


Network Working Group                                          V. Fuller
Internet-Draft                                              D. Farinacci
Intended status: Experimental                                   D. Meyer
Expires: June 8, 2012                                           D. Lewis
                                                                   Cisco
                                                        December 6, 2011


                  LISP Alternative Topology (LISP+ALT)
                       draft-ietf-lisp-alt-10.txt

Abstract

   This document describes a simple distributed index system to be used
   by a Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) Ingress Tunnel Router
   (ITR) or Map Resolver (MR) to find the Egress Tunnel Router (ETR)
   which holds the mapping information for a particular Endpoint
   Identifier (EID).  The MR can then query that ETR to obtain the
   actual mapping information, which consists of a list of Routing
   Locators (RLOCs) for the EID.  Termed the Alternative Logical
   Topology (ALT), the index is built as an overlay network on the
   public Internet using the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and the
   Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE).

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 8, 2012.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents



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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Definition of Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   3.  The LISP+ALT model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.1.  Routeability of EIDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       3.1.1.  Mechanisms for an ETR to originate EID-prefixes  . . . 10
       3.1.2.  Mechanisms for an ITR to forward to EID-prefixes . . . 10
       3.1.3.  Map Server Model preferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     3.2.  Connectivity to non-LISP sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     3.3.  Caveats on the use of Data Probes  . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   4.  LISP+ALT: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.1.  ITR traffic handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     4.2.  EID Assignment - Hierarchy and Topology  . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.3.  Use of GRE and BGP between LISP+ALT Routers  . . . . . . . 15
   5.  EID-prefix Propagation and Map-Request Forwarding  . . . . . . 16
     5.1.  Changes to ITR behavior with LISP+ALT  . . . . . . . . . . 16
     5.2.  Changes to ETR behavior with LISP+ALT  . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.3.  ALT Datagram forwarding falure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   6.  BGP configuration and protocol considerations  . . . . . . . . 19
     6.1.  Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) in LISP+ALT . . . . . . . 19
     6.2.  Sub-Address Family Identifier (SAFI) for LISP+ALT  . . . . 19
   7.  EID-prefix Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     7.1.  Stability of the ALT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     7.2.  Traffic engineering using LISP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     7.3.  Edge aggregation and dampening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     7.4.  EID assignment flexibility vs. ALT scaling . . . . . . . . 21
   8.  Connecting sites to the ALT network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     8.1.  ETRs originating information into the ALT  . . . . . . . . 23
     8.2.  ITRs Using the ALT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   9.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     10.1. Apparent LISP+ALT Vulnerabilities  . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     10.2. Survey of LISP+ALT Security Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . 27
     10.3. Use of new IETF standard BGP Security mechanisms . . . . . 27
   11. Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29



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   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30


















































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1.  Introduction

   This document describes the LISP+ALT system, used by a [LISP] ITR or
   MR to find the ETR that holds the RLOC mapping information for a
   particular EID.  The ALT network is built using the Border Gateway
   Protocol (BGP, [RFC4271]), the BGP multi-protocol extension
   [RFC4760], and the Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE, [RFC2784]) to
   construct an overlay network of devices (ALT Routers) which operate
   on EID-prefixes and use EIDs as forwarding destinations.

   ALT Routers advertise hierarchically-delegated segments of the EID
   namespace (i.e., prefixes) toward the rest of the ALT; they also
   forward traffic destined for an EID covered by one of those prefixes
   toward the network element that is authoritative for that EID and is
   the origin of the BGP advertisement for that EID-prefix.  An Ingress
   Tunnel Router (ITR) uses this overlay to send a LISP Map-Request
   (defined in [LISP]) to the Egress Tunnel Router (ETR) that holds the
   EID-to-RLOC mapping for a matching EID-prefix.  In most cases, an ITR
   does not connect directly to the overlay network but instead sends
   Map-Requests via a Map-Resolver (described in [LISP-MS]) which does.
   Likewise, in most cases, an ETR does not connect directly to the
   overlay network but instead registers its EID-prefixes with a Map-
   Server that advertises those EID-prefixes on to the ALT and forwards
   Map-Requests for them to the ETR.

   It is important to note that the ALT does not distribute actual EID-
   to-RLOC mappings.  What it does provide is a forwarding path from an
   ITR (or MR) which requires an EID-to-RLOC mapping to an ETR which
   holds that mapping.  The ITR/MR uses this path to send an ALT
   Datagram (see Section 3) to an ETR which then responds with a Map-
   Reply containing the needed mapping information.

   One design goal for LISP+ALT is to use existing technology wherever
   possible.  To this end, the ALT is intended to be built using off-
   the-shelf routers which already implement the required protocols (BGP
   and GRE); little, if any, LISP-specific modifications should be
   needed for such devices to be deployed on the ALT (see Section 7 for
   aggregation requirements).  Note, though, that organizational and
   operational considerations suggest that ALT Routers be both logically
   and physically separate from the "native" Internet packet transport
   system; deploying this overlay on those routers which are already
   participating in the global routing system and actively forwarding
   Internet traffic is not recommended.

   This specification is experimental, and there are areas where further
   experience is needed to understand the best implementation strategy,
   operational model, and effects on Internet operations.  These areas
   include:



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   o  application effects of on-demand route map discovery

   o  tradeoff in connection setup time vs. ALT design and performance
      when using a Map Request instead of carring initial user data in a
      Data Probe

   o  best practical ways to build ALT hierarchies

   o  effects of route leakage from ALT to the current Internet,
      particularly for LISP-to-non-LISP interworking

   o  effects of exceptional situations, such as denial-of-service
      attacks

   Experimentation, measurements, and deployment experience on these
   aspects is appreciated.  While these issues are conceptually well-
   understood (e.g. an ALT lookup causes potential delay for the first
   packet destined to a given network), the real-world operational
   effects are much less clear.

   The remainder of this document is organized as follows: Section 2
   provides the definitions of terms used in this document.  Section 3
   outlines the LISP ALT model, where EID prefixes are routed across an
   overlay network.  Section 4 provides a basic overview of the LISP
   Alternate Topology architecture, and Section 5 describes how the ALT
   uses BGP to propagate Endpoint Identifier reachability over the
   overlay network and Section 6 describes other considerations for
   using BGP on the ALT.  Section 7 describes the construction of the
   ALT aggregation hierarchy, and Section 8 discusses how LISP+ALT
   elements are connected to form the overlay network.





















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2.  Definition of Terms

   This section provides high-level definitions of LISP concepts and
   components involved with and affected by LISP+ALT.

    Alternative Logical Topology (ALT):  The virtual overlay network
      made up of tunnels between LISP+ALT Routers.  The Border Gateway
      Protocol (BGP) runs between ALT Routers and is used to carry
      reachability information for EID-prefixes.  The ALT provides a way
      to forward Map-Requests (and, if supported, Data Probes) toward
      the ETR that "owns" an EID-prefix.  As a tunneled overlay, its
      performance is expected to be quite limited so use of it to
      forward high-bandwidth flows of Data Probes is strongly
      discouraged (see Section 3.3 for additional discussion).

    ALT Router:  The devices which run on the ALT.  The ALT is a static
      network built using tunnels between ALT Routers.  These routers
      are deployed in a roughly-hierarchical mesh in which routers at
      each level in the topology are responsible for aggregating EID-
      prefixes learned from those logically "below" them and advertising
      summary prefixes to those logically "above" them.  Prefix learning
      and propagation between ALT Routers is done using BGP.  An ALT
      Router at the lowest level, or "edge" of the ALT, learns EID-
      prefixes from its "client" ETRs.  See Section 3.1 for a
      description of how EID-prefixes are learned at the "edge" of the
      ALT.  See also Section 6 for details on how BGP is configured
      between the different network elements.  When an ALT Router
      receives an ALT Datagram, it looks up the destination EID in its
      forwarding table (composed of EID prefix routes it learned from
      neighboring ALT Routers) and forwards it to the logical next-hop
      on the overlay network.

    Endpoint ID (EID):  A 32-bit (for IPv4) or 128-bit (for ipv6) value
      used to identify the ultimate source or destination for a LISP-
      encapsulated packet.  See [LISP] for details.

    EID-prefix:  A set of EIDs delegated in a power-of-two block.  EID-
      prefixes are routed on the ALT (not on the global Internet) and
      are expected to be assigned in a hierarchical manner such that
      they can be aggregated by ALT Routers.  Such a block is
      characterized by a prefix and a length.  Note that while the ALT
      routing system considers an EID-prefix to be an opaque block of
      EIDs, an end site may put site-local, topologically-relevant
      structure (subnetting) into an EID-prefix for intra-site routing.







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    Aggregated EID-prefixes:  A set of individual EID-prefixes that have
      been aggregated in the [RFC4632] sense.

    Map Server (MS):   An edge ALT Router that provides a registration
      function for non-ALT-connected ETRs, originates EID-prefixes into
      the ALT on behalf of those ETRs, and forwards Map-Requests to
      them.  See [LISP-MS] for details.

    Map Resolver (MR):   An edge ALT Router that accepts an Encapsulated
      Map-Request from a non-ALT-connected ITR, decapsulates it, and
      forwards it on to the ALT toward the ETR which owns the requested
      EID-prefix.  See [LISP-MS] for details.

    Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR):   A router which sends LISP Map-
      Requests or encapsulates IP datagrams with LISP headers, as
      defined in [LISP].  In this document, the term refers to any
      device implementing ITR functionality, including a Proxy-ITR (see
      [LISP-IW]).  Under some circumstances, a LISP Map Resolver may
      also originate Map-Requests (see [LISP-MS]).

    Egress Tunnel Router (ETR):   A router which sends LISP Map-Replies
      in response to LISP Map-Requests and decapsulates LISP-
      encapsulated IP datagrams for delivery to end systems, as defined
      in [LISP].  In this document, the term refers to any device
      implementing ETR functionality, including a Proxy-ETR (see
      [LISP-IW]).  Under some circumstances, a LISP Map Server may also
      respond to Map-Requests (see [LISP-MS]).

    Routing Locator (RLOC):  A routable IP address for a LISP tunnel
      router (ITR or ETR).  Interchangeably referred to as a "locator"
      in this document.  An RLOC is also the output of an EID-to-RLOC
      mapping lookup; an EID-prefix maps to one or more RLOCs.
      Typically, RLOCs are numbered from topologically-aggregatable
      blocks that are assigned to a site at each point where it attaches
      to the global Internet; where the topology is defined by the
      connectivity of provider networks, RLOCs can be thought of as
      Provider Aggregatable (PA) addresses.  Routing for RLOCs is not
      carried on the ALT.

    EID-to-RLOC Mapping:  A binding between an EID-prefix and the set of
      RLOCs that can be used to reach it; sometimes referred to simply
      as a "mapping".

    EID-prefix Reachability:  An EID-prefix is said to be "reachable" if
      at least one of its locators is reachable.  That is, an EID-prefix
      is reachable if the ETR that is authoritative for a given EID-to-
      RLOC mapping is reachable.




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    Default Mapping:  A Default Mapping is a mapping entry for EID-
      prefix 0.0.0.0/0 (::/0 for ipv6).  It maps to a locator-set used
      for all EIDs in the Internet.  If there is a more specific EID-
      prefix in the mapping cache it overrides the Default Mapping
      entry.  The Default Mapping can be learned by configuration or
      from a Map-Reply message.

    ALT Default Route:  An EID-prefix value of 0.0.0.0/0 (or ::/0 for
      ipv6) which may be learned from the ALT or statically configured
      on an edge ALT Router.  The ALT-Default Route defines a forwarding
      path for a packet to be sent into the ALT on a router which does
      not have a full ALT forwarding database.







































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3.  The LISP+ALT model

   The LISP+ALT model uses the same basic query/response protocol that
   is documented in [LISP].  In particular, LISP+ALT provides two types
   of packet that an ITR can originate to obtain EID-to-RLOC mappings:

   Map-Request:  A Map-Request message is sent into the ALT to request
      an EID-to-RLOC mapping.  The ETR which owns the mapping will
      respond to the ITR with a Map-Reply message.  Since the ALT only
      forwards on EID destinations, the destination address of the Map-
      Request sent on the ALT must be an EID.

   Data Probe:  Alternatively, an ITR may encapsulate and send the first
      data packet destined for an EID with no known RLOCs into the ALT
      as a Data Probe.  This might be done to minimize packet loss and
      to probe for the mapping.  As above, the authoritative ETR for the
      EID-prefix will respond to the ITR with a Map-Reply message when
      it receives the data packet over the ALT.  As a side-effect, the
      encapsulated data packet is delivered to the end-system at the ETR
      site.  Note that the Data Probe's inner IP destination address,
      which is an EID, is copied to the outer IP destination address so
      that the resulting packet can be routed over the ALT.  See
      Section 3.3 for caveats on the usability of Data Probes.

   The term "ALT Datagram" is short-hand for a Map-Request or Data Probe
   to be sent into or forwarded on the ALT.  Note that such packets use
   an RLOC as the outer header source IP address and an EID as the outer
   header destination IP address.

   Detailed descriptions of the LISP packet types referenced by this
   document may be found in [LISP].

3.1.  Routeability of EIDs

   A LISP EID has the same syntax as IP address and can be used,
   unaltered, as the source or destination of an IP datagram.  In
   general, though, EIDs are not routable on the public Internet; LISP+
   ALT provides a separate, virtual network, known as the LISP
   Alternative Logical Topology (ALT) on which a datagram using an EID
   as an IP destination address may be transmitted.  This network is
   built as an overlay on the public Internet using tunnels to
   interconnect ALT Routers.  BGP runs over these tunnels to propagate
   path information needed to forward ALT Datagrams.  Importantly, while
   the ETRs are the source(s) of the unaggregated EID-prefixes, LISP+ALT
   uses existing BGP mechanisms to aggregate this information.






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3.1.1.  Mechanisms for an ETR to originate EID-prefixes

   There are three ways that an ETR may originate its mappings into the
   ALT:

   1.  By registration with a Map Server as documented in [LISP-MS].
       This is the common case and is expected to be used by the
       majority of ETRs.

   2.  Using a "static route" on the ALT.  Where no Map-Server is
       available, an edge ALT Router may be configured with a "static
       EID-prefix route" pointing to an ETR.

   3.  Edge connection to the ALT.  If a site requires fine- grained
       control over how its EID-prefixes are advertised into the ALT, it
       may configure its ETR(s) with tunnel and BGP connections to edge
       ALT Routers.

3.1.2.  Mechanisms for an ITR to forward to EID-prefixes

   There are three ways that an ITR may send ALT Datagrams:

   1.  Through a Map Resolver as documented in [LISP-MS].  This is the
       common case and is expected to be used by the majority of ITRs.

   2.  Using a "default route".  Where a Map Resolver is not available,
       an ITR may be configured with a static ALT Default Route pointing
       to an edge ALT Router.

   3.  Edge connection to the ALT.  If a site requires fine-grained
       knowledge of what prefixes exist on the ALT, it may configure its
       ITR(s) with tunnel and BGP connections to edge ALT Routers.

3.1.3.  Map Server Model preferred

   The ALT-connected ITR and ETR cases are expected to be rare, as the
   Map Server/Map Resolver model is both simpler for an ITR/ETR operator
   to use, and provides a more general service interface to not only the
   ALT, but also to other mapping databases that may be developed in the
   future.

3.2.  Connectivity to non-LISP sites

   As stated above, EIDs used as IP addresses by LISP sites are not
   routable on the public Internet.  This implies that, absent a
   mechanism for communication between LISP and non-LISP sites,
   connectivity between them is not possible.  To resolve this problem,
   an "interworking" technology has been defined; see [LISP-IW] for



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   details.

3.3.  Caveats on the use of Data Probes

   It is worth noting that there has been a great deal of discussion and
   controversy about whether Data Probes are a good idea.  On the one
   hand, using them offers a method of avoiding the "first packet drop"
   problem when an ITR does not have a mapping for a particular EID-
   prefix.  On the other hand, forwarding data packets on the ALT would
   require that it either be engineered to support relatively high
   traffic rates, which is not generally feasible for a tunneled
   network, or that it be carefully designed to aggressively rate-limit
   traffic to avoid congestion or DoS attacks.  There may also be issues
   caused by different latency or other performance characteristics
   between the ALT path taken by an initial Data Probe and the
   "Internet" path taken by subsequent packets on the same flow once a
   mapping is in place on an ITR.  For these reasons, the use of Data
   Probes is not recommended at this time; they should only be
   originated an ITR when explicitly configured to do so and such
   configuration should only be enabled when performing experiments
   intended to test the viability of using Data Probes.






























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4.  LISP+ALT: Overview

   LISP+ALT is a hybrid push/pull architecture.  Aggregated EID-prefixes
   are advertised among the ALT Routers and to those (rare) ITRs that
   are directly connected via a tunnel and BGP to the ALT.  Specific
   EID-to-RLOC mappings are requested by an ITR (and returned by an ETR)
   using LISP when it sends a request either via a Map Resolver or to an
   edge ALT Router.

   The basic idea embodied in LISP+ALT is to use BGP, running on a
   tunneled overlay network (the ALT), to establish reachability between
   ALT Routers.  The ALT BGP Route Information Base (RIB) is comprised
   of EID-prefixes and associated next hops.  ALT Routers interconnect
   using BGP and propagate EID-prefix updates among themselves.  EID-
   prefix information is learned from ETRs at the "edge" of the ALT
   either through the use of the Map Server interface (the commmon
   case), static configuration, or by BGP-speaking ETRs.

   Map Resolvers learns paths through the ALT to Map Servers for EID-
   prefixes.  An ITR will normally use a Map Resolver to send its ALT
   Datagrams on to the ALT but may, in unusual cases (see
   Section 3.1.2), use a static ALT Default Route or connect to the ALT
   using BGP.  Likewise, an ETR will normally register its prefixes in
   the mapping database using a Map Server can sometimes (see
   Section 3.1.1) connect directly to the ALT using BGP.  See [LISP-MS]
   for details on Map Servers and Map Resolvers.

   Note that while this document specifies the use of Generic Routing
   Encapsulation (GRE) as a tunneling mechanism, there is no reason that
   parts of the ALT cannot be built using other tunneling technologies,
   particularly in cases where GRE does not meet security, management,
   or other operational requirements.  References to "GRE tunnel" in
   later sections of this document should therefore not be taken as
   prohibiting or precluding the use of other tunneling mechanisms.
   Note also that two ALT Routers that are directly adjacent (with no
   layer-3 router hops between them) need not use a tunnel between them;
   in this case, BGP may be configured across the interfaces that
   connect to their common subnet and that subnet is then considered to
   be part of the ALT topology.  Use of techniques such as "eBGP
   multihop" to connect ALT Routers that do not share a tunnel or common
   subnet is not recommended as the non-ALT Routers in between the ALT
   Routers in such a configuration may not have information necessary to
   forward ALT Datagrams destined to EID-prefixes exchanged across that
   BGP session.

   In summary, LISP+ALT uses BGP to build paths through ALT Routers so
   that an ALT Datagram sent into the ALT can be forwarded to the ETR
   that holds the EID-to-RLOC mapping for that EID-prefix.  This



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   reachability is carried as IPv4 or ipv6 NLRI without modification
   (since an EID-prefix has the same syntax as IPv4 or ipv6 address
   prefix).  ALT Routers establish BGP sessions with one another,
   forming the ALT.  An ALT Router at the "edge" of the topology learns
   EID-prefixes originated by authoritative ETRs.  Learning may be
   though the Map Server interface, by static configuration, or via BGP
   with the ETRs.  An ALT Router may also be configured to aggregate
   EID-prefixes received from ETRs or from other LISP+ALT Routers that
   are topologically "downstream" from it.

4.1.  ITR traffic handling

   When an ITR receives a packet originated by an end system within its
   site (i.e. a host for which the ITR is the exit path out of the site)
   and the destination EID for that packet is not known in the ITR's
   mapping cache, the ITR creates either a Map-Request for the
   destination EID or the original packet encapsulated as a Data Probe
   (see Section 3.3 for caveats on the usability of Data Probes).  The
   result, known as an ALT Datagram, is then sent to an ALT Router (see
   also [LISP-MS] for non-ALT-connected ITRs, noting that Data Probes
   cannot be sent to a Map-Resolver).  This "first hop" ALT Router uses
   EID-prefix routing information learned from other ALT Routers via BGP
   to guide the packet to the ETR which "owns" the prefix.  Upon receipt
   by the ETR, normal LISP processing occurs: the ETR responds to the
   ITR with a LISP Map-Reply that lists the RLOCs (and, thus, the ETRs
   to use) for the EID-prefix.  For Data Probes, the ETR also
   decapsulates the packet and transmits it toward its destination.

   Upon receipt of the Map-Reply, the ITR installs the RLOC information
   for a given prefix into a local mapping database.  With these mapping
   entries stored, additional packets destined to the given EID-prefix
   are routed directly to an RLOC without use of the ALT, until either
   the entry's TTL has expired, or the ITR can otherwise find no
   reachable ETR.  Note that a current mapping may exist that contains
   no reachable RLOCs; this is known as a Negative Cache Entry and it
   indicates that packets destined to the EID-prefix are to be dropped.

   Full details on Map-Request/Map-Reply processing may be found in
   [LISP].

   Traffic routed on to the ALT consists solely of ALT Datagrams, i.e.
   Map-Requests and Data Probes (if supported).  Given the relatively
   low performance expected of a tunneled topology, ALT Routers (and Map
   Resolvers) should aggressively rate-limit the ingress of ALT
   Datagrams from ITRs and, if possible, should be configured to not
   accept packets that are not ALT Datagrams.





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4.2.  EID Assignment - Hierarchy and Topology

   The ALT database is organized in a herarchical manner with EID-
   prefixs aggregated on power-of-2 block boundaries.  Where a LISP site
   has multiple EID-prefixes that are aligned on apower-of-2 block
   boundary, they should be aggregated into a single EID-prefix for
   advertisement.  The ALT network is built in a roughly hierarchical,
   partial mesh which is intended to allow aggregation where clearly-
   defined hierarchical boundaries exist.  Building such a structure
   should minimize the number of EID-prefixes carried by LISP+ALT nodes
   near the top of the hierarchy.

   Routes on the ALT do not need to respond to changes in policy,
   subscription, or underlying physical connectivity, so the topology
   can remain relatively static and aggregation can be sustained.
   Because routing on the ALT uses BGP, the same rules apply for
   generating aggregates; in particular, a ALT Router should only be
   configured to generate an aggregate if it is configured with BGP
   sessions to all of the originators of components (more-specific
   prefixes) of that aggregate.  Not all of the components of need to be
   present for the aggregate to be originated (some may be holes in the
   covering prefix and some may be down) but the aggregating router must
   be configured to learn the state of all of the components.

   Under what circumstances the ALT Router actually generates the
   aggregate is a matter of local policy: in some cases, it will be
   statically configured to do so at all times with a "static discard"
   route.  In other cases, it may be configured to only generate the
   aggregate prefix if at least one of the components of the aggregate
   is learned via BGP.

   An ALT Router must not generate an aggregate that includes a non-
   LISP-speaking hole unless it can be configured to return a Negative
   Map-Reply with action="Natively-Forward" (see [LISP]) if it receives
   an ALT Datagram that matches that hole.  If it receives an ALT
   Datagram that matches a LISP-speaking hole that is currently not
   reachable, it should return a Negative Map-Reply with action="drop".
   Negative Map-Replies should be returned with a short TTL, as
   specified in [LISP-MS].  Note that an off-the-shelf, non-LISP-
   speaking router configured as an aggregating ALT Router cannot send
   Negative Map-Replies, so such a router must never originate an
   aggregate that includes a non-LISP-speaking hole.

   This implies that two ALT Routers that share an overlapping set of
   prefixes must exchange those prefixes if either is to generate and
   export a covering aggregate for those prefixes.  It also implies that
   an ETR which connects to the ALT using BGP must maintain BGP sessions
   with all of the ALT Routers that are configured to originate an



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   aggregate which covers that prefix and that each of those ALT Routers
   must be explicitly configured to know the set of EID-prefixes that
   make up any aggregate that it originates.  See also [LISP-MS] for an
   example of other ways that prefix origin consistency and aggregation
   can be maintained.

   As an example, consider ETRs that are originating EID-prefixes for
   10.1.0.0/24, 10.1.64.0/24, 10.1.128.0/24, and 10.1.192.0/24.  An ALT
   Router should only be configured to generate an aggregate for
   10.1.0.0/16 if it has BGP sessions configured with all of these ETRs,
   in other words, only if it has sufficient knowledge about the state
   of those prefixes to summarize them.  If the Router originating
   10.1.0.0/16 receives an ALT Datagram destined for 10.1.77.88, a non-
   LISP destination covered by the aggregate, it returns a Negative Map-
   Reply with action "Natively-Forward".  If it receives an ALT Datagram
   destined for 10.1.128.199 but the configured LISP prefix
   10.1.128.0/24 is unreachable, it returns a Negative Map-Reply with
   action "drop".

   Note: much is currently uncertain about the best way to build the ALT
   network; as testing and prototype deployment proceeds, a guide to how
   to best build the ALT network will be developed.

4.3.  Use of GRE and BGP between LISP+ALT Routers

   The ALT network is built using GRE tunnels between ALT Routers.  BGP
   sessions are configured over those tunnels, with each ALT Router
   acting as a separate AS "hop" in a Path Vector for BGP.  For the
   purposes of LISP+ALT, the AS-path is used solely as a shortest-path
   determination and loop-avoidance mechanism.  Because all next-hops
   are on tunnel interfaces, no IGP is required to resolve those next-
   hops to exit interfaces.

   LISP+ALT's use of GRE and BGP facilities deployment and operation of
   LISP because no new protocols need to be defined, implemented, or
   used on the overlay topology; existing BGP/GRE tools and operational
   expertise are also re-used.  Tunnel address assignment is also easy:
   since the addresses on an ALT tunnel are only used by the pair of
   routers connected to the tunnel, the only requirement of the IP
   addresses used to establish that tunnel is that the attached routers
   be reachable by each other; any addressing plan, including private
   addressing, can therefore be used for ALT tunnels.









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5.  EID-prefix Propagation and Map-Request Forwarding

   As described in Section 8.2, an ITR sends an ALT Datagram to a given
   EID-to-RLOC mapping.  The ALT provides the infrastructure that allows
   these requests to reach the authoritative ETR.

   Note that under normal circumstances Map-Replies are not sent over
   the ALT; an ETR sends a Map-Reply to one of the ITR RLOCs learned
   from the original Map-Request.  See sections 6.1.2 and 6.2 of [LISP]
   for more information on the use of the Map-Request ITR RLOC field.
   Keep in mind that the ITR RLOC field supports mulitple RLOCs in
   multiple address families, so a Map-Reply sent in response to a Map-
   Request is not necessarily sent to back to the Map-Request RLOC
   source.

   There may be scenarios, perhaps to encourage caching of EID-to-RLOC
   mappings by ALT Routers, where Map-Replies could be sent over the ALT
   or where a "first-hop" ALT Router might modify the originating RLOC
   on a Map-Request received from an ITR to force the Map-Reply to be
   returned to the "first-hop" ALT Router.  These cases will not be
   supported by initial LISP+ALT implementations but may be subject to
   future experimentation.

   ALT Routers propagate path information via BGP ([RFC4271]) that is
   used by ITRs to send ALT Datagrams toward the appropriate ETR for
   each EID-prefix.  BGP is run on the inter-ALT Router links, and
   possibly between an edge ("last hop") ALT Router and an ETR or
   between an edge ("first hop") ALT Router and an ITR.  The ALT BGP RIB
   consists of aggregated EID-prefixes and their next hops toward the
   authoritative ETR for that EID-prefix.

5.1.  Changes to ITR behavior with LISP+ALT

   As previously described, an ITR will usually use the Map Resolver
   interface and will send its Map Requests to a Map Resolver.  When an
   ITR instead connects via tunnels and BGP to the ALT, it sends ALT
   Datagrams to one of its "upstream" ALT Routers; these are sent only
   to obtain new EID-to-RLOC mappings - RLOC probe and cache TTL refresh
   Map-Requests are not sent on the ALT.  As in basic LISP, it should
   use one of its RLOCs as the source address of these queries; it
   should not use a tunnel interface as the source address as doing so
   will cause replies to be forwarded over the tunneled topology and may
   be problematic if the tunnel interface address is not routed
   throughout the ALT.  If the ITR is running BGP with the LISP+ALT
   router(s), it selects the appropriate ALT Router based on the BGP
   information received.  If it is not running BGP, it uses a
   statically-configued ALT Default Route to select an ALT Router.




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5.2.  Changes to ETR behavior with LISP+ALT

   As previously described, an ETR will usually use the Map Server
   interface (see [LISP-MS]) and will register its EID-prefixes with its
   configured Map Servers.  When an ETR instead connects using BGP to
   one or more ALT Routers, it announces its EID-prefix(es) to those ALT
   Routers.

   As documented in [LISP], when an ETR generates a Map-Reply message to
   return to a querying ITR, it sets the outer header IP destination
   address to one of the requesting ITR's RLOCs so that the Map-Reply
   will be sent on the underlying Internet topology, not on the ALT;
   this avoids any latency penalty (or "stretch") that might be incurred
   by sending the Map-Reply via the ALT, reduces load on the ALT, and
   ensures that the Map-Reply can be routed even if the original ITR
   does not have an ALT-routed EID.  For details on how an ETR selects
   which ITR RLOC to use, see section 6.1.5 of [LISP].

5.3.  ALT Datagram forwarding falure

   Intermediate ALT Routers, forward ALT Datagrams using normal, hop-by-
   hop routing on the ALT overlay network.  Should an ALT router not be
   able to forward an ALT Datagram, whether due to an unreachable next-
   hop, TTL exceeded, or other problem, it has several choices:

   o  If the ALT Router understands the LISP protocol, as is the case
      for a Map Resolver or Map Server, it may respond to a forwarding
      failure by returning a negative Map-Reply, as described in
      Section 4.2 and [LISP-MS].

   o  If the ALT Router does not understand LISP, it may attempt to
      return an ICMP message to the source IP address of the packet that
      cannot be forwarded.  Since the source address is an RLOC, an ALT
      Router would send this ICMP message using "native" Internet
      connectivity, not via the ALT overlay.

   o  A non-LISP-capable ALT Router may also choose to silently drop the
      non-forwardable ALT Datagram.

   [LISP] and [LISP-MS] define how the source of an ALT Datagram should
   handle each of these cases.  The last case, where an ALT Datagram is
   silently discarded, will generally result in several retransmissions
   by the source, followed by treating the destination as unreachable
   via LISP when no Map-Reply is received.  If a problem on the ALT is
   severe enough to prevent ALT Datagrams from being delivered to a
   specific EID, this is probably the only sensible way to handle this
   case.




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   Note that the use of GRE tunnels should prevent MTU problems from
   ever occurring on the ALT; an ALT Datagram that exceeds an
   intermediate MTU will be fragmented at that point and will be
   reassembled by the target of the GRE tunnel.















































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6.  BGP configuration and protocol considerations

6.1.  Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) in LISP+ALT

   The primary use of BGP today is to define the global Internet routing
   topology in terms of its participants, known as Autonomous Systems.
   LISP+ALT specifies the use of BGP to create a global overlay network
   (the ALT) for finding EID-to-RLOC mappings.  While related to the
   global routing database, the ALT serves a very different purpose and
   is organized into a very different hierarchy.  Because LISP+ALT does
   use BGP, however, it uses ASNs in the paths that are propagated among
   ALT Routers.  To avoid confusion, LISP+ALT should use newly-assigned
   AS numbers that are unrelated to the ASNs used by the global routing
   system.  Exactly how this new space will be assigned and managed will
   be determined during the deployment of LISP+ALT.

   Note that the ALT Routers that make up the "core" of the ALT will not
   be associated with any existing core-Internet ASN because the ALT
   topology is completely separate from, and independent of, the global
   Internet routing system.

6.2.  Sub-Address Family Identifier (SAFI) for LISP+ALT

   As defined by this document, LISP+ALT may be implemented using BGP
   without modification.  Given the fundamental operational difference
   between propagating global Internet routing information (the current
   dominant use of BGP) and creating an overlay network for finding EID-
   to-RLOC mappings (the use of BGP proposed by this document), it may
   be desirable to assign a new SAFI [RFC4760] to prevent operational
   confusion and difficulties, including the inadvertent leaking of
   information from one domain to the other.  Use of a separate SAFI
   would make it easier to debug many operational problems but would
   come at a significant cost: unmodified, off-the-shelf routers which
   do not understand the new SAFI could not be used to build any part of
   the ALT network.  At present, this document does not request the
   assignment of a new SAFI; additional experimentation may suggest the
   need for one in the future.














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7.  EID-prefix Aggregation

   The ALT BGP peering topology should be arranged in a tree-like
   fashion (with some meshiness), with redundancy to deal with node and
   link failures.  A basic assumption is that as long as the routers are
   up and running, the underlying Internet will provide alternative
   routes to maintain BGP connectivity among ALT Routers.

   Note that, as mentioned in Section 4.2, the use of BGP by LISP+ALT
   requires that information only be aggregated where all active more-
   specific prefixes of a generated aggregate prefix are known.  This is
   no different than the way that BGP route aggregation works in the
   existing global routing system: a service provider only generates an
   aggregate route if it is configured to learn to all prefixes that
   make up that aggregate.

7.1.  Stability of the ALT

   It is worth noting that LISP+ALT does not directly propagate EID-to-
   RLOC mappings.  What it does is provide a mechanism for an ITR to
   commonicate with the ETR that holds the mapping for a particular EID-
   prefix.  This distinction is important when considering the stability
   of BGP on the ALT network as compared to the global routing system.
   It also has implications for how site-specific EID-prefix information
   may be used by LISP but not propagated by LISP+ALT (see Section 7.2
   below).

   RLOC prefixes are not propagated through the ALT so their
   reachability is not determined through use of LISP+ALT.  Instead,
   reachability of RLOCs is learned through the LISP ITR-ETR exchange.
   This means that link failures or other service disruptions that may
   cause the reachability of an RLOC to change are not known to the ALT.
   Changes to the presence of an EID-prefix on the ALT occur much less
   frequently: only at subscription time or in the event of a failure of
   the ALT infrastructure itself.  This means that "flapping" (frequent
   BGP updates and withdrawals due to prefix state changes) is not
   likely and mapping information cannot become "stale" due to slow
   propagation through the ALT BGP mesh.

7.2.  Traffic engineering using LISP

   Since an ITR learns an EID-to-RLOC mapping directly from the ETR that
   owns it, it is possible to perform site-to-site traffic engineering
   by setting the preference and/or weight fields, and by including
   more-specific EID-to-RLOC information in Map-Reply messages.

   This is a powerful mechanism that can conceivably replace the
   traditional practice of routing prefix deaggregation for traffic



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   engineering purposes.  Rather than propagating more-specific
   information into the global routing system for local- or regional-
   optimization of traffic flows, such more-specific information can be
   exchanged, through LISP (not LISP+ALT), on an as-needed basis between
   only those ITRs/ETRs (and, thus, site pairs) that need it.  Such an
   exchange of "more-specifics" between sites facilitates traffic
   engineering, by allowing richer and more fine-grained policies to be
   applied without advertising additional prefixes into either the ALT
   or the global routing system.

   Note that these new traffic engineering capabilities are an attribute
   of LISP and are not specific to LISP+ALT; discussion is included here
   because the BGP-based global routing system has traditionally used
   propagation of more-specific routes as a crude form of traffic
   engineering.

7.3.  Edge aggregation and dampening

   Normal BGP best common practices apply to the ALT network.  In
   particular, first-hop ALT Routers will aggregate EID prefixes and
   dampen changes to them in the face of excessive updates.  Since EID-
   prefix assignments are not expected to change as frequently as global
   routing BGP prefix reachability, such dampening should be very rare,
   and might be worthy of logging as an exceptional event.  It is again
   worth noting that the ALT carries only EID-prefixes, used to a
   construct BGP path to each ETR (or Map-Server) that originates each
   prefix; the ALT does not carry reachability about RLOCs.  In
   addition, EID-prefix information may be aggregated as the topology
   and address assignment hierarchy allow.  Since the topology is all
   tunneled and can be modified as needed, reasonably good aggregation
   should be possible.  In addition, since most ETRs are expected to
   connect to the ALT using the Map Server interface, Map Servers will
   implement a natural "edge" for the ALT where dampening and
   aggregation can be applied.  For these reasons, the set of prefix
   information on the ALT can be expected to be both better aggregated
   and considerably less volatile than the actual EID-to-RLOC mappings.

7.4.  EID assignment flexibility vs. ALT scaling

   There are major open questions regarding how the ALT will be deployed
   and what organization(s) will operate it.  In a simple, non-
   distributed world, centralized administration of EID prefix
   assignment and ALT network design would facilitate a well- aggregated
   ALT routing system.  Business and other realities will likely result
   in a more complex, distributed system involving multiple levels of
   prefix delegation, multiple operators of parts of the ALT
   infrastructure, and a combination of competition and cooperation
   among the participants.  In addition, re-use of existing IP address



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   assignments, both provider-independent ("PI") and provider-assigned
   ("PA"), to avoid renumbering when sites transition to LISP will
   further complicate the processes of building and operating the ALT.

   A number of conflicting considerations need to be kept in mind when
   designing and building the ALT.  Among them are:

   1.  Target ALT routing state size and level of aggregation.  As
       described in Section 7.1, the ALT should not suffer from some of
       the performance constraints or stability issues as the Internet
       global routing system, so some reasonable level of deaggregation
       and increased number of EID prefixes beyond what might be
       considered ideal should be acceptable.  That said, measures, such
       as tunnel rehoming to preserve aggregation when sites move from
       one mapping provider to another and implementing aggregation at
       multiple levels in the hierarchy to collapse de-aggregation at
       lower levels, should be taken to reduce unnecessary explosion of
       ALT routing state.

   2.  Number of operators of parts of the ALT and how they will be
       organized (hierarchical delegation vs. shared administration).
       This will determine not only how EID prefixes are assigned but
       also how tunnels are configured and how EID prefixes can be
       aggregated between different parts of the ALT.

   3.  Number of connections between different parts of the ALT.  Trade-
       offs will need to be made among resilience, performance, and
       placement of aggregation boundaries.

   4.  EID prefix portability between competing operators of the ALT
       infrastructure.  A significant benefit for an end-site to adopt
       LISP is the availability of EID space that is not tied to a
       specific connectivity provider; it is important to ensure that an
       end site doesn't trade lock-in to a connectivity provider for
       lock-in to a provider of its EID assignment, ALT connectivity, or
       Map Server facilities.

   This is, by no means, an exhaustive list.

   While resolving these issues is beyond the scope of this document,
   the authors recommend that existing distributed resource structures,
   such as the IANA/Regional Internet Registries and the ICANN/Domain
   Registrar, be carefully considered when designing and deploying the
   ALT infrastructure.







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8.  Connecting sites to the ALT network

8.1.  ETRs originating information into the ALT

   EID-prefix information is originated into the ALT by three different
   mechanisms:

   Map Server:  In most cases, a site will configure its ETR(s) to
      register with one or more Map Servers (see [LISP-MS]), and does
      not participate directly in the ALT.

   BGP:  For a site requiring complex control over their EID-prefix
      origination into the ALT, an ETR may connect to the LISP+ALT
      overlay network by running BGP to one or more ALT Router(s) over
      tunnel(s).  The ETR advertises reachability for its EID-prefixes
      over these BGP connection(s).  The edge ALT Router(s) that
      receive(s) these prefixes then propagate(s) them into the ALT.
      Here the ETR is simply an BGP peer of ALT Router(s) at the edge of
      the ALT.  Where possible, an ALT Router that receives EID-prefixes
      from an ETR via BGP should aggregate that information.

   Configuration:  One or more ALT Router(s) may be configured to
      originate an EID-prefix on behalf of the non-BGP-speaking ETR that
      is authoritative for a prefix.  As in the case above, the ETR is
      connected to ALT Router(s) using GRE tunnel(s) but rather than BGP
      being used, the ALT Router(s) are configured with what are in
      effect "static routes" for the EID-prefixes "owned" by the ETR.
      The GRE tunnel is used to route Map-Requests to the ETR.

   Note:  in all cases, an ETR may register to multiple Map Servers or
      connect to multiple ALT Routers for the following reasons:

      *  redundancy, so that a particular ETR is still reachable even if
         one path or tunnel is unavailable.

      *  to connect to different parts of the ALT hierarchy if the ETR
         "owns" multiple EID-to-RLOC mappings for EID-prefixes that
         cannot be aggregated by the same ALT Router (i.e. are not
         topologically "close" to each other in the ALT).

8.2.  ITRs Using the ALT

   In the common configuration, an ITR does not need to know anything
   about the ALT, since it sends Map-Requests to one of its configured
   Map-Resolvers (see [LISP-MS]).  There are two exceptional cases:






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   Static default:  If a Map Resolver is not available but an ITR is
      adjacent to an ALT Router (either over a common subnet or through
      the use of a tunnel), it can use an ALT Default Route route to
      cause all ALT Datagrams to be sent that ALT Router.  This case is
      expected to be rare.

   Connection to ALT:  A site with complex Internet connectivity needs
      may need more fine-grained distinction between traffic to LISP-
      capable and non-LISP-capable sites.  Such a site may configure
      each of its ITRs to connect directly to the ALT, using a tunnel
      and BGP connection.  In this case, the ITR will receive EID-prefix
      routes from its BGP connection to the ALT Router and will LISP-
      encapsulate and send ALT Datagrams through the tunnel to the ALT
      Router.  Traffic to other destinations may be forwarded (without
      LISP encapsulation) to non-LISP next-hop routers that the ITR
      knows.

      In general, an ITR that connects to the ALT does so only to to ALT
      Routers at the "edge" of the ALT (typically two for redundancy).
      There may, though, be situations where an ITR would connect to
      other ALT Routers to receive additional, shorter path information
      about a portion of the ALT of interest to it.  This can be
      accomplished by establishing GRE tunnels between the ITR and the
      set of ALT Routers with the additional information.  This is a
      purely local policy issue between the ITR and the ALT Routers in
      question.

   As described in [LISP-MS], Map-Resolvers do not accept or forward
   Data Probes; in the rare scenario that an ITR does support and
   originate Data Probes, it must do so using one of the exceptional
   configurations described above.  Note that the use of Data Probes is
   discouraged at this time (see Section 3.3).



















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9.  IANA Considerations

   This document makes no request of the IANA.
















































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10.  Security Considerations

   LISP+ALT shares many of the security characteristics of BGP.  Its
   security mechanisms are comprised of existing technologies in wide
   operational use today, so securing the ALT should be mostly a matter
   of applying the same technology that is used to secure the BGP-based
   global routing system (see Section 10.3 below).

10.1.  Apparent LISP+ALT Vulnerabilities

   This section briefly lists the known potential vulnerabilities of
   LISP+ALT.

   Mapping Integrity:  Potential for an attacker to insert bogus
      mappings to black-hole (create Denial-of-Service, or DoS attack)
      or intercept LISP data-plane packets.

   ALT Router Availability:  Can an attacker DoS the ALT Routers
      connected to a given ETR?  If a site's ETR cannot advertise its
      EID-to-RLOC mappings, the site is essentially unavailable.

   ITR Mapping/Resources:  Can an attacker force an ITR or ALT Router to
      drop legitimate mapping requests by flooding it with random
      destinations for which it will generate large numbers of Map-
      Requests and fill its mapping cache?  Further study is required to
      see the impact of admission control on the overlay network.

   EID Map-Request Exploits for Reconnaissance:  Can an attacker learn
      about a LISP site's TE policy by sending legitimate mapping
      requests and then observing the RLOC mapping replies?  Is this
      information useful in attacking or subverting peer relationships?
      Note that any public LISP mapping database will have similar data-
      plane reconnaissance issue.

   Scaling of ALT Router Resources:  Paths through the ALT may be of
      lesser bandwidth than more "direct" paths; this may make them more
      prone to high-volume denial-of-service attacks.  For this reason,
      all components of the ALT (ETRs and ALT Routers) should be
      prepared to rate-limit traffic (ALT Datagrams) that could be
      received across the ALT.

   UDP Map-Reply from ETR:  Since Map-Replies are sent directly from the
      ETR to the ITR's RLOC, the ITR's RLOC may be vulnerable to various
      types of DoS attacks (this is a general property of LISP, not an
      LISP+ALT vulnerability).






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   More-specific prefix leakage:  Because EID-prefixes on the ALT are
      expected to be fairly well-aggregated and EID-prefixes propagated
      out to the global Internet (see [LISP-IW]) much more so,
      accidental leaking or malicious advertisement of an EID-prefix
      into the global routing system could cause traffic redirection
      away from a LISP site.  This is not really a new problem, though,
      and its solution can only be achieved by much more strict prefix
      filtering and authentication on the global routing system.
      Section Section 10.3 describes an existingapproach to solving this
      problem.

10.2.  Survey of LISP+ALT Security Mechanisms

   Explicit peering:  The devices themselves can both prioritize
      incoming packets, as well as potentially do key checks in hardware
      to protect the control plane.

   Use of TCP to connect elements:  This makes it difficult for third
      parties to inject packets.

   Use of HMAC to protect BGP/TCP connections:  HMAC [RFC5925] is used
      to verify the integrity and authenticity of TCP connections used
      to exchange BGP messages, making it nearly impossible for third
      party devices to either insert or modify messages.

   Message sequence numbers and nonce values in messages:  This allows
      an ITR to verify that the Map-Reply from an ETR is in response to
      a Map-Request originated by that ITR (this is a general property
      of LISP; LISP+ALT does not change this behavior).

10.3.  Use of new IETF standard BGP Security mechanisms

   LISP+ALT's use of BGP allows it to take advantage of BGP security
   features designed for existing Internet BGP use.  This means that
   LISP+ALT can and should use technology developed for adding security
   to BGP (in the IETF SIDR working group or elsewhere) to provide
   authentication of EID-prefix origination and EID-to-RLOC mappings.














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11.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to specially thank J. Noel Chiappa who was a
   key contributer to the design of the LISP-CONS mapping database (many
   ideas from which made their way into LISP+ALT) and who has continued
   to provide invaluable insight as the LISP effort has evolved.  Others
   who have provided valuable contributions include John Zwiebel, Hannu
   Flinck, Amit Jain, John Scudder, Scott Brim, and Jari Arkko.











































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12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [LISP]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)",
              draft-ietf-lisp-15.txt (work in progress), July 2011.

   [LISP-MS]  Fuller, V. and D. Farinacci, "LISP Map Server",
              draft-ietf-lisp-ms-12.txt (work in progress),
              October 2011.

   [RFC2784]  Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
              Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
              March 2000.

   [RFC4271]  Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway
              Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006.

   [RFC4632]  Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing
              (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation
              Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, August 2006.

   [RFC4760]  Bates, T., Chandra, R., Katz, D., and Y. Rekhter,
              "Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4", RFC 4760,
              January 2007.

12.2.  Informative References

   [LISP-IW]  Lewis, D., Meyer, D., Farinacci, D., and V. Fuller,
              "Interworking LISP with IPv4 and ipv6",
              draft-ietf-lisp-interworking-02.txt (work in progress),
              March 2011.

   [RFC5925]  Touch, J., Mankin, A., and R. Bonica, "The TCP
              Authentication Option", RFC 5925, June 2010.















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Authors' Addresses

   Vince Fuller
   Cisco
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: vaf@cisco.com


   Dino Farinacci
   Cisco
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dino@cisco.com


   Dave Meyer
   Cisco
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dmm@cisco.com


   Darrel Lewis
   Cisco
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: darlewis@cisco.com















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