 for three containers.
They'd all need to share the same secret synchronization key.

.. _`python-swiftclient`: http://github.com/openstack/python-swiftclient

-----------------------------------
Using curl (or other tools) instead
-----------------------------------

So what's ``swift`` doing behind the scenes? Nothing overly complicated. It
translates the ``-t <value>`` option into an ``X-Container-Sync-To: <value>``
header and the ``-k <value>`` option into an ``X-Container-Sync-Key: <value>``
header.

For instance, when we created the first container above and told it to
synchronize to the second, we could have used this curl command::

    $ curl -i -X POST -H 'X-Auth-Token: AUTH_tkd5359e46ff9e419fa193dbd367f3cd19' \
      -H 'X-Container-Sync-To: //realm_name/clustername2/AUTH_33cdcad8-09fb-4940-90da-0f00cbf21c7c/container2' \
      -H 'X-Container-Sync-Key: secret' \
      'http://cluster1/v1/AUTH_208d1854-e475-4500-b315-81de645d060e/container1'
    HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
    Content-Length: 0
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
    Date: Thu, 24 Feb 2011 22:39:14 GMT

---------------------------------------------------------------------
Old-Style: Using the ``swift`` tool to set up synchronized containers
---------------------------------------------------------------------

.. note::

    The ``swift`` tool is available from the `python-swiftclient`_ library.

.. note::

    You must be the account admin on the account to set synchronization targets
    and keys.

This is for the old-style of container syncing using allowed_sync_hosts.

You simply tell each container where to sync to and give it a secret
synchronization key. First, let's get the account details for our two cluster
accounts::

    $ swift -A http://cluster1/auth/v1.0 -U test:tester -K testing stat -v
    StorageURL: http://cluster1/v1/AUTH_208d1854-e475-4500-b315-81de645d060e
    Auth Token: AUTH_tkd5359e46ff9e419fa193dbd367f3cd19
       Account: AUTH_208d1854-e475-4500-b315-81de645d060e
    Containers: 0
       Objects: 0
         Bytes: 0

    $ swift -A http://cluster2/auth/v1.0 -U test2:tester2 -K testing2 stat -v
    StorageURL: http://cluster2/v1/AUTH_33cdcad8-09fb-4940-90da-0f00cbf21c7c
    Auth Token: AUTH_tk816a1aaf403c49adb92ecfca2f88e430
       Account: AUTH_33cdcad8-09fb-4940-90da-0f00cbf21c7c
    Containers: 0
       Objects: 0
         Bytes: 0

Now, let's make our first container and tell it to synchronize to a second
we'll make next::

    $ swift -A http://cluster1/auth/v1.0 -U test:tester -K testing post \
      -t 'http://cluster2/v1/AUTH_33cdcad8-09fb-4940-90da-0f00cbf21c7c/container2' \
      -k 'secret' container1

The ``-t`` indicates the URL to sync to, which is the ``StorageURL`` from
cluster2 we retrieved above plus the container name. The ``-k`` specifies the
secret key the two containers will share for synchronization. Now, we'll do
something similar for the second cluster's container::

    $ swift -A http://cluster2/auth/v1.0 -U test2:tester2 -K testing2 post \
      -t 'http://cluster1/v1/AUTH_208d1854-e475-4500-b315-81de645d060e/container1' \
      -k 'secret' container2

That's it. Now we can upload a bunch of stuff to the first container and watch
as it gets synchronized over to the second::

    $ swift -A http://cluster1/auth/v1.0 -U test:tester -K testing \
      upload container1 .
    photo002.png
    photo004.png
    photo001.png
    photo003.png

    $ swift -A http://cluster2/auth/v1.0 -U test2:tester2 -K testing2 \
      list container2

    [Nothing there yet, so we wait a bit...]
    [If you're an operator running SAIO and just testing, you may need to
     run 'swift-init container-sync once' to perform a sync scan.]

    $ swift -A http://cluster2/auth/v1.0 -U test2:tester2 -K testing2 \
      list container2
    photo001.png
    photo002.png
    photo003.png
    photo004.png

You can also set up a chain of synced containers if you want more than two.
You'd point 1 -> 2, then 2 -> 3, and finally 3 -> 1 for three containers.
They'd all need to share the same secret synchronization key.

.. _`python-swiftclient`: http://github.com/openstack/python-swiftclient

----------------------------------------------
Old-Style: Using curl (or other tools) instead
----------------------------------------------

This is for the old-style of container syncing using allowed_sync_hosts.

So what's ``swift`` doing behind the scenes? Nothing overly complicated. It
translates the ``-t <value>`` option into an ``X-Container-Sync-To: <value>``
header and the ``-k <value>`` option into an ``X-Container-Sync-Key: <value>``
header.

For instance, when we created the first container above and told it to
synchronize to the second, we could have used this curl command::

    $ curl -i -X POST -H 'X-Auth-Token: AUTH_tkd5359e46ff9e419fa193dbd367f3cd19' \
      -H 'X-Container-Sync-To: http://cluster2/v1/AUTH_33cdcad8-09fb-4940-90da-0f00cbf21c7c/container2' \
      -H 'X-Container-Sync-Key: secret' \
      'http://cluster1/v1/AUTH_208d1854-e475-4500-b315-81de645d060e/container1'
    HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
    Content-Length: 0
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
    Date: Thu, 24 Feb 2011 22:39:14 GMT

--------------------------------------------------
What's going on behind the scenes, in the cluster?
--------------------------------------------------

Container ring devices have a directory called ``containers``, where container
databases reside. In addition to ``containers``, each container ring device
also has a directory called ``sync-containers``. ``sync-containers`` holds
symlinks to container databases that were configured for container sync using
``x-container-sync-to`` and ``x-container-sync-key`` metadata keys.

The swift-container-sync process does the job of sending updates to the remote
container. This is done by scanning ``sync-containers`` for container
databases. For each container db found, newer rows since the last sync will
trigger PUTs or DELETEs to the other container.

``sync-containers`` is maintained as follows:
Whenever the container-server processes a PUT or a POST request that carries
``x-container-sync-to`` and ``x-container-sync-key`` metadata keys the server
creates a symlink to the container database in ``sync-containers``. Whenever
the container server deletes a synced container, the appropriate symlink
is deleted from ``sync-containers``.

In addition to the container-server, the container-replicator process does the
job of identifying containers that should be synchronized. This is done by
scanning the local devices for container databases and checking for
x-container-sync-to and x-container-sync-key metadata values. If they exist
then a symlink to the container database is created in a sync-containers
sub-directory on the same device.

Similarly, when the container sync metadata keys are deleted, the container
server and container-replicator would take care of deleting the symlinks 
from ``sync-containers``.

.. note::

    The swift-container-sync process runs on each container server in the
    cluster and talks to the proxy servers (or load balancers) in the remote
    cluster. Therefore, the container servers must be permitted to initiate
    outbound connections to the remote proxy servers (or load balancers).

The actual syncing is slightly more complicated to make use of the three
(or number-of-replicas) main nodes for a container without each trying to
do the exact same work but also without missing work if one node happens to
be down.

Two sync points are kept in each container database. When syncing a
container, the container-sync process figures out which replica of the
container it has. In a standard 3-replica scenario, the process will
have either replica number 0, 1, or 2. This is used to figure out
which rows are belong to this sync process and which ones don't.

An example may help. Assume a replica count of 3 and database row IDs
are 1..6. Also, assume that container-sync is running on this
container for the first time, hence SP1 = SP2 = -1. ::

   SP1
   SP2
    |
    v
   -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

First, the container-sync process looks for rows with id between SP1
and SP2. Since this is the first run, SP1 = SP2 = -1, and there aren't
any such rows. ::

   SP1
   SP2
    |
    v
   -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Second, the container-sync process looks for rows with id greater than
SP1, and syncs those rows which it owns. Ownership is based on the
hash of the object name, so it's not always guaranteed to be exactly
one out of every three rows, but it usually gets close. For the sake
of example, let's say that this process ends up owning rows 2 and 5.

Once it's finished trying to sync those rows, it updates SP1 to be the
biggest row-id that it's seen, which is 6 in this example. ::

   SP2           SP1
    |             |
    v             v
   -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

While all that was going on, clients uploaded new objects into the
container, creating new rows in the database. ::

   SP2           SP1
    |             |
    v             v
   -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

On the next run, the container-sync starts off looking at rows with
ids between SP1 and SP2. This time, there are a bunch of them. The
sync process try to sync all of them. If it succeeds, it will set
SP2 to equal SP1. If it fails, it will set SP2 to the failed object
and will continue to try all other objects till SP1, setting SP2 to
the first object that failed.

Under normal circumstances, the container-sync processes
will have already taken care of synchronizing all rows, between SP1
and SP2, resulting in a set of quick checks.
However, if one of the sync
processes failed for some reason, then this is a vital fallback to
make sure all the objects in the container get synchronized. Without
this seemingly-redundant work, any container-sync failure results in
unsynchronized objects. Note that the container sync will persistently
retry to sync any faulty object until success, while logging each failure.

Once it's done with the fallback rows, and assuming no faults occurred,
SP2 is advanced to SP1. ::

                 SP2
                 SP1
                  |
                  v
   -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Then, rows with row ID greater than SP1 are synchronized (provided
this container-sync process is responsible for them), and SP1 is moved
up to the greatest row ID seen. ::

                 SP2            SP1
                  |              |
                  v              v
   -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
