


HIP Working Group                                           G. Camarillo
Internet-Draft                                                A. Keranen
Intended status: Experimental                                   Ericsson
Expires: December 31, 2010                                 June 29, 2010


        Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Multi-hop Routing Extension
                       draft-ietf-hip-via-03.txt

Abstract

   This document specifies two extensions to HIP to implement multi-hop
   routing.  The first extension allows implementing source routing in
   HIP.  That is, a node sending a HIP packet can define a set of nodes
   that the HIP packet should traverse.  The second extension allows a
   HIP packet to carry and record the list of nodes that forwarded it.

Status of this Memo

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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
     2.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
     2.2.  Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
   3.  Protocol Definitions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
     3.1.  Creating and Processing Via Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
     3.2.  Creating Destination Lists  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
     3.3.  Processing Destination Lists  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
     3.4.  Fragmentation Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
   4.  Packet Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
     4.1.  Source and Destination Route List Parameters  . . . . . . . 6
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
     6.1.  Forged Destination and Via Lists  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
     6.2.  Forwarding Loops  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
   7.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9





















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1.  Introduction

   When HIP [RFC5201] is used in certain contexts, nodes need the
   ability to perform source routing.  That is, a node needs the ability
   to send a HIP signaling packet that will traverse a set of nodes
   before reaching its destination.  Such features are needed, e.g., in
   HIP BONE [I-D.ietf-hip-bone] overlay networks or if two nodes wish to
   keep a third, or more, HIP nodes on the signaling path.  This
   document defines an extension that provides HIP with this
   functionality.

   Additionally, when HIP signaling packets are routed through multiple
   nodes, some of these nodes (e.g., the destination host) need the
   ability to know the nodes a particular packet traversed.  This
   document defines another extension that provides HIP with this
   functionality.

   These two extensions enable multi-hop routing in HIP.  Before these
   extensions were specified, there were standardized ways for
   supporting only a single intermediate node (e.g., a rendezvous server
   [RFC5204]) between the source of a HIP packet and its destination.


2.  Terminology

2.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

2.2.  Definitions

   The following terms used in this document are similar to those
   defined by RELOAD [I-D.ietf-p2psip-base] but used here in context of
   HIP.

   Destination list:  A list of HITs of the nodes that a HIP packet
      should traverse.

   Via list:  A list of HITs of the nodes that a HIP packet has
      traversed.

   Symmetric routing:  A response to a message is routed back using the
      same set of intermediary nodes as the original message used,
      except in reversed order.  Also known as symmetric recursive
      routing.




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3.  Protocol Definitions

   The multi-hop routing extensions may be used in different contexts
   and whether a new HIP signaling packet should, for example, include a
   Via list or have different options enabled, can depend on the
   particular use case, local policies, and different protocols using
   the extension.  This section defines how the new parameters are
   handled, but when to use these extensions, or how to configure them,
   is out of scope for this document.

3.1.  Creating and Processing Via Lists

   When a node sending a HIP packet needs to record the nodes that are
   on the path that the HIP packet traverses, it includes an empty
   ROUTE_VIA parameter to the packet.

   A node that receives a packet with a ROUTE_VIA parameter SHOULD add
   its own HIT to the end of the ROUTE_VIA parameter, unless it is the
   final recipient of the packet.  If the node uses a different HIT on
   the HIP association it used for receiving the packet than for sending
   it forward, it SHOULD also add the receiving HIT to the route list
   before the sending HIT.

   If the node is the final recipient of the packet, and the received
   packet generates a response HIP packet, the node checks the SYMMETRIC
   flag from the ROUTE_VIA parameter.  If the SYMMETRIC flag is set, the
   node MUST create a ROUTE_DST parameter from the ROUTE_VIA parameter,
   as described in Section 3.2, and include it in the response packet.
   Also, if an intermediary node generates a new HIP packet (e.g., an
   error NOTIFY packet) due to a HIP packet that had a ROUTE_VIA
   parameter with SYMMETRIC flag set, and the new packet is intended for
   the sender of the original HIP packet, the node SHOULD construct and
   add a ROUTE_DST parameter into the new packet as in the previous
   case.

3.2.  Creating Destination Lists

   A node that needs to define the other nodes that should be on the
   path a HIP packet traverses adds a ROUTE_DST parameter to the HIP
   packet.  The node may either decide the path independently, or it may
   create the path based on a ROUTE_VIA parameter.  Only the originator
   of a signed HIP packet can add a ROUTE_DST parameter to the HIP
   packet, and none of the nodes on path can modify it, since the
   parameter is covered by the signature.

   When a node creates a ROUTE_DST parameter due to receiving a packet
   with a ROUTE_VIA parameter, it copies all the HITs in the ROUTE_VIA
   parameter to the ROUTE_DST parameter, but in reversed order.  This



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   results in HIP response packet being forwarded using the same path as
   the packet for which the response was generated for.  If the exact
   same set of nodes should be traversed by the response packet, also
   the MUST_FOLLOW flag (see Table 1) SHOULD be set in the ROUTE_VIA
   parameter (and eventually copied to the ROUTE_DST parameter) to
   prevent the response packet possibly skipping some nodes on the list.

3.3.  Processing Destination Lists

   When a node receives a HIP packet that contains a ROUTE_DST
   parameter, it first looks up its own HIT from the route list.  If
   node's own HIT is not in the list and the node is not the receiver of
   the packet, the packet was incorrectly forwarded and MUST be dropped.
   If the node's HIT is in the list more than once, the list is invalid
   and the packet MUST be dropped to avoid forwarding loops.  Next hop
   for the packet is the HIT after node's own HIT in the list.  If the
   node's HIT was the last HIT in the list, the next hop is the
   receiver's HIT in the HIP header.

   If the MUST_FOLLOW flag in the ROUTE_DST parameter is not set, the
   node SHOULD check whether it has a valid locator for one of the nodes
   later in the list, or for the receiver of the packet, and it MAY
   select such a node as the next hop.  If the MUST_FOLLOW flag is set,
   the node MUST NOT skip any nodes in the list.

   If the node has a valid locator for the next hop, it MUST forward the
   HIP packet to the next hop node.  If the node can not determine a
   valid locator for the next hop node, it SHOULD drop the packet and
   SHOULD send back a NOTIFY error packet with type UNKNOWN_NEXT_HOP
   (value [TBD by IANA; 90]).  The Notification Data field for the error
   notifications SHOULD contain the HIP header of the rejected packet
   and the ROUTE_DST parameter.

3.4.  Fragmentation Considerations

   Via and Destination lists with multiple HITs can substantially
   increase the size of the HIP packets and thus fragmentation issues
   (see Section 5.1.3 of [RFC5201]) should be taken into consideration
   when these extensions are used.  Especially Via lists should be used
   with care since the final size of the packet is not known unless the
   maximum possible amount of hops is known beforehand.  Both parameters
   do still have a maximum size based on the maximum number of allowed
   HITs (see Section 4.1).


4.  Packet Formats

   This memo defines two new HIP parameters that are used for recording



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   a route via multiple nodes (ROUTE_VIA) and for defining a route a
   packet should traverse by the sender of the packet (ROUTE_DST).

   The ROUTE_DST parameter is integrity protected with the signature
   (where present) but ROUTE_VIA is not so that intermediary nodes can
   add their own HITs to the list.  Both parameters have critical type
   (as defined in Section 5.2.1 of [RFC5201]) since the packet will not
   be properly routed unless all nodes on path recognize the parameters.

4.1.  Source and Destination Route List Parameters

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Type              |             Length            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Flags             |            Reserved           |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     |                            HIT #1                             |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     .                               .                               .
     .                               .                               .
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     |                            HIT #n                             |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


     Type      [ TBD by IANA
               ROUTE_DST: 971
               ROUTE_VIA: 65525 ]
     Length    length in octets, excluding Type and Length
               (i.e., number-of-HITs * 16 + 4)
     Flags     bit flags that can be used for requesting special
               handling of the parameter
     Reserved  reserved for future use
     HIT       Host Identity Tag of one of the nodes on the path

        Figure 1: Format of the ROUTE_VIA and ROUTE_DST Parameters

   Figure 1 shows the format of both ROUTE_VIA and ROUTE_DST parameters.
   The ROUTE_DST parameter, if present, MUST have at least one HIT, but
   the ROUTE_VIA parameter can also have zero HITs.  Neither of the



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   parameters SHALL NOT contain more than 32 HITs.  The Flags field is
   used for requesting special handling for Via and Destination lists.
   The flags defined in this document are shown in Table 1.  The
   Reserved field can be used by future extensions; it MUST be zero when
   sending and ignored when receiving this parameter.

   +-----+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | Pos | Name        | Purpose                                       |
   +-----+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   |  0  | SYMMETRIC   | The response packet MUST be sent with a       |
   |     |             | ROUTE_DST list made from the ROUTE_VIA list   |
   |     |             | containing this flag, i.e., using symmetric   |
   |     |             | routing.                                      |
   |  1  | MUST_FOLLOW | All the nodes in a ROUTE_DST list MUST be     |
   |     |             | traversed, i.e., even if a node would have a  |
   |     |             | valid locator for a node beyond the next hop, |
   |     |             | it MUST NOT forward the packet there but to   |
   |     |             | the next hop node.                            |
   +-----+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+

         Table 1: Bit Flags in ROUTE_VIA and ROUTE_DST Parameters

   The "Pos" column in Table 1 shows the bit position of the flag (as in
   Figure 1) in the Flags field, "Name" gives the name of the flag used
   in this document, and "Purpose" gives brief description of the
   meaning of that flag.

   The flags apply to both ROUTE_VIA and ROUTE_DST parameters and when a
   ROUTE_DST parameter is added to a packet because of a ROUTE_VIA
   parameter, the same flags MUST be copied to the ROUTE_DST parameter.


5.  IANA Considerations

   This section is to be interpreted according to [RFC5226].

   This document updates the IANA Registry for HIP Parameter Types
   [RFC5201] by assigning new HIP Parameter Type values for the new HIP
   Parameters: ROUTE_VIA and ROUTE_DST (defined in Section 4).  This
   document also defines a new Notify Packet Type [RFC5201]
   UNKNOWN_NEXT_HOP in Section 3.3.

   The ROUTE_DST and ROUTE_VIA parameters utilize bit flags, for which
   IANA is to create and maintain a new sub-registry entitled "HIP Via
   Flags" under the "Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Parameters" registry.
   Initial values for the registry are given in Table 1; future
   assignments are to be made through IETF Review or IESG Approval
   [RFC5226].  Assignments consist of the bit position and the name of



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   the flag.


6.  Security Considerations

   The standard HIP mechanisms (e.g., using signatures, puzzles, and the
   ENCRYPTED parameter [RFC5201]) provide protection against
   eavesdropping, replay, message insertion, deletion, modification, and
   man-in-the-middle attacks.  Yet, the extensions described in this
   document allow nodes to route HIP messages via other nodes and hence
   possibly try to mount Denial of Service (DoS) attacks against them.
   The following sections describe possible attacks and means to
   mitigate them.

6.1.  Forged Destination and Via Lists

   The Destination list is protected by the HIP signature so that the
   receiver of the message can check that the list was indeed created by
   the sender of the message and not modified on path.  Also the nodes
   forwarding the message MAY check the signature of the forwarded
   packets if they have the Host Identity (HI) of the sender (e.g., from
   a I2 or R1 message) and drop packets whose signature check fails.
   With forwarding nodes checking the signature and allowing messages to
   be forwarded only from nodes for which there is an active HIP
   association, it is also possible to reliably identify attacking
   nodes.

   The limited amount of HITs allowed in a Destination list limits the
   impact of attacks using a forged Destination list and the attacker
   also needs to know a set of HIP nodes that are able to route the
   message hop-by-hop for the attack to be effective.

   A forged Via list results in a similar attack as with the Destination
   list and with similar limitations.  However, in this attack the
   Destination list generated from the Via list is validly signed by the
   responding node.  To limit the effect of this kind of attacks a
   responding node may further decrease the maximum acceptable number of
   nodes in the Via lists or allow only certain HITs in the lists.
   However, using these mechanisms require either good knowledge of the
   overlay network (i.e., maximum realistic amount of hops) or knowing
   the HITs of all potential nodes forwarding the messages.

6.2.  Forwarding Loops

   A malicious node could craft a destination route list that contains
   the same HIT more than once and thus create a forwarding loop.  The
   check described in Section 3.3 should break such loops but nodes MAY
   in addition utilize the OVERLAY_TTL [I-D.ietf-hip-bone] parameter for



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   additional protection against forwarding loops.


7.  Acknowledgments

   Tom Henderson provided valuable comments and improvement suggestions
   for this document.


8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC5201]  Moskowitz, R., Nikander, P., Jokela, P., and T. Henderson,
              "Host Identity Protocol", RFC 5201, April 2008.

8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC5204]  Laganier, J. and L. Eggert, "Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
              Rendezvous Extension", RFC 5204, April 2008.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [I-D.ietf-hip-bone]
              Camarillo, G., Nikander, P., Hautakorpi, J., Keranen, A.,
              and A. Johnston, "HIP BONE: Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
              Based Overlay Networking Environment",
              draft-ietf-hip-bone-07 (work in progress), June 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-p2psip-base]
              Jennings, C., Lowekamp, B., Rescorla, E., Baset, S., and
              H. Schulzrinne, "REsource LOcation And Discovery (RELOAD)
              Base Protocol", draft-ietf-p2psip-base-08 (work in
              progress), March 2010.












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Authors' Addresses

   Gonzalo Camarillo
   Ericsson
   Hirsalantie 11
   02420 Jorvas
   Finland

   Email: Gonzalo.Camarillo@ericsson.com


   Ari Keranen
   Ericsson
   Hirsalantie 11
   02420 Jorvas
   Finland

   Email: Ari.Keranen@ericsson.com

































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