systemd.special

systemd
Developer Lennart Poettering lennart@poettering.net
systemd.special 7
systemd.special Special systemd units

`basic.target`, `bluetooth.target`, `ctrl-alt-del.target`, `cryptsetup.target`, `dbus.service`, `dbus.socket`, `default.target`, `display-manager.service`, `emergency.target`, `exit.target`, `final.target`, `getty.target`, `graphical.target`, `halt.target`, `hibernate.target`, `hybrid-sleep.target`, `initrd-fs.target`, `kbrequest.target`, `kexec.target`, `local-fs.target`, `local-fs-pre.target`, `multi-user.target`, `network.target`, `network-online.target`, `nss-lookup.target`, `nss-user-lookup.target`, `paths.target`, `poweroff.target`, `printer.target`, `reboot.target`, `remote-fs.target`, `remote-fs-pre.target`, `rescue.target`, `initrd-root-fs.target`, `rpcbind.target`, `runlevel2.target`, `runlevel3.target`, `runlevel4.target`, `runlevel5.target`, `shutdown.target`, `sigpwr.target`, `sleep.target`, `smartcard.target`, `sockets.target`, `sound.target`, `suspend.target`, `swap.target`, `sysinit.target`, `syslog.socket`, `system-update.target`, `time-sync.target`, `timers.target`, `umount.target`

## Description

A few units are treated specially by systemd. They have special internal semantics and cannot be renamed.

## Special System Units

`basic.target`

  A special target unit covering basic boot-up.

  systemd automatically adds dependencies of the types `Requires=` and `After=` for this target unit to all services (except for those with `DefaultDependencies=no`).

  Usually this should pull-in all mount points, swap devices, sockets, timers, and path units and other basic initialization necessary for general purpose daemons.

`ctrl-alt-del.target`

  systemd starts this target whenever Control+Alt+Del is pressed on the console. Usually this should be aliased (symlinked) to `reboot.target`.

`cryptsetup.target`

  A target that pulls in setup services for all encrypted block devices.

`dbus.service`

  A special unit for the D-Bus bus daemon. As soon as this service is fully started up systemd will connect to it and register its service.

`dbus.socket`

  A special unit for the D-Bus system bus socket. All units with `Type=dbus` automatically gain a dependency on this unit.

`default.target`

  The default unit systemd starts at bootup. Usually this should be aliased (symlinked) to `multi-user.target` or `graphical.target`.

  The default unit systemd starts at bootup can be overridden with the `systemd.unit=` kernel command line option.

`display-manager.service`

  The display manager service. Usually this should be aliased (symlinked) to `gdm.service` or a similar display manager service.

`emergency.target`

  A special target unit that starts an emergency shell on the main console. This unit is supposed to be used with the kernel command line option `systemd.unit=` and has otherwise little use.

`final.target`

  A special target unit that is used during the shutdown logic and may be used to pull in late services after all normal services are already terminated and all mounts unmounted.

`getty.target`

  A special target unit that pulls in statically configured local TTY `getty` instances.

`graphical.target`

  A special target unit for setting up a graphical login screen. This pulls in `multi-user.target`.

  Units that are needed for graphical logins shall add `Wants=` dependencies for their unit to this unit (or `multi-user.target`) during installation. This is best configured via `WantedBy=graphical.target` in the unit's `[Install]` section.

`hibernate.target`

  A special target unit for hibernating the system. This pulls in `sleep.target`.

`hybrid-sleep.target`

  A special target unit for hibernating and suspending the system at the same time. This pulls in `sleep.target`.

`halt.target`

  A special target unit for shutting down and halting the system. Note that this target is distinct from `poweroff.target` in that it generally really just halts the system rather than powering it down.

  Applications wanting to halt the system should start this unit.

`initrd-fs.target`

  systemd-fstab-generator 3 automatically adds dependencies of type `Before=` to `sysroot-usr.mount` and all mount points fround in `/etc/fstab` that have the `auto` and `x-initrd.mount` mount options set.

`kbrequest.target`

  systemd starts this target whenever Alt+ArrowUp is pressed on the console. This is a good candidate to be aliased (symlinked) to `rescue.target`.

`kexec.target`

  A special target unit for shutting down and rebooting the system via kexec.

  Applications wanting to reboot the system with kexec should start this unit.

`local-fs.target`

  systemd-fstab-generator 3 automatically adds dependencies of type `Before=` to all mount units that refer to local mount points for this target unit. In addition, it adds dependencies of type `Wants=` to this target unit for those mounts listed in `/etc/fstab` that have the `auto` mount option set.

`multi-user.target`

  A special target unit for setting up a multi-user system (non-graphical). This is pulled in by `graphical.target`.

  Units that are needed for a multi-user system shall add `Wants=` dependencies for their unit to this unit during installation. This is best configured via `WantedBy=multi-uer.target` in the unit's `[Install]` section.

`network-online.target`

  Units that strictly require a configured network connection should pull in `network-online.target` (via a `Wants=` type dependency) and order themselves after it. This target unit is intended to pull in a service that delays further execution until the network is sufficiently set up. What precisely this requires is left to the implementation of the network managing service.

  Note the distinction between this unit and `network.target`. This unit is an active unit (i.e. pulled in by the consumer rather than the provider of this functionality) and pulls in a service which possibly adds substantial delays to further execution. In contrast, `network.target` is a passive unit (i.e. pulled in by the provider of the functionality, rather than the consumer) that usually does not delay execution much. Usually, `network.target` is part of the boot of most systems, while `network-online.target` is not, except when at least one unit requires it. Also see Running Services After the Network is up for more information.

  All mount units for remote network file systems automatically pull in this unit, and order themselves after it. Note that networking daemons that simply provide functionality to other hosts generally don't need to pull this in.

`paths.target`

  A special target unit that sets up all path units (see systemd.path 5 for details) that shall be active after boot.

  It is recommended that path units installed by applications get pulled in via `Wants=` dependencies from this unit. This is best configured via a `WantedBy=paths.target` in the path unit's `[Install]` section.

`poweroff.target`

  A special target unit for shutting down and powering off the system.

  Applications wanting to power off the system should start this unit.

  `runlevel0.target` is an alias for this target unit, for compatibility with SysV.

`reboot.target`

  A special target unit for shutting down and rebooting the system.

  Applications wanting to reboot the system should start this unit.

  `runlevel6.target` is an alias for this target unit, for compatibility with SysV.

`remote-fs.target`

  Similar to `local-fs.target`, but for remote mount points.

  systemd automatically adds dependencies of type `After=` for this target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the `$remote_fs` facility.

`rescue.target`

  A special target unit for setting up the base system and a rescue shell.

  `runlevel1.target` is an alias for this target unit, for compatibility with SysV.

`initrd-root-fs.target`

  systemd-fstab-generator 3 automatically adds dependencies of type `Before=` to the `sysroot.mount` unit, which is generated from the kernel command line.

`runlevel2.target`
`runlevel3.target`
`runlevel4.target`
`runlevel5.target`

  These are targets that are called whenever the SysV compatibility code asks for runlevel 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively. It is a good idea to make this an alias for (i.e. symlink to) `multi-user.target` (for runlevel 2) or `graphical.target` (the others).

`shutdown.target`

  A special target unit that terminates the services on system shutdown.

  Services that shall be terminated on system shutdown shall add `Conflicts=` dependencies to this unit for their service unit, which is implicitly done when `DefaultDependencies=yes` is set (the default).

`sigpwr.target`

  A special target that is started when systemd receives the SIGPWR process signal, which is normally sent by the kernel or UPS daemons when power fails.

`sleep.target`

  A special target unit that is pulled in by `suspend.target`, `hibernate.target` and `hybrid-sleep.target` and may be used to hook units into the sleep state logic.

`sockets.target`

  A special target unit that sets up all socket units.(see systemd.socket 5 for details) that shall be active after boot.

  Services that can be socket-activated shall add `Wants=` dependencies to this unit for their socket unit during installation. This is best configured via a `WantedBy=sockets.target` in the socket unit's `[Install]` section.

`suspend.target`

  A special target unit for suspending the system. This pulls in `sleep.target`.

`swap.target`

  Similar to `local-fs.target`, but for swap partitions and swap files.

`sysinit.target`

  A special target unit covering early boot-up scripts.

`syslog.socket`

  The socket unit syslog implementations should listen on. All userspace log messages will be made available on this socket. For more information about syslog integration, please consult the Syslog Interface document.

`system-update.target`

  A special target unit that is used for off-line system updates. systemd-system-update-generator 8 will redirect the boot process to this target if `/system-update` exists. For more information see the System Updates Specification.

`timers.target`

  A special target unit that sets up all timer units (see systemd.timer 5 for details) that shall be active after boot.

  It is recommended that timer units installed by applications get pulled in via `Wants=` dependencies from this unit. This is best configured via `WantedBy=timers.target` in the timer unit's `[Install]` section.

`umount.target`

  A special target unit that umounts all mount and automount points on system shutdown.

  Mounts that shall be unmounted on system shutdown shall add Conflicts dependencies to this unit for their mount unit, which is implicitly done when `DefaultDependencies=yes` is set (the default).

## Special System Units for Devices

Some target units are automatically pulled in as devices of certain kinds show up in the system. These may be used to automatically activate various services based on the specific type of the available hardware.

`bluetooth.target`

  This target is started automatically as soon as a Bluetooth controller is plugged in or becomes available at boot.

  This may be used to pull in Bluetooth management daemons dynamically when Bluetooth hardware is found.

`printer.target`

  This target is started automatically as soon as a printer is plugged in or becomes available at boot.

  This may be used to pull in printer management daemons dynamically when printer hardware is found.

`smartcard.target`

  This target is started automatically as soon as a smartcard controller is plugged in or becomes available at boot.

  This may be used to pull in smartcard management daemons dynamically when smartcard hardware is found.

`sound.target`

  This target is started automatically as soon as a sound card is plugged in or becomes available at boot.

  This may be used to pull in audio management daemons dynamically when audio hardware is found.

## Special Passive System Units

A number of special system targets are defined that can be used to properly order boot-up of optional services. These targets are generally not part of the initial boot transaction, unless they are explicitly pulled in by one of the implementing services. Note specifically, that these passive target units are generally not pulled in by the consumer of a service, but by the provider of the service. This means: a consuming service should order itself after these targets (as appropriate), but not pull it in. A providing service should order itself before these targets (as appropriate) and pull it in (via a `Wants=` type dependency).

Note that these passive units cannot be started manually, i.e. `systemctl start time-sync.target` will fail with an error. They can only be pulled in by dependency. This is enforced since they exist for ordering purposes only and thus are not useful as only unit within a transaction.

`local-fs-pre.target`

  This target unit is automatically ordered before all local mount points marked with `auto` (see above). It can be used to execute certain units before all local mounts.

`network.target`

  This unit is supposed to indicate when network functionality is available, but it is only very weakly defined what that is supposed to mean, with one exception: at shutdown, a unit that is ordered after `network.target` will be stopped before the network -- to whatever level it might be set up then -- is shut down. Also see Running Services After the Network is up for more information. Also see `network-online.target` described above.

  systemd automatically adds dependencies of type `After=` for this target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the `$network` facility.

`nss-lookup.target`

  A target that should be used as synchronization point for all host/network name service lookups. Note that this is independent of user/group name lookups for which `nss-user-lookup.target` should be used. systemd automatically adds dependencies of type `After=` for this target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the `$named` facility.

`nss-user-lookup.target`

  A target that should be used as synchronization point for all user/group name service lookups. Note that this is independent of host/network name lookups for which `nss-lookup.target` should be used.

`remote-fs-pre.target`

  This target unit is automatically ordered before all remote mount point units (see above). It can be used to run certain units before the remote mounts are established. Note that this unit is generally not part of the initial transaction, unless the unit that wants to be ordered before all remote mounts pulls it in via a `Wants=` type dependency. If the unit wants to be pulled in by the first remote mount showing up it should use `network-online.target` (see above).

  Again, this target unit is not suitable for pulling in other units, it is only useful for ordering.

`rpcbind.target`

  systemd automatically adds dependencies of type `After=` for this target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the `$portmap` facility.

`time-sync.target`

  systemd automatically adds dependencies of type `After=` for this target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the `$time` facility.

## Special User Units

When systemd runs as a user instance, the following special units are available, which have similar definitions as their system counterparts: `default.target`, `shutdown.target`, `sockets.target`, `timers.target`, `paths.target`, `bluetooth.target`, `printer.target`, `smartcard.target`, `sound.target`.

In addition the following special unit is understood only when systemd runs as service instance:

`exit.target`

  A special service unit for shutting down the user service manager.

  Applications wanting to terminate the user service manager should start this unit. If systemd receives SIGTERM or SIGINT when running as user service daemon it will start this unit.

  Normally, this pulls in `shutdown.target` which in turn should be conflicted by all units that want to be shut down on user service manager exit.

## See Also

systemd 1, systemd.unit 5, systemd.service 5, systemd.socket 5, systemd.target 5, bootup 7, systemd-fstab-generator 8