


Network Working Group                                          P. Eronen
Internet-Draft                                                     Nokia
Intended status: Standards Track                           H. Tschofenig
Expires: December 27, 2010                        Nokia Siemens Networks
                                                              Y. Sheffer
                                                             Independent
                                                           June 25, 2010


           An Extension for EAP-Only Authentication in IKEv2
                  draft-ietf-ipsecme-eap-mutual-05.txt

Abstract

   IKEv2 specifies that EAP authentication must be used together with
   public key signature based responder authentication.  This is
   necessary with old EAP methods that provide only unilateral
   authentication using, e.g., one-time passwords or token cards.

   This document specifies how EAP methods that provide mutual
   authentication and key agreement can be used to provide extensible
   responder authentication for IKEv2 based on methods other than public
   key signatures.

   Note to RFC Editor: this document updates
   draft-ietf-ipsecme-ikev2bis, and therefore depends on that document.
   Please add "Updates: RFCxxxx" to the title page, where "xxxx" is the
   RFC number assigned to IKEv2-bis.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 27, 2010.

Copyright Notice




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   Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   than English.


1.  Introduction

   The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), defined in [RFC4072],
   is an authentication framework which supports multiple authentication
   mechanisms.  Today, EAP has been implemented at end hosts and routers
   that connect via switched circuits or dial-up lines using PPP
   [RFC1661], IEEE 802 wired switches [IEEE8021X], and IEEE 802.11
   wireless access points [IEEE80211i].

   One of the advantages of the EAP architecture is its flexibility.
   EAP is used to select a specific authentication mechanism, typically
   after the authenticator requests more information in order to
   determine the specific authentication method to be used.  Rather than
   requiring the authenticator (e.g., wireless LAN access point) to be
   updated to support each new authentication method, EAP permits the
   use of a backend authentication server which may implement some or
   all authentication methods.

   IKEv2 ([RFC4306] and [I-D.ietf-ipsecme-ikev2bis]) is a component of
   IPsec used for performing mutual authentication and establishing and
   maintaining security associations for IPsec ESP and AH.  In addition
   to supporting authentication using public key signatures and shared



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   secrets, IKEv2 also supports EAP authentication.

   IKEv2 provides EAP authentication since it was recognized that public
   key signatures and shared secrets are not flexible enough to meet the
   requirements of many deployment scenarios.  By using EAP, IKEv2 can
   leverage existing authentication infrastructure and credential
   databases, since EAP allows users to choose a method suitable for
   existing credentials, and also makes separation of the IKEv2
   responder (VPN gateway) from the EAP authentication endpoint (backend
   AAA server) easier.

   Some older EAP methods are designed for unilateral authentication
   only (that is, EAP peer to EAP server).  These methods are used in
   conjunction with IKEv2 public key based authentication of the
   responder to the initiator.  It is expected that this approach is
   especially useful for "road warrior" VPN gateways that use, for
   instance, one-time passwords or token cards to authenticate the
   clients.

   However, most newer EAP methods, such as those typically used with
   IEEE 802.11i wireless LANs, provide mutual authentication and key
   agreement.  Currently, IKEv2 specifies that these EAP methods must
   also be used together with public key signature based responder
   authentication.

   In order for the public key signature authentication of the gateway
   to be effective, a deployment of PKI is required, which has to
   include management of trust anchors on all supplicants.  In many
   environments, this is not realistic, and the security of the gateway
   public key is the same as the security of a self-signed certificate.
   Mutually authenticating EAP methods alone can provide a sufficient
   level of security in many circumstances, and in fact in some
   deployments, IEEE 802.11i uses EAP without any PKI for authenticating
   the WLAN access points.

   This document specifies how EAP methods that offer mutual
   authentication and key agreement can be used to provide responder
   authentication in IKEv2 completely based on EAP.

1.1.  Terminology

   All notation in this protocol extension is taken from [RFC4306].

   Numbered messages refer to the IKEv2 message sequence when using EAP.
   Thus:

   o  Message 1 is the request message of IKE_SA_INIT.




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   o  Message 2 is the response message of IKE_SA_INIT.

   o  Message 3 is the first request of IKE_AUTH.

   o  Message 4 is the first response of IKE_AUTH.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].


2.  Scenarios

   In this section we describe two scenarios for extensible
   authentication within IKEv2.  These scenarios are intended to be
   illustrative examples rather than specifying how things should be
   done.

   Figure 1 shows a configuration where the EAP and the IKEv2 endpoints
   are co-located.  Authenticating the IKEv2 responder using both EAP
   and public key signatures is redundant.  Offering EAP based
   authentication has the advantage that multiple different
   authentication and key exchange protocols are available with EAP with
   different security properties (such as strong password based
   protocols, protocols offering user identity confidentiality and many
   more).

          +------+-----+                            +------------+
     O    |   IKEv2    |                            |   IKEv2    |
    /|\   | Initiator  |<---////////////////////--->| Responder  |
    / \   +------------+          IKEv2             +------------+
    User  |  EAP Peer  |          Exchange          | EAP Server |
          +------------+                            +------------+

             Figure 1: EAP and IKEv2 endpoints are co-located

   Figure 2 shows a typical corporate network access scenario.  The
   initiator (client) interacts with the responder (VPN gateway) in the
   corporate network.  The EAP exchange within IKE runs between the
   client and the home AAA server.  As a result of a successful EAP
   authentication protocol run, session keys are established and sent
   from the AAA server to the VPN gateway, and then used to authenticate
   the IKEv2 SA with AUTH payloads.

   The protocol used between the VPN gateway and AAA server could be,
   for instance, Diameter [RFC4072] or RADIUS [RFC3579].  See Section 6
   for related security considerations.




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                                +-------------------------------+
                                |       Corporate network       |
                                |                               |
                           +-----------+            +--------+  |
                           |   IKEv2   |     AAA    |  Home  |  |
     IKEv2      +////----->+ Responder +<---------->+  AAA   |  |
     Exchange   /          | (VPN GW)  |  (RADIUS/  | Server |  |
                /          +-----------+  Diameter) +--------+  |
                /               |        carrying EAP           |
                |               |                               |
                |               +-------------------------------+
                v
         +------+-----+
     o   |   IKEv2    |
    /|\  | Initiator  |
    / \  | VPN client |
   User  +------------+

                    Figure 2: Corporate Network Access


3.  Solution

   IKEv2 specifies that when the EAP method establishes a shared secret
   key, that key is used by both the initiator and responder to generate
   an AUTH payload (thus authenticating the IKEv2 SA set up by messages
   1 and 2).

   When used together with public key responder authentication, the
   responder is in effect authenticated using two different methods: the
   public key signature AUTH payload in message 4, and the EAP-based
   AUTH payload later.

   If the initiator does not wish to use public key based responder
   authentication, it includes an EAP_ONLY_AUTHENTICATION notification
   payload (type TBD-BY-IANA) in message 3.  The Protocol ID and SPI
   size fields are set to zero, and there is no additional data
   associated with this notification.

   If the responder supports this notification and chooses to use it, it
   omits the public key based AUTH payload and CERT payloads from
   message 4.

   If the responder does not support the EAP_ONLY_AUTHENTICATION
   notification or does not wish to use it, it ignores the notification
   payload, and includes the AUTH payload in message 4.  In this case
   the initiator MUST verify that payload and any associated
   certificates, as per [RFC4306].



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   When receiving message 4, the initiator MUST verify that the proposed
   EAP method is allowed by this specification, and MUST abort the
   protocol immediately otherwise.

   Both the initiator and responder MUST verify that the EAP method
   actually used provided mutual authentication and established a shared
   secret key.  The AUTH payloads sent after EAP Success MUST use the
   EAP-generated key, and MUST NOT use SK_pi or SK_pr (see Sec. 2.15 of
   [I-D.ietf-ipsecme-ikev2bis]).

   An IKEv2 message exchange with this modification is shown below:


      Initiator                   Responder
     -----------                 -----------
      HDR, SAi1, KEi, Ni,
           [N(NAT_DETECTION_SOURCE_IP),
            N(NAT_DETECTION_DESTINATION_IP)]  -->

                            <--   HDR, SAr1, KEr, Nr, [CERTREQ],
                                       [N(NAT_DETECTION_SOURCE_IP),
                                        N(NAT_DETECTION_DESTINATION_IP)]

      HDR, SK { IDi, [IDr], SAi2, TSi, TSr,
                N(EAP_ONLY_AUTHENTICATION),
                [CP(CFG_REQUEST)] }  -->

                            <--   HDR, SK { IDr, EAP(Request) }

      HDR, SK { EAP(Response) }  -->

                            <--   HDR, SK { EAP(Request) }

      HDR, SK { EAP(Response) }  -->

                            <--   HDR, SK { EAP(Success) }

      HDR, SK { AUTH }  -->

                            <--   HDR, SK { AUTH, SAr2, TSi, TSr,
                                            [CP(CFG_REPLY] }


   Note: all notation in the above protocol sequence and elsewhere in
   this specification is as defined in [RFC4306], and see in particular
   Sec. 1.2 of [RFC4306] for payload types.

   The NAT detection and Configuration payloads are shown for



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   informative purposes only; they do not change how EAP authentication
   works.

   An IKE SA that was set up with this extension can be resumed using
   the mechanism described in [RFC5723].  However session resumption
   does not change the authentication method.  Therefore during the
   IKE_AUTH exchange of the resumed session, this extension MUST NOT be
   sent by the initiator.


4.  Safe EAP Methods

   EAP methods to be used with this extension MUST have the following
   properties:

   1.  The method provides mutual authentication of the peers.

   2.  The method is key-generating.

   3.  The method is resistant to dictionary attack.

   The authors believe that the following EAP methods are secure when
   used with the current extension.  The list is not inclusive, and
   there are likely other safe methods which have not been listed here.

   +---------------------+--------------+------------------------------+
   | Method Name         | Allows       | Reference                    |
   |                     | Channel      |                              |
   |                     | Binding?     |                              |
   +---------------------+--------------+------------------------------+
   | EAP-SIM             | No           | [RFC4186]                    |
   | EAP-AKA             | Yes          | [RFC4187]                    |
   | EAP-AKA'            | Yes          | [RFC5448]                    |
   | EAP-GPSK            | Yes          | [RFC5433]                    |
   | EAP-pwd             | No           | [I-D.harkins-emu-eap-pwd]    |
   | EAP-EKE             | Yes          | [I-D.sheffer-emu-eap-eke]    |
   | EAP-PAX             | Yes          | [RFC4746]                    |
   | EAP-SAKE            | No           | [RFC4763]                    |
   | EAP-SRP             | No           | [I-D.ietf-pppext-eap-srp-03] |
   | EAP-POTP (mutual    | Yes          | [RFC4793]                    |
   | authentication      |              |                              |
   | variant)            |              |                              |
   | EAP-TLS             | No           | [RFC5216]                    |
   | EAP-FAST            | No           | [RFC4851]                    |
   | EAP-TTLS            | No           | [RFC5281]                    |
   +---------------------+--------------+------------------------------+

   The "Allows channel binding?" column denotes protocols where



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   protected identity information may be sent between the EAP endpoints.
   This third, optional property of the method provides protection
   against certain types of attacks (see Section 6.2 for an
   explanation), and therefore in some scenarios, methods that allow for
   channel binding are to be preferred.  It is noted that at the time of
   writing, even when such capabilities are provided, they are not fully
   specified in an interoperable manner.  In particular, no RFC
   specifies what identities should be sent under the protection of the
   channel binding mechanism, or what policy is to be used to correlate
   identities at the different layers.


5.  IANA considerations

   This document defines a new IKEv2 Notification Payload type,
   EAP_ONLY_AUTHENTICATION, described in Section 3.  This payload must
   be assigned a new type number from the "status types" range.


6.  Security Considerations

   Security considerations applicable to all EAP methods are discussed
   in [RFC3748].  The EAP Key Management Framework [RFC5247] deals with
   issues that arise when EAP is used as a part of a larger system.

6.1.  Authentication of IKEv2 SA

   It is important to note that the IKEv2 SA is not authenticated by
   just running an EAP conversation: the crucial step is the AUTH
   payload based on the EAP-generated key.  Thus, EAP methods that do
   not provide mutual authentication or establish a shared secret key
   MUST NOT be used with the modifications presented in this document.

6.2.  Authentication with separated IKEv2 responder/EAP server

   As described in Section 2, the EAP conversation can terminate either
   at the IKEv2 responder or at a backend AAA server.

   If the EAP method is terminated at the IKEv2 responder then no key
   transport via the AAA infrastructure is required.  Pre-shared secret
   and public key based authentication offered by IKEv2 is then replaced
   by a wider range of authentication and key exchange methods.

   However, typically EAP will be used with a backend AAA server.  See
   [RFC5247] for a more complete discussion of the related security
   issues; here we provide only a short summary.

   When a backend server is used, there are actually two authentication



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   exchanges: the EAP method between the client and the AAA server, and
   another authentication between the AAA server and IKEv2 gateway.  The
   AAA server authenticates the client using the selected EAP method,
   and they establish a session key.  The AAA server then sends this key
   to the IKEv2 gateway over a connection authenticated using, e.g.,
   IPsec or TLS.

   Some EAP methods do not have any concept of pass-through
   authenticator (e.g., NAS or IKEv2 gateway) identity, and these two
   authentications remain quite independent of each other.  That is,
   after the client has verified the AUTH payload sent by the IKEv2
   gateway, it knows that it is talking to SOME gateway trusted by the
   home AAA server, but not which one.  The situation is somewhat
   similar if a single cryptographic hardware accelerator, containing a
   single private key, would be shared between multiple IKEv2 gateways
   (perhaps in some kind of cluster configuration).  In particular, if
   one of the gateways is compromised, it can impersonate any of the
   other gateways towards the user (until the compromise is discovered
   and access rights revoked).

   In some environments it is not desirable to trust the IKEv2 gateways
   this much (also known as the "Lying NAS Problem").  EAP methods that
   provide what is called "connection binding" or "channel binding"
   transport some identity or identities of the gateway (or WLAN access
   point/NAS) inside the EAP method.  Then the AAA server can check that
   it is indeed sending the key to the gateway expected by the client.
   A potential solution is described in
   [I-D.arkko-eap-service-identity-auth], and see also
   [I-D.clancy-emu-aaapay].

   In some deployment configurations, AAA proxies may be present between
   the IKEv2 gateway and the backend AAA server.  These AAA proxies MUST
   be trusted for secure operation, and therefore SHOULD be avoided when
   possible; see Sec. 2.3.4 of [RFC4072] Sec. 4.3.7 of [RFC3579] for
   more discussion.

6.3.  Protection of EAP payloads

   Although the EAP payloads are encrypted and integrity protected with
   SK_e/SK_a, this does not provide any protection against active
   attackers.  Until the AUTH payload has been received and verified, a
   man-in-the-middle can change the KEi/KEr payloads and eavesdrop or
   modify the EAP payloads.

   In IEEE 802.11i wireless LANs, the EAP payloads are neither encrypted
   nor integrity protected (by the link layer), so EAP methods are
   typically designed to take that into account.




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   In particular, EAP methods that are vulnerable to dictionary attacks
   when used in WLANs are still vulnerable (to active attackers) when
   run inside IKEv2.

   The rules in Section 4 are designed to avoid this potential
   vulnerability.

6.4.  Identities and Authenticated Identities

   When using this protocol, each of the peers sends two identity
   values:

   1.  An identity contained in the IKE ID payload.

   2.  An identity transferred within the specific EAP method's
       messages.

   (IKEv2 omits the EAP Identity request/response pair, see Sec. 3.16 of
   [I-D.ietf-ipsecme-ikev2bis].)  The first identity value can be used
   by the recipient to route AAA messages and/or to select
   authentication and EAP types.  But it is only the second identity
   that is directly authenticated by the EAP method.  The reader is
   referred to Sec. 2.16 of [I-D.ietf-ipsecme-ikev2bis] regarding the
   need to base IPsec policy decisions on the authenticated identity.
   In the context of the extension described here, this guidance on
   IPsec policy applies both to the authentication of the client by the
   gateway and vice versa.

6.5.  User identity confidentiality

   IKEv2 provides confidentiality for the initiator identity against
   passive eavesdroppers, but not against active attackers.  The
   initiator announces its identity first (in message 3), before the
   responder has been authenticated.  The usage of EAP in IKEv2 does not
   change this situation, since the ID payload in message 3 is used
   instead of the EAP Identity Request/Response exchange.  This is
   somewhat unfortunate since when EAP is used with public key
   authentication of the responder, it would be possible to provide
   active user identity confidentiality for the initiator.

   IKEv2 protects the responder's identity even against active attacks.
   This property cannot be provided when using EAP.  If public key
   responder authentication is used in addition to EAP, the responder
   reveals its identity before authenticating the initiator.  If only
   EAP is used (as proposed in this document), the situation depends on
   the EAP method used (in some EAP methods, the server reveals its
   identity first).




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   Hence, if active user identity confidentiality for the responder is
   required then EAP methods that offer this functionality have to be
   used (see [RFC3748], Section 7.3).


7.  Acknowledgments

   This document borrows some text from [RFC3748], [RFC4306], and
   [RFC4072].  We would also like to thank Hugo Krawczyk for interesting
   discussions about this topic, Dan Harkins and David Harrington for
   their comments.


8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-ipsecme-ikev2bis]
              Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., and P. Eronen,
              "Internet Key Exchange Protocol: IKEv2",
              draft-ietf-ipsecme-ikev2bis-11 (work in progress),
              May 2010.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3748]  Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H.
              Levkowetz, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)",
              RFC 3748, June 2004.

   [RFC4072]  Eronen, P., Hiller, T., and G. Zorn, "Diameter Extensible
              Authentication Protocol (EAP) Application", RFC 4072,
              August 2005.

   [RFC4306]  Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
              RFC 4306, December 2005.

   [RFC5723]  Sheffer, Y. and H. Tschofenig, "Internet Key Exchange
              Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2) Session Resumption", RFC 5723,
              January 2010.

8.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.arkko-eap-service-identity-auth]
              Arkko, J. and P. Eronen, "Authenticated Service
              Information for the Extensible Authentication Protocol
              (EAP)", draft-arkko-eap-service-identity-auth-04 (work in
              progress), October 2005.



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   [I-D.clancy-emu-aaapay]
              Clancy, C., Lior, A., Zorn, G., and K. Hoeper, "EAP Method
              Support for Transporting AAA Payloads",
              draft-clancy-emu-aaapay-04 (work in progress), May 2010.

   [I-D.harkins-emu-eap-pwd]
              Harkins, D. and G. Zorn, "EAP Authentication Using Only A
              Password", draft-harkins-emu-eap-pwd-14 (work in
              progress), April 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-pppext-eap-srp-03]
              Carlson, J., Aboba, B., and H. Haverinen, "EAP SRP-SHA1
              Authentication Protocol", draft-ietf-pppext-eap-srp-03
              (work in progress), July 2001.

   [I-D.sheffer-emu-eap-eke]
              Sheffer, Y., Zorn, G., Tschofenig, H., and S. Fluhrer, "An
              EAP Authentication Method Based on the EKE Protocol",
              draft-sheffer-emu-eap-eke-07 (work in progress),
              June 2010.

   [IEEE80211i]
              Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "IEEE
              Standard for Information technology - Telecommunications
              and information exchange between systems - Local and
              metropolitan area networks - Specific requirements - Part
              11: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
              Layer (PHY) specifications: Amendment 6: Medium Access
              Control (MAC) Security Enhancements", IEEE
              Standard 802.11i-2004, July 2004.

   [IEEE8021X]
              Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Local
              and Metropolitan Area Networks: Port-Based Network Access
              Control", IEEE Standard 802.1X-2001, 2001.

   [RFC1661]  Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD 51,
              RFC 1661, July 1994.

   [RFC3579]  Aboba, B. and P. Calhoun, "RADIUS (Remote Authentication
              Dial In User Service) Support For Extensible
              Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 3579, September 2003.

   [RFC4186]  Haverinen, H. and J. Salowey, "Extensible Authentication
              Protocol Method for Global System for Mobile
              Communications (GSM) Subscriber Identity Modules (EAP-
              SIM)", RFC 4186, January 2006.




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   [RFC4187]  Arkko, J. and H. Haverinen, "Extensible Authentication
              Protocol Method for 3rd Generation Authentication and Key
              Agreement (EAP-AKA)", RFC 4187, January 2006.

   [RFC4746]  Clancy, T. and W. Arbaugh, "Extensible Authentication
              Protocol (EAP) Password Authenticated Exchange", RFC 4746,
              November 2006.

   [RFC4763]  Vanderveen, M. and H. Soliman, "Extensible Authentication
              Protocol Method for Shared-secret Authentication and Key
              Establishment (EAP-SAKE)", RFC 4763, November 2006.

   [RFC4793]  Nystroem, M., "The EAP Protected One-Time Password
              Protocol (EAP-POTP)", RFC 4793, February 2007.

   [RFC4851]  Cam-Winget, N., McGrew, D., Salowey, J., and H. Zhou, "The
              Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling Extensible
              Authentication Protocol Method (EAP-FAST)", RFC 4851,
              May 2007.

   [RFC5216]  Simon, D., Aboba, B., and R. Hurst, "The EAP-TLS
              Authentication Protocol", RFC 5216, March 2008.

   [RFC5247]  Aboba, B., Simon, D., and P. Eronen, "Extensible
              Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework",
              RFC 5247, August 2008.

   [RFC5281]  Funk, P. and S. Blake-Wilson, "Extensible Authentication
              Protocol Tunneled Transport Layer Security Authenticated
              Protocol Version 0 (EAP-TTLSv0)", RFC 5281, August 2008.

   [RFC5433]  Clancy, T. and H. Tschofenig, "Extensible Authentication
              Protocol - Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK) Method",
              RFC 5433, February 2009.

   [RFC5448]  Arkko, J., Lehtovirta, V., and P. Eronen, "Improved
              Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for 3rd
              Generation Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA')",
              RFC 5448, May 2009.


Appendix A.  Change Log

   Note to RFC Editor: please remove this section prior to publication.







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A.1.  -05

   Implemented IESG review comments from David Harrington and Adrian
   Farrel.  In particular, this document updates
   [I-D.ietf-ipsecme-ikev2bis].  Added a paragraph on interaction with
   IKE session resumption.

A.2.  -04

   Anti-nit.

A.3.  -03

   Implemented IETF LC comments from Dan Harkins and Tero Kivinen.

A.4.  -02

   Implemented several WGLC comments.  EAP methods are required to be
   resistant to dictionary attacks to be used here.

A.5.  -01

   List of proposed EAP methods is now informative, not normative.

A.6.  draft-ietf-ipsecme-mutual-auth-00

   Initial WG draft, based on draft-eronen-ipsec-ikev2-eap-auth-07, with
   the following changes: if the responder does not support this
   mechanism, the initiator reverts to normal RFC 4306 behavior; the
   initiator must abort immediately if it doesn't like the proposed EAP
   method; allowed EAP methods are explicitly listed.


Appendix B.  Alternative Approaches

   In this section we list alternatives which have been considered
   during the work on this document.  We concluded that the solution
   presented in Section 3 seems to fit better into IKEv2.

B.1.  Ignore AUTH payload at the initiator

   With this approach, the initiator simply ignores the AUTH payload in
   message 4 (but obviously must check the second AUTH payload later!).
   The main advantage of this approach is that no protocol modifications
   are required and no signature verification is required.  A
   significant disadvantage is that the EAP method to be used cannot be
   selected to take this behavior into account.




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   The initiator could signal to the responder (using a notification
   payload) that it did not verify the first AUTH payload.

B.2.  Unauthenticated public keys in AUTH payload (message 4)

   Another solution approach suggests the use of unauthenticated public
   keys in the public key signature AUTH payload (for message 4).

   That is, the initiator verifies the signature in the AUTH payload,
   but does not verify that the public key indeed belongs to the
   intended party (using certificates)--since it doesn't have a PKI that
   would allow this.  This could be used with X.509 certificates (the
   initiator ignores all other fields of the certificate except the
   public key), or "Raw RSA Key" CERT payloads.

   This approach has the advantage that initiators that wish to perform
   certificate-based responder authentication (in addition to EAP) may
   do so, without requiring the responder to handle these cases
   separately.  A disadvantage here, again, is that the EAP method
   selection cannot take into account the incomplete validation of the
   responder's certificate.

   If using RSA, the overhead of signature verification is quite small,
   compared to the g^xy calculation required by the Diffie-Hellman
   exchange.

B.3.  Using EAP derived session keys for IKEv2

   It has been proposed that when using an EAP method that provides
   mutual authentication and key agreement, the IKEv2 Diffie-Hellman
   exchange could also be omitted.  This would mean that the session
   keys for IPsec SAs established later would rely only on EAP-provided
   keys.

   It seems the only benefit of this approach is saving some computation
   time (g^xy calculation).  This approach requires designing a
   completely new protocol (which would not resemble IKEv2 anymore) we
   do not believe that it should be considered.  Nevertheless, we
   include it for completeness.












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Authors' Addresses

   Pasi Eronen
   Nokia Research Center
   P.O. Box 407
   FIN-00045 Nokia Group
   Finland

   Email: pasi.eronen@nokia.com


   Hannes Tschofenig
   Nokia Siemens Networks
   Linnoitustie 6
   Espoo  02600
   Finland

   Phone: +358 (50) 4871445
   Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@gmx.net
   URI:   http://www.tschofenig.priv.at


   Yaron Sheffer
   Independent

   Email: yaronf.ietf@gmail.com

























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