


Network Working Group                                        R. Gagliano
Internet-Draft                                             Cisco Systems
Updates: 3971 (if approved)                                  S. Krishnan
Intended status: Standards Track                                Ericsson
Expires: May 28, 2011                                           A. Kukec
                                                    University of Zagreb
                                                       November 24, 2010


        Certificate profile and certificate management for SEND
                      draft-ietf-csi-send-cert-10

Abstract

   SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) Utilizes X.509v3 certificates for
   performing router authorization.  This document specifies a
   certificate profile for SEND based on Resource Certificates along
   with extended key usage values required for SEND.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 28, 2011.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of



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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Requirements notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.  SEND Certificate profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.1.  Unconstrained Certified subnet prefixes  . . . . . . . . .  6
   5.  Deployment Models  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   6.  Trust Anchor Material  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   7.  Extended Key Usage Values  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   8.  CRL profile and revocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     8.1.  Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)
           Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   9.  Certificate validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   10. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   11. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   12. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   Appendix A.  Router Authorization Certificate example  . . . . . . 18
   Appendix B.  ASN.1 Module  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
























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1.  Requirements notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].














































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2.  Introduction

   SEcure Neighbor Discovery [RFC3971] (SEND) utilizes X.509v3
   certificates that include the [RFC3779] extension for IPv6 addresses
   to certify a router's authorization to advertise IPv6 prefix for the
   Neighbor Discovery (ND) Protocol.  The SEND specification defines a
   basic certificate profile for SEND.  The certificate profile defined
   in this document supersedes the profile for router certificates
   specified in [RFC3971].  That is, certificates used in SEND (by
   routers, proxies, or address owners) MUST conform to this certificate
   profile and MAY conform to the original profile in [RFC3971].

   The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) is the global PKI that
   attests to the allocation of IP address space.  The RPKI represents
   the centralized model referred in Section 6.2 of [RFC3971].
   Consequently, SEND will use the RPKI certificate profile and
   certificate validation detailed in [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs].  A
   consequence of the use of RPKI certificate profile, the certificate
   validation method described in RFC3971 is updated with the
   certificate validation method in [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs].

   Since the RFC 3779 IPv6 addresses extension does not mention what
   functions the node can perform for the certified IPv6 space, it
   becomes impossible to know the reason for which the certificate was
   issued.  In order to facilitate issuance of certificates for specific
   functions, it is necessary to utilize the ExtKeyUsageSyntax field
   (optional in RPKI Certificates) of the X.509 certificate to mention
   the purpose why the certificate was issued.  This document specifies
   four extended key usage values, one for routers, two for proxies, and
   one for address owners, for use with SEND.

   In RFC 3971 two deployment models were described: centralized and
   decentralized.  This document describes the different deployment
   models that can be used with the SEND certificates defined here.

















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3.  Terminology

   Certified IPv6 address space  IPv6 address space included in an
                             X.509v3 certificate using RFC 3779
                             extension for IPv6 addresses.

   End Entity (EE)           An entity in the PKI that is not a CA.

   ISP                       Internet Service Provider.

   NIR                       National Internet Registry.

   RIR                       Regional Internet Registry.

   RPKI                      Resource PKI established in accordance with
                             [I-D.ietf-sidr-arch].

   RPKI certificates         Certificates defined in
                             [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs].

   SEND certificates         Certificates described in [RFC3971] and
                             extended in this document.  They are end-
                             entity certificates that belong either to
                             SEND routers, SEND hosts or SEND Proxies:

                             *  Router Authorization Certificates
                                defined in [RFC3971].

                             *  Owner Authorization Certificates defined
                                in [RFC3971].

                             *  Secure Proxy ND Certificates defined in
                                [I-D.ietf-csi-proxy-send].

   SEND KeyPurposeId         An Extended Key Usage (EKU) value for SEND,
                             such as the four introduced in this
                             document.














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4.  SEND Certificate profile

   SEND certificates MUST comply with the RPKI resource profile
   [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs].  A Router Authorization Certificate
   example is included in the Appendix A.

   In sections 2, 4.9.10 and 4.9.11 [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs] it is
   stated that RFC 3779 resource extensions MUST be critical and MUST be
   present in all Resource Certificates.  SEND certificates MUST include
   the IP Resources extension [RFC3779].  This extension MUST include at
   least one address block for the IPv6 Address Family (AFI=0002), as
   described in Section 4.9.10 of [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs].  SEND
   certificates MUST NOT have more than one IP Resources extension.

4.1.  Unconstrained Certified subnet prefixes

   Section 7.3 of [RFC3971] defines the Unconstrained Certified subnet
   prefixes category by using certificates containing either the null
   prefix or no prefix extension at all.

   When using RPKI certificate profile, prefix extensions are mandatory
   and the null prefix MUST be validated.  However, a certificate may
   inherit its parent's prefix or range by using the "inherit" element
   for IPv6 AFI as defined in RFC3779.  The use of the "inherit" element
   is permited in [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs].

   Consequently, this document updates section 7.3 of RFC 3971 adding
   the following text under Unconstrained:

   Network operators that do not want to constrain routers to route
   particular subnet prefixes but rather inherit them from its parent
   certificate, should configure routers with certificates containing
   the "inherit" element for IPv6 AFI.


















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5.  Deployment Models

   RFC 3971 describes two deployment models:centralized and
   decentralized.  These models were differentiated by having one or
   many trust anchor.  In this document we introduce two new deployment
   models, not based on the number of trust anchors but on the
   localization of the SEND deployment.

   The local SEND deployment model represent those cases where SEND
   deployment is confined to an administrative domain.  In this
   scenario, the deployment of SEND MAY be done independently of the
   existence of deployment in the upper RPKI hierarchy (i.e. an end user
   could perform local SEND deployment without the need of RPKI
   deployment in its ISP).  This model requires the use of local trust
   anchors and configuring islands of trust.  This model MAY include
   Unique Local Addresses(ULAs) [RFC4193].

   The public SEND deployment models represent those cases where SEND
   deployment is linked to RPKI deployment as described in
   [I-D.ietf-sidr-arch].  Trust anchor material MAY be part of a
   different administrative domain (i.e.  RIR, NIR or ISPs).  It is a
   global model suitable for mobile users.

   These two models are not mutually exclusive.  It is entirely possible
   to have a hybrid model that incorporates features from both these
   models.  In one such hybrid deployment model most IP address
   resources (e.g. global unicast addresses) would be certified under
   the global RPKI, while some others (e.g., ULAs) are certified under
   local TAs.






















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6.  Trust Anchor Material

   Relying parties (e.g., end hosts that implement SEND and process
   these router certificates) MUST be configured with one or more trust
   anchors to enable validation of the routers' certificates.  Section
   6.5 of RFC 3971 and [I-D.ietf-csi-send-name-type-registry] list the
   trust anchor configuration options for end hosts using SEND.

   In the local SEND deployment model, it is possible to use as trust
   anchor a certificate that includes in its RFC 3779 address extension
   the prefix ::/0.  In this case no new trust anchor material would be
   needed when renumbering.  However, if trying to move from the local
   deployment model to the public deployment model, new trust anchor
   material will have to be distributed to relying parties.





































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7.  Extended Key Usage Values

   The Internet PKI document [RFC5280] specifies the extended key usage
   X.509 certificate extension.  The extension indicates one or more
   purposes for which the certified public key may be used.  The
   extended key usage extension can be used in conjunction with key
   usage extension, which indicates the intended purpose of the
   certified public key.  The EKU extension is defined as optional in
   [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs] for end entity certificates but MUST be
   present when issuing end entity certificates for SEND.

   The extended key usage extension syntax is repeated here for
   convenience:

     ExtKeyUsageSyntax  ::=  SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF KeyPurposeId

     KeyPurposeId  ::=  OBJECT IDENTIFIER

   This specification defines four KeyPurposeId values: one for
   authorizing routers (Router Authorization Certificates), two for
   authorizing proxies (Secure Proxy ND Certificates), and one for
   address owners (Owner Authorization Certificates).  Additional
   KeyPurposeId values may be specified in standard track documents.

   The inclusion of the router authorization value (id-kp-sendRouter)
   indicates that the certificate has been issued for allowing the
   router to generate RA and Redirect messages for any prefix(es)
   encompassed (as defined in Section 7.1 of [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs])
   by the IP address space included in the X.509 extensions for IP
   addresses.

   The inclusion of the proxied routing authorization value (id-kp-
   sendProxiedRouter) indicates that the certificate has been issued for
   allowing the proxy to perform proxying of RA and Redirect messages
   for any prefix(es) encompassed by the IP address space included in
   the X.509 extensions for IP addresses.

   The inclusion of the proxied owner authorization value (id-kp-
   sendProxiedOwner) indicates that the certificate has been issued for
   allowing the proxy to perform proxying of NS, NA and RS messages for
   any address encompassed by the IP address space included in the X.509
   extensions for IP addresses.

   The inclusion of the owner authorization value (id-kp-sendOwner)
   indicates that the certificate has been issued for allowing the node
   to use any address(es) that is/are encompassed by the IP address
   space included in the X.509 extensions for IP addresses.  For an
   address in such certificate the node can assign the address to an



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   interface, send/receive traffic from/to this address, and can send/
   respond NS, NA and RS messages about that address.

     send-kp OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
       { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
         security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) kp(3) }

     id-kp-sendRouter OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-kp 23 }

     id-kp-sendProxiedRouter OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-kp 24 }

     id-kp-sendOwner OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-kp 25 }

     id-kp-sendProxiedOwner OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-kp 26 }

   As described in [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs], the extended key usage
   extension, if present, MUST be non-critical.

   Relying Parties MUST require the extended key usage extension to be
   present in a certificate, and they MAY require a particular
   KeyPurposeId value to be present (such as id-kp-sendRouter or
   sendProxiedRouter) within the extended key usage extension.  If
   multiple KeyPurposeId values are included, the relying parties need
   not recognize all of them, as long as the required KeyPurposeId value
   is present.Relying parties MUST reject certificates that do not
   contain at least one SEND KeyPurposeId even if they include the
   anyExtendedKeyUsage OID defined in [RFC5280].
























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8.  CRL profile and revocation

   RPKI requires the use of CRLs [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs].The host will
   obtain the necessary CRLs and perform the certificate validation
   method described in [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs].

8.1.  Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) Considerations

   A host MAY use OCSP [RFC2560] protocol to verify the revocation
   status of a certificate.

   By adopting the [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs] as the certificate profile
   for SEND, the host SHOULD NOT assume that certificates will include
   the URI of an OCSP server as part of its Authority Information Access
   (AIA) extension.  This is particularly evident in the SEND public
   deployment model as OCSP services are not required by
   [I-D.ietf-sidr-cp].


































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9.  Certificate validation

   This section updates section 6.3.1 of [RFC3971] by introducing new
   validations without introducing any conflict.

   The host MUST perform the certificate validation method described in
   [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs].  The validation of certificates that uses
   the "inherit" element is describe in RFC 3779 where the existence of
   a parent prefix or range is required.

   The host MUST verify that the Key PurposedId value corresponding to
   the Neighbor Discovery message type is present as described in
   Section 7.






































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10.  IANA Considerations

   This document makes use of object identifiers to identify EKUs and
   the ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) module found in Appendix B.
   The EKUs and ASN.1 module OID are registered in an arc delegated by
   IANA to the PKIX Working Group.  No further action by IANA is
   necessary for this document.












































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11.  Security Considerations

   The certification authority needs to ensure that the correct values
   for the extended key usage are inserted in each certificate that is
   issued.  Relying parties may accept or reject a particular
   certificate for an intended use based on the information provided in
   these extensions.  Incorrect representation of the information in the
   extended key usage field can cause the relying party to reject an
   otherwise appropriate certificate or accept a certificate that ought
   to be rejected.  In particular, since a SEND certificate attests that
   its subject is authorized to play a given role in the SEND protocol,
   certificates that contain incorrect EKU values can enable some of the
   same attacks that SEND was meant to prevent.  For example, if a
   malicious host can obtain a certificate that authorizes it to act as
   a router for a given prefix, then it can masquerade as a router for
   that prefix, e.g., in order to attract traffic from local nodes.



































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12.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Alberto Garcia, Stephen Kent, Sean
   Turner, Roni Even, Richard Barnes, Alexey Melnikov, Jari Arkko, David
   Harrington and Tim Polk for their reviews and suggestions on the
   earlier versions of this document.













































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13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-csi-send-name-type-registry]
              Gagliano, R., Krishnan, S., and A. Kukec, "Subject Key
              Identifier (SKI) SEND Name Type fields.",
              draft-ietf-csi-send-name-type-registry-06 (work in
              progress), June 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-sidr-cp]
              Kent, S., Kong, D., Seo, K., and R. Watro, "Certificate
              Policy (CP) for the Resource PKI (RPKI",
              draft-ietf-sidr-cp-15 (work in progress), October 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-sidr-res-certs]
              Huston, G., Michaelson, G., and R. Loomans, "A Profile for
              X.509 PKIX Resource Certificates",
              draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-19 (work in progress),
              October 2010.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2560]  Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A., Galperin, S., and C.
              Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online
              Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP", RFC 2560, June 1999.

   [RFC3779]  Lynn, C., Kent, S., and K. Seo, "X.509 Extensions for IP
              Addresses and AS Identifiers", RFC 3779, June 2004.

   [RFC3971]  Arkko, J., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander, "SEcure
              Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971, March 2005.

   [RFC4193]  Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
              Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

13.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-csi-proxy-send]
              Krishnan, S., Laganier, J., Bonola, M., and A. Garcia-
              Martinez, "Secure Proxy ND Support for SEND",
              draft-ietf-csi-proxy-send-05 (work in progress),



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              September 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-sidr-arch]
              Lepinski, M. and S. Kent, "An Infrastructure to Support
              Secure Internet Routing", draft-ietf-sidr-arch-11 (work in
              progress), September 2010.













































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Appendix A.  Router Authorization Certificate example

   Certificate:
       Data:
           Version: 3 (0x2)
           Serial Number: 249 (0xf9)
           Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
           Issuer: CN=EXAMPLE-CA-2342342652346
           Validity
               Not Before: Jul  2 10:06:32 2010 GMT
               Not After : Jul  2 10:06:32 2011 GMT
           Subject: CN=SEND-EXAMPLE-123432
           Subject Public Key Info:
               Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
                   Public-Key: (2048 bit)
                   Modulus:
                       00:b7:06:0d:8e:f7:39:0a:41:52:93:59:a8:f5:63:
                       3f:2e:3d:24:17:9d:19:aa:09:ff:c0:2a:f3:c6:99:
                       d7:34:0d:bf:f1:e9:73:b5:8f:dc:d4:91:d6:5d:cb:
                       9c:b8:2b:41:63:c1:8f:f7:48:54:02:89:07:24:c3:
                       b0:6e:11:5a:7d:c0:38:88:4b:d9:3b:93:c7:ca:4d:
                       a4:00:a2:d3:6d:14:15:8f:15:08:4d:4e:b3:8a:cc:
                       de:2d:e0:7a:9b:c0:6e:14:f6:a7:ae:b9:e0:c5:18:
                       60:75:3d:d3:50:00:47:0d:86:5b:1c:a0:85:81:af:
                       2b:84:98:49:7d:60:a2:e8:4f:6d:40:ba:d5:fe:de:
                       de:41:53:c7:c4:f4:d3:1a:41:cd:dc:9f:08:43:33:
                       48:00:57:e4:56:93:7d:dd:19:12:e8:bf:26:b3:4b:
                       30:ac:b8:9c:b1:37:05:18:3c:7b:6b:26:d7:c9:15:
                       c9:4a:eb:1b:fa:92:38:46:27:44:96:8a:a1:12:c1:
                       09:77:4a:7b:a5:07:88:a6:36:30:98:70:79:b6:44:
                       7e:b1:c9:4c:5b:11:56:e8:14:50:f7:f8:e5:ed:f1:
                       ac:a4:31:46:36:77:05:c9:63:fe:c3:ab:54:e2:bd:
                       79:1d:14:d1:c2:80:36:d3:be:e6:c7:a2:47:59:1b:
                       75:9f
                   Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
           X509v3 extensions:
               X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                   keyid:4C:5D:56:82:15:8A:67:A6:8C:69:67:68:88
                   :6F:15:E5:C9:96:58:EB

               X509v3 CRL Distribution Points:

                   Full Name:
                     URI:rsync://rsync.example.exampledomain/
                     EXAMPLE-CA-2342342652346/EXAMPLE-CA.crl

               X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                   B8:69:EB:36:23:F1:C4:21:65:DD:13:76:EE:90:AF



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                   :F7:CD:E3:61:CD
               X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                   Digital Signature
               sbgp-ipAddrBlock: critical
                   IPv6:
                     2001:db8:cafe:bebe::/64

               X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
                   1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.23
       Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
           92:14:38:6e:45:83:1b:cb:7c:45:0d:bc:7f:6e:36:bf:82:cc:
           7e:00:91:ea:f4:24:43:cc:00:3c:3f:c2:99:0c:c6:b9:20:2e:
           ca:dc:df:94:0d:c9:a1:75:c4:5c:39:a1:cf:9f:e1:40:9c:aa:
           a9:80:76:d1:3a:91:d9:db:2f:cd:3c:05:50:52:eb:28:47:d0:
           ab:d3:fd:6f:30:17:16:7f:c6:0f:2b:25:bb:db:29:d7:bb:4e:
           f3:7c:2d:e1:04:b7:f0:bc:d5:8a:ba:8c:0d:39:22:48:02:d1:
           67:fb:35:5c:b6:83:03:63:7c:73:03:70:20:de:fb:d7:12:ed:
           6f:a1:ff:b2:a6:39:fb:55:9a:07:bd:68:40:0f:6f:d5:24:34:
           cf:e8:dd:76:33:2a:d0:b9:1b:ae:a8:68:86:17:f8:13:35:0e:
           f6:04:ec:2a:39:88:06:70:c6:e8:56:87:f7:35:54:2a:28:2c:
           92:47:a9:89:39:d7:72:24:21:9d:02:52:f9:7c:76:7f:e9:cd:
           09:6e:82:f4:da:6c:f9:72:b2:64:98:b5:0c:6a:38:8d:81:e5:
           fc:50:46:6f:38:40:56:06:92:5a:e0:86:5d:55:f5:7b:85:b2:
           68:4f:49:72:e0:fa:2c:bf:9e:7d:aa:28:17:ca:04:b8:ae:69:
           c9:04:28:12


























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Appendix B.  ASN.1 Module

   SENDCertExtns { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
    security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
    id-mod-send-cert-extns(71) }

   DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::=

   BEGIN

   -- OID Arc

   id-kp  OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::=
    { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
      security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) kp(3) }

   -- Extended Key Usage Values

   id-kp-sendRouter OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-kp 23 }
   id-kp-sendProxiedRouter OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-kp 24 }
   id-kp-sendOwner OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-kp 25 }
   id-kp-sendProxiedOwner OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-kp 26 }

   END



























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Authors' Addresses

   Roque Gagliano
   Cisco Systems
   Avenue des Uttins 5
   Rolle,   1180
   Switzerland

   Email: rogaglia@cisco.com


   Suresh Krishnan
   Ericsson
   8400 Decarie Blvd.
   Town of Mount Royal, QC
   Canada

   Phone: +1 514 345 7900 x42871
   Email: suresh.krishnan@ericsson.com


   Ana Kukec
   University of Zagreb
   Unska 3
   Zagreb
   Croatia

   Email: ana.kukec@fer.hr























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