Internet Draft                                              S. Kiyomoto
Intended status: Informational                                  W. Shin
Expires: December 2011                      KDDI R&D Laboratories, Inc.
                                                          June 23, 2011



              A Description of KCipher-2 Encryption Algorithm
                      draft-kiyomoto-kcipher2-05.txt


Abstract

   This document describes the KCipher-2 encryption algorithm. KCipher-2
   is a stream cipher with a 128-bit key and a 128-bit initialization
   vector. Since the algorithm for KCipher-2 was published in 2007,
   security and efficiency have been rigorously evaluated through
   academic and industrial studies. No security vulnerability has been
   found as of the time this document was written. KCipher-2 offers fast
   encryption and decryption by means of simple operations that enable
   efficient implementation. KCipher-2 has been used for industrial
   applications, especially for mobile health monitoring and diagnostic
   services in Japan.

Status of this Memo

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors. All rights reserved.




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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document. Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents


   1. Introduction...................................................3
   2. Algorithm Description..........................................4
      2.1. Notations.................................................4
      2.2. Internal State............................................4
         2.2.1. Feedback Shift Registers.............................5
         2.2.2. Internal registers...................................5
      2.3. Operations................................................5
         2.3.1. next()...............................................5
         2.3.2. init()...............................................7
         2.3.3. stream().............................................8
      2.4. Subroutines...............................................9
         2.4.1. NLF()................................................9
         2.4.2. sub_K2().............................................9
         2.4.3. S_box().............................................10
         2.4.4. Multiplications in GF(2#32).........................11
      2.5. Encryption/Decryption scheme.............................13
         2.5.1. Key stream generation...............................13
         2.5.2. Encryption/Decryption of a message..................14
   3. Security Considerations.......................................14
   4. References....................................................14
      4.1. Normative References.....................................14
      4.2. Informative References...................................14
   Appendix A. Tables for multiplication in GF(2#32)................16
      A.1. The table amul0..........................................16
      A.2. The table amul1..........................................17
      A.3. The table amul2..........................................19
      A.4. The table amul3..........................................20
   Appendix B. A simple implementation example of KCipher-2.........22
      B.1. Code components I - Definitions and declarations.........22
      B.2. Code components II - Functions...........................23
      B.3. Use case.................................................28
   Appendix C. Test Vectors.........................................29
      C.1. Key stream generation examples...........................29
      C.2. Another key stream generation with the state values......30


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         C.2.1. S after init(1).....................................30
         C.2.2. S after init(2).....................................30
         C.2.3. S after init(3).....................................31
         C.2.4. S after init(4).....................................31
         C.2.5. S after init(5).....................................31
         C.2.6. S after init(6).....................................31
         C.2.7. S after init(7).....................................32
         C.2.8. S after init(8).....................................32
         C.2.9. S after init(9).....................................32
         C.2.10. S after init(10)...................................32
         C.2.11. S after init(11)...................................33
         C.2.12. S after init(12)...................................33
         C.2.13. S after init(13)...................................33
         C.2.14. S after init(14)...................................33
         C.2.15. S after init(15)...................................34
         C.2.16. S after init(16)...................................34
         C.2.17. S after init(17)...................................34
         C.2.18. S after init(18)...................................34
         C.2.19. S after init(19)...................................35
         C.2.20. S after init(20)...................................35
         C.2.21. S after init(21)...................................35
         C.2.22. S after init(22)...................................35
         C.2.23. S after init(23)...................................36
         C.2.24. S(0) after init(24)................................36
         C.2.25. S(1) and the key stream at S(1)....................36
         C.2.26. S(2) and the key stream at S(2)....................37

1. Introduction

   KCipher-2 is a stream cipher that uses 128-bit secret key and a 128-
   bit initialization vector. Since the algorithm for KCipher-2 was
   published in 2007 [SASC07], it has received attention from academia
   and industries. The security and performance of KCipher-2 have been
   rigorously evaluated by the developers and other institutions
   [SECRYPT07], [ICETE07], [CRYPTEC], [KDDI]. No attack has been found
   on KCipher-2 as of this date. KCipher-2 can be efficiently
   implemented in software to provide fast encryption and decryption,
   owing to the uncomplicated design. Only four simple operations are
   used: exclusive-OR, addition, shift, and table lookup. When the
   algorithm is implemented in hardware, internal computations can be
   parallel aiming for greater efficiency. Moreover, since its internal
   state representation only amounts to several hundreds of bits,
   KCipher-2 is suitable for resource-limited environments. KCipher-2
   has been actively used in several industrial applications in Japan
   and has been submitted to an international standardization body
   (ISO/IEC 18033) [ISO18033] and evaluated to be a Japanese e-
   Government recommended cipher [CRYPTECLIST].


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2. Algorithm Description

   In this section, we describe the internal components of KCipher-2 and
   define the operations for deriving key streams from an input key and
   an initialization vector. We illustrate the detail operations mostly
   in pseudo format, but also provide code snippets written in the C
   language syntax if necessary.

2.1. Notations

   All values in this document are stored in big-endian order (a. k. a.,
   network byte order). We use the following notations in the
   description of KCipher-2.

     ^         Bitwise exclusive-OR

     n#m       mth power of n

     +n        Integer addition modulo 2#n

     <<_r n    n-bit left circular shift in an r-bit register

     0x        Hexadecimal representation

     E[i]      The (i + 1)th element of E when E is composed of
               consecutive multiple elements

     GF        Galois field. GF(n#m) means the finite field of exactly
               n#m elements

     **        Multiplication of elements on the finite field GF(2#32)

   * NOTE: Many texts denote "the mth power of n" by "n^m", but we write
   it using '#', instead of '^', to avoid readers' confusion over the
   power operator and the XOR operator of the C language syntax.

2.2. Internal State

   The internal state of KCipher-2 can be denoted by S. The internal
   state consists of its six sub-components: two feedback shift
   registers, FSR-A and FSR-B, and four internal registers, L1, R1, L2,
   and R2. We, therefore, often write S = (A, B, L1, R1, L2, R2), where
   A and B respectively refer FSR-A and FSR-B.






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2.2.1. Feedback Shift Registers

   The two feedback shift registers (FSR) are separately called Feedback
   Shift Register A (FSR-A) and Feedback Shift Register B (FSR-B). FSR-A
   is composed of five 32-bit units that are consecutively arranged.
   Each of the units can be identified by A[0], A[1], A[2], A[3], and
   A[4]. Likewise, FSR-B is composed of eleven consecutive 32-bit units,
   B[0], ..., B[10]. All values stored in each 32-bit unit of FSR is in
   GF(2#32).

2.2.2. Internal registers

   Besides FSR, KCipher-2 has four internal registers to store
   intermediate computation results during operation. The four registers
   are named L1, R1, L2, and R2.

2.3. Operations

   There are three major operations that constitute the behavior of
   KCipher-2: init(), next(), and stream(). The init() operation
   initializes the internal values of the system. The next() operation
   derives new values of S' from the values of S, where S' and S refer
   the internal state. The stream() operation derives a key stream from
   the current state S.

2.3.1. next()

   The next() operation takes the current state S = (A, B, L1, R1, L2,
   R2) as input. The size of the input amounts to twenty of the 32-bit
   units in total (five units for A, eleven for B, and one for L1, R1,
   L2, and R2). It produces the next state S' = (A', B', L1', R1', L2',
   R2'). This operation is mainly used to generate secure key streams by
   applying non-linear functions for every cycle of KCipher-2. Besides,
   it is also used to initialize the system. The behaviors are
   distinguished by the input parameter that indicates the operation
   modes.

   Inside the next() operation, the internal registers are updated by
   the result of the substitution function described in 2.4.2. The
   feedback shift registers also are updated by feedback functions. The
   feedback functions include the multiplication of register units and
   the fixed elements a0, a1, a2, and a3 in a finite field. The fixed
   elements a0, ..., a3 are carefully chosen to provide the maximum-
   length of the feedback shift registers. The theory behind the
   selection of fixed elements and the way of simplifying the necessary
   multiplications are briefly described in 2.4.4.



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   The operation takes the following inputs:

   o  S = (A, B, L1, R1, L2, R2)

   o  mode = {INIT, NORMAL}, where INIT means the operation is used for
      initialization and NORMAL means it is used for generating secure
      key streams.

   It outputs a new state,

   o  S' = (A', B', L1', R1', L2', R2')

   by performing the below steps:

   1.  Set registers in the nonlinear functions set

      L1' = sub_K2(R2 +32 B[4]);
      R1' = sub_K2(L2 +32 B[9]);
      L2' = sub_K2(L1);
      R2' = sub_K2(R1);

      for m from 0 to 3
         A'[m] = A[m + 1];

      for m from 0 to 9
         B'[m] = B[m + 1];

   * NOTE: sub_K2 is a substitution function described in Section 2.4.2.

   2. Depending on the value of the operation mode, do the following:

       a. When the mode is NORMAL, A'[4] and B'[10] are computed as
          follows:

          A'[4] = (a0 ** A[0]) ^ A[3];

          if A[2][30] is 1:
            if A[2][31] is 1:
              B'[10] = (a1 ** B[0]) ^ B[1] ^ B[6] ^ (a3 ** B[8]);
            else if A[2][31] is 0:
              B'[10] = (a1 ** B[0]) ^ B[1] ^ B[6] ^ B[8];
          else if A[2][30] is 0:
            if A[2][31] is 1:
              B'[10] = (a2 ** B[0]) ^ B[1] ^ B[6] ^ (a3 ** B[8]);
            else if A[2][31] is 0:
              B'[10] = (a2 ** B[0]) ^  B[1] ^ B[6] ^ B[8];



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       b. When the mode is INIT, A'[4] and B'[10] are XOR-ed with the
          non-linear function output described in Section 2.4.1.

          A'[4] = (a0 ** A[0]) ^ A[3] ^ NLF(B[0], R2, R1, A[4]);

          if A[2][30] is 1:
            if A[2][31] is 1:
              B'[10] = (a1 ** B[0]) ^ B[1] ^ B[6] ^ (a3 ** B[8]) ^
                     NLF(B[10], L2, L1, A[0]);
            else if A[2][31] is 0:
              B'[10] = (a1 ** B[0]) ^ B[1] ^ B[6] ^ B[8] ^
                     NLF(B[10], L2, L1, A[0]);
          else if A[2][30] is 0:
            if A[2][31] is 1:
              B'[10] = (a2 ** B[0]) ^ B[1] ^ B[6] ^ (a3 ** B[8]) ^
                     NLF(B[10], L2, L1, A[0]);
            else if A[2][31] is 0:
              B'[10] = (a2 ** B[0]) ^ B[1] ^ B[6] ^ B[8] ^
                     NLF(B[10], L2, L1, A[0]);

   3. Output S' = (A', B', L1', R1', L2', R2').

   * Note that A[2] is a 32-bit unit. Thus, A[2][j] is the value of the
   jth least significant bit of A[2], where 0 <= j <= 31.

   * The corresponding code snippets written in the C language syntax
   can be found in Section 2.4.4 and in Appendix B.

2.3.2. init()

   The init() operation takes a 128-bit key (K) and a 128-bit
   initialization vector (IV), and prepares the values of the state
   variables for generating key streams.

   o  K = (K[0], K[1], K[2], K[3]), where each K[i] is a 32-bit unit and
      0 <= i <= 3

   o  IV =(IV[0], IV[1], IV[2], IV[3]), where each IV[i] is a 32-bit
      unit and 0 <= i <= 3,

   and the output is an initialized state S, which will be referenced as
   S(0). The output is derived from the following steps:

   1. K is expanded to the 384-bit internal key IK = (IK[0], ...,
      IK[11]), where IK[i] is a 32-bit unit and 0 <= i <= 11. The
      expansion procedure is as follows:



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      for m from 0 to 11
         if m is 0, 1, 2, or 3:
            IK[m] = K[m];
         else if m is 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 11:
            IK[m] = IK[m - 4] ^ IK[m - 1];
         else if m is 4:
            IK[4] = IK[0] ^ sub_K2(IK[3] <<_32 8) ^
            (0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
         else if m is 8:
            IK[8] = IK[4] ^ sub_K2(IK[7] <<_32 8) ^
            (0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);

   * NOTE: sub_K2 is the substitution function described in Section
   2.4.2.

   2. Initialize the feedback shift registers and the internal registers
      using the values of IK and IV as follows:

      for m from 0 to 4
         A[m] = IK[4 - m];

      B[0] = IK[10]; B[1] = IK[11]; B[2] = IV[0];  B[3] = IV[1];
      B[4] = IK[8];  B[5] = IK[9];  B[6] = IV[2];  B[7] = IV[3];
      B[8] = IK[7];  B[9] = IK[5];  B[10] = IK[6];

      L1 = R1 = L2 = R2 = 0x00000000;

      Set S as (A, B, L1, R1, L2, R2).

   3. Prepare the state values by applying the next() operation twenty-
      four times repeatedly as follows:

      for m from 1 to 24
         Set S' as next(S, INIT);
         Set S as S';

   4. Output S.

2.3.3. stream()

   The stream() function derives a 64-bit key stream, Z, from the state
   values. Its input is an initialized state,

   o  S = (A, B, L1, R1, L2, R2)

   , and its output is Z = (ZH, ZL), where ZH and ZL are 32-bit units.
   stream() performs the following:


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   1. Set register values

     ZH = NLF(B[10], L2, L1, A[0]);
     ZL = NLF(B[0], R2, R1, A[4]);

   2. Output Z = (ZH, ZL).

   * NOTE: The function NLF is described in Section 2.4.1.

2.4. Subroutines

   We explain the several functions used above: sub_K2(), NLF(), and
   S_box().

2.4.1. NLF()

   NLF() is a non-linear function that takes the four 32-bit values, A,
   B, C, D, and outputs the 32-bit value, Q. The output Q is calculated
   by

      Q = (A +32 B) ^ C ^ D;

2.4.2. sub_K2()

   sub_K2() is a substitution function, which is a permutation of
   GF(2#32), based on components from the Advanced Encryption
   Standard(AES) [FIPS-AES]. Its input is a 32-bit value divided into
   four 8-bit strings. Inside sub_K2(), an 8-to-8 bit substitution
   function, S_box(), is applied to each 8-bit separately, and then a
   32-to-32 bit linear permutation is applied to the whole 32-bit string.
   Our S_box() function is identical to the S-Box operation of AES, and
   our linear permutation is identical to the AES Mix Column operation.

   Consider the input of sub_K2 as a 32-bit value W = (w[3], w[2], w[1],
   w[0]), where each sub-element of w is an 8-bit unit. Prepare two 32-
   bit temporary storages T = (t[3], t[2], t[1], t[0]) and Q = (q[3],
   q[2], q[1], q[0]), where t[i] and q[i] are 8-bit units and 0 <= i <=
   3.

   The 32-bit output Q is obtained from the following procedures:

   1. Apply S_box() to each 8-bit input string. Note that S_box() is
      defined in Section 2.4.3.

      for m from 0 to 3
         t[m] = S_box(w[m]);



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   2. Calculate q by the matrix multiplication, Q = M * T in GF(2#8) of
      the irreducible polynomial f(x) = x#8 + x#4 + x#3 + x + 1, where

       o  Q is an 1 by 4 matrix, (q[0], q[1], q[2], q[3))

       o  M is a 4 by 4 matrix,
               (02,  03,  01,  01,
                01,  02,  03,  01,
                01,  01,  02,  03,
                03,  01,  01,  02)

       o  T is an 1 by 4 matrix, (t[0], t[1], t[2], t[3]).

      Namely, the procedure that calculates (q[3], q[2], q[1], q[0]) can
      be written in the C language syntax as:

        q[0] = GF_mult_by_2(t[0]) ^ GF_mult_by_3(t[1]) ^ t[2] ^ t[3];
        q[1] = t[0] ^ GF_mult_by_2(t[1]) ^ GF_mult_by_3(t[2]) ^ t[3];
        q[2] = t[0] ^ t[1] ^ GF_mult_by_2(t[2]) ^ GF_mult_by_3(t[3]);
        q[3] = GF_mult_by_3(t[0]) ^ t[1] ^ t[2] ^ GF_mult_by_2(t[3]);

      , where GF_mult_by_2 and GF_mult_by_3 are multiplication functions
      in GF(2#8), defined as follows:

       o  The function, GF_mult_by_2(t), multiplies 2 to the given 8-bit
          value t in GF(2#8), and returns an 8-bit value q as follows
          (lq is a temporary 32-bit variable):

            lq = t << 1;
            if ((lq & 0x100) != 0) lq ^= 0x011B;
            q = lq ^ 0xFF;

       o  The function, GF_mult_by_3(t), multiplies 3 to the given 8-bit
          value t in GF(2#8), and returns an 8-bit value q as follows
          (lq is a temporary 32-bit variable):

            lq = (t << 1) ^ t;
            if ((lq & 0x100) != 0) lq ^= 0x011B;
            q = lq ^ 0xFF;

   3. Output Q = (q[3], q[2], q[1], q[0]).

2.4.3. S_box()

   S_box() is a substitution that can be done by a simple table lookup
   operation. Thus, S_box() can be defined by the following value table:



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   S_box[256] = {
      0x63, 0x7c, 0x77, 0x7b, 0xf2, 0x6b, 0x6f, 0xc5,
      0x30, 0x01, 0x67, 0x2b, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xab, 0x76,
      0xca, 0x82, 0xc9, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0x59, 0x47, 0xf0,
      0xad, 0xd4, 0xa2, 0xaf, 0x9c, 0xa4, 0x72, 0xc0,
      0xb7, 0xfd, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3f, 0xf7, 0xcc,
      0x34, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xf1, 0x71, 0xd8, 0x31, 0x15,
      0x04, 0xc7, 0x23, 0xc3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9a,
      0x07, 0x12, 0x80, 0xe2, 0xeb, 0x27, 0xb2, 0x75,
      0x09, 0x83, 0x2c, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x6e, 0x5a, 0xa0,
      0x52, 0x3b, 0xd6, 0xb3, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x2f, 0x84,
      0x53, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xed, 0x20, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x5b,
      0x6a, 0xcb, 0xbe, 0x39, 0x4a, 0x4c, 0x58, 0xcf,
      0xd0, 0xef, 0xaa, 0xfb, 0x43, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x85,
      0x45, 0xf9, 0x02, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x9f, 0xa8,
      0x51, 0xa3, 0x40, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x9d, 0x38, 0xf5,
      0xbc, 0xb6, 0xda, 0x21, 0x10, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xd2,
      0xcd, 0x0c, 0x13, 0xec, 0x5f, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17,
      0xc4, 0xa7, 0x7e, 0x3d, 0x64, 0x5d, 0x19, 0x73,
      0x60, 0x81, 0x4f, 0xdc, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x90, 0x88,
      0x46, 0xee, 0xb8, 0x14, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x0b, 0xdb,
      0xe0, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5c,
      0xc2, 0xd3, 0xac, 0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xe4, 0x79,
      0xe7, 0xc8, 0x37, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xa9,
      0x6c, 0x56, 0xf4, 0xea, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xae, 0x08,
      0xba, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2e, 0x1c, 0xa6, 0xb4, 0xc6,
      0xe8, 0xdd, 0x74, 0x1f, 0x4b, 0xbd, 0x8b, 0x8a,
      0x70, 0x3e, 0xb5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x0e,
      0x61, 0x35, 0x57, 0xb9, 0x86, 0xc1, 0x1d, 0x9e,
      0xe1, 0xf8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x94,
      0x9b, 0x1e, 0x87, 0xe9, 0xce, 0x55, 0x28, 0xdf,
      0x8c, 0xa1, 0x89, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0x42, 0x68,
      0x41, 0x99, 0x2d, 0x0f, 0xb0, 0x54, 0xbb, 0x16 };

2.4.4. Multiplications in GF(2#32)

   FSR-A and FSR-B are word-oriented linear feedback shift registers
   (LFSR). In the next() operation of Section 2.3.1, the feedback
   functions to the two LFSRs are shown, which include the
   multiplication of fixed elements of a0, a1, a2, or a3 in GF(2#32).
   The fixed elements are carefully chosen to maximize the period of the
   key stream generated by the two registers. Here we briefly explain
   how we obtained the fixed elements. Further details and theories can
   be found in [SECRYPT07].





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   In case of a0, how we obtained a0 is as follows: First, to guarantee
   the maximize the period for an 8-bit unit, we consider p is the roots
   of the primitive polynomial:

      x#8 + x#7 + x#6, + x + 1 in GF(2).

   Therefore, an 8-bit string y = (y7, ..., y0), where y7 is the most
   significant bit, can be written as:

      y = y7(p#7) + y6(p#6) + ... + y1(p) + y0

   Next, a0 is the root of irreducible polynomial of degree four:

      x#4 + p#24(x#3) + p#3(x#2) + p#12(x) + p#71 in GF(2#8).

   Then, hierarchically, a 32-bit unit Y = (Y3, Y2, Y1, Y0), where Y3 is
   the most significant byte, can be written as:

      Y3(a0#3) + Y2(a0#2) + Y1(a0) + Y0

   The feedback polynomial to FSR-A,

      f(x) = a0(x#5) + x#2 + 1

   produces the maximum length period of the key stream with a0.

   Similarly, a1, a2, and a3 are the roots of irreducible polynomials of
   degree four of


      x#4 + q#230(x#3) + q#156(x#2) + q#93(x) + q#29 in GF(2#8)
      x#4 + r#34(x#3) + r#16(x#2) + r#199(x) + r#248 in GF(2#8)
      x#4 + s#157(x#3) + s#253(x#2) + s#56(x) + s#16 in GF(2#8)

   , respectively. The feedback polynomial to FSR-B that uses a1, a2,
   and a3 can produce the maximum-length period. The feedback
   polynomials to FSR-A and FSR-B are as written in the Step 2 of the
   next() operation, and the mathematical notations of these polynomials
   also can be found in [SECRYPT07].

   Calculation of the original feedback polynomials might take long
   since it includes multiplications in finite fields. However, these
   multiplications can be done faster if the multiples of a0, ..., a3
   were already calculated for all possible inputs. The tables of
   amul0, ..., amul3 in Appendix A provide such pre-calculation results.
   As shown in the Step 2 of next(), we can utilize these tables to
   finish the necessary calculations efficiently.


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   For example, consider the input as a 32-bit value w, which represents
   an element of GF(2#32), the output 32-bit string w' = a0 ** w can be
   obtained using the amul0 table in Appendix A.1 as follows:

      w' = (w << 8) ^ amul0[w >> 24];

   Likewise, multiplications of (a1 ** w), (a2 ** w), and (a3 ** w) can
   be obtained in the same way simply by using the amul1, amul2, and
   amul3 tables that we provide in Appendix A.2, A.3, and A.4.

   Eventually, the Step 2 of the next() operation, which updates A'[4]
   and B'[10], can be written in the C language syntax as follows (nA[4]
   and nB[10] correspond to A'[4] and B'[10], respectively. temp1 and
   temp2 are 32-bit variables):

     nA[4] = ((A[0] << 8) ^ amul0[(A[0] >> 24)]) ^ A[3];
     if (mode == INIT)
       nA[4] ^= NLF(B[0], R2, R1, A[4]);

     if (A[2] & 0x40000000) {
       temp1 = (B[0] << 8) ^ amul1[(B[0] >> 24)];
     } else {
       temp1 = (B[0] << 8) ^ amul2[(B[0] >> 24)];
     }

     if (A[2] & 0x80000000) {
       temp2 = (B[8] << 8) ^ amul3[(B[8] >> 24)];
     } else {
       temp2 = B[8];
     }

     nB[10] = temp1 ^ B[1] ^ B[6] ^ temp2;
     if (mode == INIT)
       nB[10] ^= NLF(B[10], L2, L1, A[0]);

2.5. Encryption/Decryption scheme

   In this section, we use the notation S(i) to specifically reference
   the values of the internal state at an arbitrary, discrete temporal
   moment (a.k.a., a cycle) i (i >= 0) after the initialization.

2.5.1. Key stream generation

   Given a 128-bit key K, a 128-bit initialization vector IV, KCipher-2
   is initialized as follows:

      S(0) = init(K, IV);


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   , where S(0) is a state representation. With an initialized state
   S(i), where i >= 0, a 64-bit key stream X(i) can be obtained using
   the stream() operation, as follows:

      X(i) = stream(S(i));

   To generate a new key stream X(i + 1), use the next() operation and
   the stream() operation as follows:

      S(i + 1) = next(S(i), NORMAL);
      X(i + 1) = stream(S(i + 1));

2.5.2. Encryption/Decryption of a message

   Given a 64-bit message block M and a key stream X, an encrypted
   message E is obtained by

      E = M ^ X;

   Conversely, the decrypted message D is obtained by

      D = E ^ X;

   The original message M and the decrypted message D are identical when
   the same key stream is used.

3. Security Considerations

   We recommend that re-initializing and re-keying after 2#58 cycles of
   KCipher-2, which means after generating 2#64 key stream bits.

4. References

4.1. Normative References

   [ISO18033] "Information technology - Security techniques - Encryption
             algorithms - Part 4: Stream ciphers", ISO/IEC 18033-4, 2011.

   [FIPS-AES] "Specification for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)",
             Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication
             197, November 2001.

4.2. Informative References

   [SASC07] S. Kiyomoto, T. Tanaka, and K. Sakurai, "A Word-Oriented
             Stream Cipher Using Clock Control", Proc. SASC 2007 pp.
             260-274.


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   [SECRYPT07] S. Kiyomoto, T. Tanaka, and K. Sakurai, "K2: A Stream
             Cipher Algorithm Using Dynamic Feedback Control", Proc.
             SECRYPT 2007 pp. 204-213.

   [ICETE07] S. Kiyomoto, T. Tanaka, and K. Sakurai, "K2 Stream Cipher",
             Proc. ICETE 2007 pp. 214-226.

   [CRYPTEC] A. Bogdanov, B. Preneel, and V. Rijmen, "Security
             Evaluation of the K2 Stream Cipher", 2010.
             http://www.cryptrec.go.jp/english/estimation.html

   [CRYPTECLIST] Cryptography Research and Evaluation Committees.
             http://www.cryptrec.go.jp/english/estimation.html

   [KDDI] B. Roy, "Evaluation of the Word-Oriented Stream Cipher: K2",
             2009.
             http://www.kddilabs.jp/kcipher2/kcipher2.htm
































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Appendix A.                 Tables for multiplication in GF(2#32)

A.1. The table amul0

   amul0[256] = {
      0x00000000,0xB6086D1A,0xAF10DA34,0x1918B72E,
      0x9D207768,0x2B281A72,0x3230AD5C,0x8438C046,
      0xF940EED0,0x4F4883CA,0x565034E4,0xE05859FE,
      0x646099B8,0xD268F4A2,0xCB70438C,0x7D782E96,
      0x31801F63,0x87887279,0x9E90C557,0x2898A84D,
      0xACA0680B,0x1AA80511,0x03B0B23F,0xB5B8DF25,
      0xC8C0F1B3,0x7EC89CA9,0x67D02B87,0xD1D8469D,
      0x55E086DB,0xE3E8EBC1,0xFAF05CEF,0x4CF831F5,
      0x62C33EC6,0xD4CB53DC,0xCDD3E4F2,0x7BDB89E8,
      0xFFE349AE,0x49EB24B4,0x50F3939A,0xE6FBFE80,
      0x9B83D016,0x2D8BBD0C,0x34930A22,0x829B6738,
      0x06A3A77E,0xB0ABCA64,0xA9B37D4A,0x1FBB1050,
      0x534321A5,0xE54B4CBF,0xFC53FB91,0x4A5B968B,
      0xCE6356CD,0x786B3BD7,0x61738CF9,0xD77BE1E3,
      0xAA03CF75,0x1C0BA26F,0x05131541,0xB31B785B,
      0x3723B81D,0x812BD507,0x98336229,0x2E3B0F33,
      0xC4457C4F,0x724D1155,0x6B55A67B,0xDD5DCB61,
      0x59650B27,0xEF6D663D,0xF675D113,0x407DBC09,
      0x3D05929F,0x8B0DFF85,0x921548AB,0x241D25B1,
      0xA025E5F7,0x162D88ED,0x0F353FC3,0xB93D52D9,
      0xF5C5632C,0x43CD0E36,0x5AD5B918,0xECDDD402,
      0x68E51444,0xDEED795E,0xC7F5CE70,0x71FDA36A,
      0x0C858DFC,0xBA8DE0E6,0xA39557C8,0x159D3AD2,
      0x91A5FA94,0x27AD978E,0x3EB520A0,0x88BD4DBA,
      0xA6864289,0x108E2F93,0x099698BD,0xBF9EF5A7,
      0x3BA635E1,0x8DAE58FB,0x94B6EFD5,0x22BE82CF,
      0x5FC6AC59,0xE9CEC143,0xF0D6766D,0x46DE1B77,
      0xC2E6DB31,0x74EEB62B,0x6DF60105,0xDBFE6C1F,
      0x97065DEA,0x210E30F0,0x381687DE,0x8E1EEAC4,
      0x0A262A82,0xBC2E4798,0xA536F0B6,0x133E9DAC,
      0x6E46B33A,0xD84EDE20,0xC156690E,0x775E0414,
      0xF366C452,0x456EA948,0x5C761E66,0xEA7E737C,
      0x4B8AF89E,0xFD829584,0xE49A22AA,0x52924FB0,
      0xD6AA8FF6,0x60A2E2EC,0x79BA55C2,0xCFB238D8,
      0xB2CA164E,0x04C27B54,0x1DDACC7A,0xABD2A160,
      0x2FEA6126,0x99E20C3C,0x80FABB12,0x36F2D608,
      0x7A0AE7FD,0xCC028AE7,0xD51A3DC9,0x631250D3,
      0xE72A9095,0x5122FD8F,0x483A4AA1,0xFE3227BB,
      0x834A092D,0x35426437,0x2C5AD319,0x9A52BE03,
      0x1E6A7E45,0xA862135F,0xB17AA471,0x0772C96B,
      0x2949C658,0x9F41AB42,0x86591C6C,0x30517176,
      0xB469B130,0x0261DC2A,0x1B796B04,0xAD71061E,


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      0xD0092888,0x66014592,0x7F19F2BC,0xC9119FA6,
      0x4D295FE0,0xFB2132FA,0xE23985D4,0x5431E8CE,
      0x18C9D93B,0xAEC1B421,0xB7D9030F,0x01D16E15,
      0x85E9AE53,0x33E1C349,0x2AF97467,0x9CF1197D,
      0xE18937EB,0x57815AF1,0x4E99EDDF,0xF89180C5,
      0x7CA94083,0xCAA12D99,0xD3B99AB7,0x65B1F7AD,
      0x8FCF84D1,0x39C7E9CB,0x20DF5EE5,0x96D733FF,
      0x12EFF3B9,0xA4E79EA3,0xBDFF298D,0x0BF74497,
      0x768F6A01,0xC087071B,0xD99FB035,0x6F97DD2F,
      0xEBAF1D69,0x5DA77073,0x44BFC75D,0xF2B7AA47,
      0xBE4F9BB2,0x0847F6A8,0x115F4186,0xA7572C9C,
      0x236FECDA,0x956781C0,0x8C7F36EE,0x3A775BF4,
      0x470F7562,0xF1071878,0xE81FAF56,0x5E17C24C,
      0xDA2F020A,0x6C276F10,0x753FD83E,0xC337B524,
      0xED0CBA17,0x5B04D70D,0x421C6023,0xF4140D39,
      0x702CCD7F,0xC624A065,0xDF3C174B,0x69347A51,
      0x144C54C7,0xA24439DD,0xBB5C8EF3,0x0D54E3E9,
      0x896C23AF,0x3F644EB5,0x267CF99B,0x90749481,
      0xDC8CA574,0x6A84C86E,0x739C7F40,0xC594125A,
      0x41ACD21C,0xF7A4BF06,0xEEBC0828,0x58B46532,
      0x25CC4BA4,0x93C426BE,0x8ADC9190,0x3CD4FC8A,
      0xB8EC3CCC,0x0EE451D6,0x17FCE6F8,0xA1F48BE2 };

A.2. The table amul1

   amul1[256] = {
      0x00000000,0xA0F5FC2E,0x6DC7D55C,0xCD322972,
      0xDAA387B8,0x7A567B96,0xB76452E4,0x1791AECA,
      0x996B235D,0x399EDF73,0xF4ACF601,0x54590A2F,
      0x43C8A4E5,0xE33D58CB,0x2E0F71B9,0x8EFA8D97,
      0x1FD646BA,0xBF23BA94,0x721193E6,0xD2E46FC8,
      0xC575C102,0x65803D2C,0xA8B2145E,0x0847E870,
      0x86BD65E7,0x264899C9,0xEB7AB0BB,0x4B8F4C95,
      0x5C1EE25F,0xFCEB1E71,0x31D93703,0x912CCB2D,
      0x3E818C59,0x9E747077,0x53465905,0xF3B3A52B,
      0xE4220BE1,0x44D7F7CF,0x89E5DEBD,0x29102293,
      0xA7EAAF04,0x071F532A,0xCA2D7A58,0x6AD88676,
      0x7D4928BC,0xDDBCD492,0x108EFDE0,0xB07B01CE,
      0x2157CAE3,0x81A236CD,0x4C901FBF,0xEC65E391,
      0xFBF44D5B,0x5B01B175,0x96339807,0x36C66429,
      0xB83CE9BE,0x18C91590,0xD5FB3CE2,0x750EC0CC,
      0x629F6E06,0xC26A9228,0x0F58BB5A,0xAFAD4774,
      0x7C2F35B2,0xDCDAC99C,0x11E8E0EE,0xB11D1CC0,
      0xA68CB20A,0x06794E24,0xCB4B6756,0x6BBE9B78,
      0xE54416EF,0x45B1EAC1,0x8883C3B3,0x28763F9D,
      0x3FE79157,0x9F126D79,0x5220440B,0xF2D5B825,
      0x63F97308,0xC30C8F26,0x0E3EA654,0xAECB5A7A,


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      0xB95AF4B0,0x19AF089E,0xD49D21EC,0x7468DDC2,
      0xFA925055,0x5A67AC7B,0x97558509,0x37A07927,
      0x2031D7ED,0x80C42BC3,0x4DF602B1,0xED03FE9F,
      0x42AEB9EB,0xE25B45C5,0x2F696CB7,0x8F9C9099,
      0x980D3E53,0x38F8C27D,0xF5CAEB0F,0x553F1721,
      0xDBC59AB6,0x7B306698,0xB6024FEA,0x16F7B3C4,
      0x01661D0E,0xA193E120,0x6CA1C852,0xCC54347C,
      0x5D78FF51,0xFD8D037F,0x30BF2A0D,0x904AD623,
      0x87DB78E9,0x272E84C7,0xEA1CADB5,0x4AE9519B,
      0xC413DC0C,0x64E62022,0xA9D40950,0x0921F57E,
      0x1EB05BB4,0xBE45A79A,0x73778EE8,0xD38272C6,
      0xF85E6A49,0x58AB9667,0x9599BF15,0x356C433B,
      0x22FDEDF1,0x820811DF,0x4F3A38AD,0xEFCFC483,
      0x61354914,0xC1C0B53A,0x0CF29C48,0xAC076066,
      0xBB96CEAC,0x1B633282,0xD6511BF0,0x76A4E7DE,
      0xE7882CF3,0x477DD0DD,0x8A4FF9AF,0x2ABA0581,
      0x3D2BAB4B,0x9DDE5765,0x50EC7E17,0xF0198239,
      0x7EE30FAE,0xDE16F380,0x1324DAF2,0xB3D126DC,
      0xA4408816,0x04B57438,0xC9875D4A,0x6972A164,
      0xC6DFE610,0x662A1A3E,0xAB18334C,0x0BEDCF62,
      0x1C7C61A8,0xBC899D86,0x71BBB4F4,0xD14E48DA,
      0x5FB4C54D,0xFF413963,0x32731011,0x9286EC3F,
      0x851742F5,0x25E2BEDB,0xE8D097A9,0x48256B87,
      0xD909A0AA,0x79FC5C84,0xB4CE75F6,0x143B89D8,
      0x03AA2712,0xA35FDB3C,0x6E6DF24E,0xCE980E60,
      0x406283F7,0xE0977FD9,0x2DA556AB,0x8D50AA85,
      0x9AC1044F,0x3A34F861,0xF706D113,0x57F32D3D,
      0x84715FFB,0x2484A3D5,0xE9B68AA7,0x49437689,
      0x5ED2D843,0xFE27246D,0x33150D1F,0x93E0F131,
      0x1D1A7CA6,0xBDEF8088,0x70DDA9FA,0xD02855D4,
      0xC7B9FB1E,0x674C0730,0xAA7E2E42,0x0A8BD26C,
      0x9BA71941,0x3B52E56F,0xF660CC1D,0x56953033,
      0x41049EF9,0xE1F162D7,0x2CC34BA5,0x8C36B78B,
      0x02CC3A1C,0xA239C632,0x6F0BEF40,0xCFFE136E,
      0xD86FBDA4,0x789A418A,0xB5A868F8,0x155D94D6,
      0xBAF0D3A2,0x1A052F8C,0xD73706FE,0x77C2FAD0,
      0x6053541A,0xC0A6A834,0x0D948146,0xAD617D68,
      0x239BF0FF,0x836E0CD1,0x4E5C25A3,0xEEA9D98D,
      0xF9387747,0x59CD8B69,0x94FFA21B,0x340A5E35,
      0xA5269518,0x05D36936,0xC8E14044,0x6814BC6A,
      0x7F8512A0,0xDF70EE8E,0x1242C7FC,0xB2B73BD2,
      0x3C4DB645,0x9CB84A6B,0x518A6319,0xF17F9F37,
      0xE6EE31FD,0x461BCDD3,0x8B29E4A1,0x2BDC188F };






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A.3. The table amul2

   amul2[256] = {
      0x00000000,0x5BF87F93,0xB6BDFE6B,0xED4581F8,
      0x2137B1D6,0x7ACFCE45,0x978A4FBD,0xCC72302E,
      0x426E2FE1,0x19965072,0xF4D3D18A,0xAF2BAE19,
      0x63599E37,0x38A1E1A4,0xD5E4605C,0x8E1C1FCF,
      0x84DC5E8F,0xDF24211C,0x3261A0E4,0x6999DF77,
      0xA5EBEF59,0xFE1390CA,0x13561132,0x48AE6EA1,
      0xC6B2716E,0x9D4A0EFD,0x700F8F05,0x2BF7F096,
      0xE785C0B8,0xBC7DBF2B,0x51383ED3,0x0AC04140,
      0x45F5BC53,0x1E0DC3C0,0xF3484238,0xA8B03DAB,
      0x64C20D85,0x3F3A7216,0xD27FF3EE,0x89878C7D,
      0x079B93B2,0x5C63EC21,0xB1266DD9,0xEADE124A,
      0x26AC2264,0x7D545DF7,0x9011DC0F,0xCBE9A39C,
      0xC129E2DC,0x9AD19D4F,0x77941CB7,0x2C6C6324,
      0xE01E530A,0xBBE62C99,0x56A3AD61,0x0D5BD2F2,
      0x8347CD3D,0xD8BFB2AE,0x35FA3356,0x6E024CC5,
      0xA2707CEB,0xF9880378,0x14CD8280,0x4F35FD13,
      0x8AA735A6,0xD15F4A35,0x3C1ACBCD,0x67E2B45E,
      0xAB908470,0xF068FBE3,0x1D2D7A1B,0x46D50588,
      0xC8C91A47,0x933165D4,0x7E74E42C,0x258C9BBF,
      0xE9FEAB91,0xB206D402,0x5F4355FA,0x04BB2A69,
      0x0E7B6B29,0x558314BA,0xB8C69542,0xE33EEAD1,
      0x2F4CDAFF,0x74B4A56C,0x99F12494,0xC2095B07,
      0x4C1544C8,0x17ED3B5B,0xFAA8BAA3,0xA150C530,
      0x6D22F51E,0x36DA8A8D,0xDB9F0B75,0x806774E6,
      0xCF5289F5,0x94AAF666,0x79EF779E,0x2217080D,
      0xEE653823,0xB59D47B0,0x58D8C648,0x0320B9DB,
      0x8D3CA614,0xD6C4D987,0x3B81587F,0x607927EC,
      0xAC0B17C2,0xF7F36851,0x1AB6E9A9,0x414E963A,
      0x4B8ED77A,0x1076A8E9,0xFD332911,0xA6CB5682,
      0x6AB966AC,0x3141193F,0xDC0498C7,0x87FCE754,
      0x09E0F89B,0x52188708,0xBF5D06F0,0xE4A57963,
      0x28D7494D,0x732F36DE,0x9E6AB726,0xC592C8B5,
      0x59036A01,0x02FB1592,0xEFBE946A,0xB446EBF9,
      0x7834DBD7,0x23CCA444,0xCE8925BC,0x95715A2F,
      0x1B6D45E0,0x40953A73,0xADD0BB8B,0xF628C418,
      0x3A5AF436,0x61A28BA5,0x8CE70A5D,0xD71F75CE,
      0xDDDF348E,0x86274B1D,0x6B62CAE5,0x309AB576,
      0xFCE88558,0xA710FACB,0x4A557B33,0x11AD04A0,
      0x9FB11B6F,0xC44964FC,0x290CE504,0x72F49A97,
      0xBE86AAB9,0xE57ED52A,0x083B54D2,0x53C32B41,
      0x1CF6D652,0x470EA9C1,0xAA4B2839,0xF1B357AA,
      0x3DC16784,0x66391817,0x8B7C99EF,0xD084E67C,
      0x5E98F9B3,0x05608620,0xE82507D8,0xB3DD784B,
      0x7FAF4865,0x245737F6,0xC912B60E,0x92EAC99D,


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      0x982A88DD,0xC3D2F74E,0x2E9776B6,0x756F0925,
      0xB91D390B,0xE2E54698,0x0FA0C760,0x5458B8F3,
      0xDA44A73C,0x81BCD8AF,0x6CF95957,0x370126C4,
      0xFB7316EA,0xA08B6979,0x4DCEE881,0x16369712,
      0xD3A45FA7,0x885C2034,0x6519A1CC,0x3EE1DE5F,
      0xF293EE71,0xA96B91E2,0x442E101A,0x1FD66F89,
      0x91CA7046,0xCA320FD5,0x27778E2D,0x7C8FF1BE,
      0xB0FDC190,0xEB05BE03,0x06403FFB,0x5DB84068,
      0x57780128,0x0C807EBB,0xE1C5FF43,0xBA3D80D0,
      0x764FB0FE,0x2DB7CF6D,0xC0F24E95,0x9B0A3106,
      0x15162EC9,0x4EEE515A,0xA3ABD0A2,0xF853AF31,
      0x34219F1F,0x6FD9E08C,0x829C6174,0xD9641EE7,
      0x9651E3F4,0xCDA99C67,0x20EC1D9F,0x7B14620C,
      0xB7665222,0xEC9E2DB1,0x01DBAC49,0x5A23D3DA,
      0xD43FCC15,0x8FC7B386,0x6282327E,0x397A4DED,
      0xF5087DC3,0xAEF00250,0x43B583A8,0x184DFC3B,
      0x128DBD7B,0x4975C2E8,0xA4304310,0xFFC83C83,
      0x33BA0CAD,0x6842733E,0x8507F2C6,0xDEFF8D55,
      0x50E3929A,0x0B1BED09,0xE65E6CF1,0xBDA61362,
      0x71D4234C,0x2A2C5CDF,0xC769DD27,0x9C91A2B4 };

A.4. The table amul3

   amul3[256] = {
      0x00000000,0x4559568B,0x8AB2AC73,0xCFEBFAF8,
      0x71013DE6,0x34586B6D,0xFBB39195,0xBEEAC71E,
      0xE2027AA9,0xA75B2C22,0x68B0D6DA,0x2DE98051,
      0x9303474F,0xD65A11C4,0x19B1EB3C,0x5CE8BDB7,
      0xA104F437,0xE45DA2BC,0x2BB65844,0x6EEF0ECF,
      0xD005C9D1,0x955C9F5A,0x5AB765A2,0x1FEE3329,
      0x43068E9E,0x065FD815,0xC9B422ED,0x8CED7466,
      0x3207B378,0x775EE5F3,0xB8B51F0B,0xFDEC4980,
      0x27088D6E,0x6251DBE5,0xADBA211D,0xE8E37796,
      0x5609B088,0x1350E603,0xDCBB1CFB,0x99E24A70,
      0xC50AF7C7,0x8053A14C,0x4FB85BB4,0x0AE10D3F,
      0xB40BCA21,0xF1529CAA,0x3EB96652,0x7BE030D9,
      0x860C7959,0xC3552FD2,0x0CBED52A,0x49E783A1,
      0xF70D44BF,0xB2541234,0x7DBFE8CC,0x38E6BE47,
      0x640E03F0,0x2157557B,0xEEBCAF83,0xABE5F908,
      0x150F3E16,0x5056689D,0x9FBD9265,0xDAE4C4EE,
      0x4E107FDC,0x0B492957,0xC4A2D3AF,0x81FB8524,
      0x3F11423A,0x7A4814B1,0xB5A3EE49,0xF0FAB8C2,
      0xAC120575,0xE94B53FE,0x26A0A906,0x63F9FF8D,
      0xDD133893,0x984A6E18,0x57A194E0,0x12F8C26B,
      0xEF148BEB,0xAA4DDD60,0x65A62798,0x20FF7113,
      0x9E15B60D,0xDB4CE086,0x14A71A7E,0x51FE4CF5,
      0x0D16F142,0x484FA7C9,0x87A45D31,0xC2FD0BBA,


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      0x7C17CCA4,0x394E9A2F,0xF6A560D7,0xB3FC365C,
      0x6918F2B2,0x2C41A439,0xE3AA5EC1,0xA6F3084A,
      0x1819CF54,0x5D4099DF,0x92AB6327,0xD7F235AC,
      0x8B1A881B,0xCE43DE90,0x01A82468,0x44F172E3,
      0xFA1BB5FD,0xBF42E376,0x70A9198E,0x35F04F05,
      0xC81C0685,0x8D45500E,0x42AEAAF6,0x07F7FC7D,
      0xB91D3B63,0xFC446DE8,0x33AF9710,0x76F6C19B,
      0x2A1E7C2C,0x6F472AA7,0xA0ACD05F,0xE5F586D4,
      0x5B1F41CA,0x1E461741,0xD1ADEDB9,0x94F4BB32,
      0x9C20FEDD,0xD979A856,0x169252AE,0x53CB0425,
      0xED21C33B,0xA87895B0,0x67936F48,0x22CA39C3,
      0x7E228474,0x3B7BD2FF,0xF4902807,0xB1C97E8C,
      0x0F23B992,0x4A7AEF19,0x859115E1,0xC0C8436A,
      0x3D240AEA,0x787D5C61,0xB796A699,0xF2CFF012,
      0x4C25370C,0x097C6187,0xC6979B7F,0x83CECDF4,
      0xDF267043,0x9A7F26C8,0x5594DC30,0x10CD8ABB,
      0xAE274DA5,0xEB7E1B2E,0x2495E1D6,0x61CCB75D,
      0xBB2873B3,0xFE712538,0x319ADFC0,0x74C3894B,
      0xCA294E55,0x8F7018DE,0x409BE226,0x05C2B4AD,
      0x592A091A,0x1C735F91,0xD398A569,0x96C1F3E2,
      0x282B34FC,0x6D726277,0xA299988F,0xE7C0CE04,
      0x1A2C8784,0x5F75D10F,0x909E2BF7,0xD5C77D7C,
      0x6B2DBA62,0x2E74ECE9,0xE19F1611,0xA4C6409A,
      0xF82EFD2D,0xBD77ABA6,0x729C515E,0x37C507D5,
      0x892FC0CB,0xCC769640,0x039D6CB8,0x46C43A33,
      0xD2308101,0x9769D78A,0x58822D72,0x1DDB7BF9,
      0xA331BCE7,0xE668EA6C,0x29831094,0x6CDA461F,
      0x3032FBA8,0x756BAD23,0xBA8057DB,0xFFD90150,
      0x4133C64E,0x046A90C5,0xCB816A3D,0x8ED83CB6,
      0x73347536,0x366D23BD,0xF986D945,0xBCDF8FCE,
      0x023548D0,0x476C1E5B,0x8887E4A3,0xCDDEB228,
      0x91360F9F,0xD46F5914,0x1B84A3EC,0x5EDDF567,
      0xE0373279,0xA56E64F2,0x6A859E0A,0x2FDCC881,
      0xF5380C6F,0xB0615AE4,0x7F8AA01C,0x3AD3F697,
      0x84393189,0xC1606702,0x0E8B9DFA,0x4BD2CB71,
      0x173A76C6,0x5263204D,0x9D88DAB5,0xD8D18C3E,
      0x663B4B20,0x23621DAB,0xEC89E753,0xA9D0B1D8,
      0x543CF858,0x1165AED3,0xDE8E542B,0x9BD702A0,
      0x253DC5BE,0x60649335,0xAF8F69CD,0xEAD63F46,
      0xB63E82F1,0xF367D47A,0x3C8C2E82,0x79D57809,
      0xC73FBF17,0x8266E99C,0x4D8D1364,0x08D445EF };








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Appendix B.                 A simple implementation example of KCipher-2

   We provide an example embodiment of KCipher-2 written in C. The
   implementation is simple, which means we do not concern storage or
   time complexity in the example. Neither do we consider software
   engineering-related issues, such as encapsulation, modularity, and so
   on.

B.1. Code components I - Definitions and declarations

   #include <stdio.h>
   #include <stdint.h>

   #define INIT    0
   #define NORMAL  1

   void init (unsigned int *, unsigned int *);
   void next(int);
   void stream (unsigned int *, unsigned int *);

   static const uint8_t S_box[256] = {
       ...
       // as defined in 2.4.3
   };

   static const uint32_t amul0[256] = {
       ...
       // as defined in A.1
   };

   static const uint32_t amul1[256] = {
       ...
       // as defined in A.2
   };

   static const uint32_t amul2[256] = {
       ...
       // as defined in A.3
   };

   static const uint32_t amul3[256] = {
       ...
       // as defined in A.4
   };





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   /* Global variables */

   // State S
   uint32_t A[5];              // five 32-bit units
   uint32_t B[11];             // eleven 32-bit units
   uint32_t L1, R1, L2, R2;    // one 32-bit unit for each

   // The internal key (IK) and the initialization vector (IV)
   uint32_t IK[12];    // (12 * 32)-bit
   uint32_t IV[4];     // (4 * 32)-bit

B.2. Code components II - Functions

   /**
   * Do multiplication in GF(2#8) of the irreducible polynomial,
   * f(x) = x#8 + x#4 + x#3 + x + 1. The given parameter is multiplied
   * by 2.
   * @param    t   : (INPUT). 8-bit. The number will be multiplied by 2
   * @return       : (OUTPUT). 8-bit. The multiplication result
   */
   uint8_t GF_mult_by_2 (uint8_t t) {
       uint8_t q;
       uint32_t lq;

       lq = t << 1;
       if ((lq & 0x100) != 0) lq ^= 0x011B;
       q = lq ^ 0xFF;

       return q;
   }

   /**
   * Do multiplication in GF(2#8) of the irreducible polynomial,
   * f(x) = x#8 + x#4 + x#3 + x + 1. The given parameter is multiplied
   * by 3.
   * @param    t   : (INPUT). 8-bit. The number will be multiplied by 3
   * @return       : (OUTPUT). 8-bit. The multiplication result
   */
   uint8_t GF_mult_by_3 (uint8_t t) {
       uint8_t q;
       uint32_t lq;


       lq = (t << 1) ^ t;
       if ((lq & 0x100) != 0) lq ^= 0x011B;
       q = lq ^ 0xFF;



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       return q;
   }

   /**
   * Do substitution on a given input. See Section 2.4.2.
   * @param    t   : (INPUT), (1*32)-bit
   * @return       : (OUTPUT), (1*32)-bit
   */
   uint32_t sub_k2 (uint32_t in) {
       uint32_t out;

       uint8_t w0 = in & 0x000000ff;
       uint8_t w1 = (in >> 8) & 0x000000ff;
       uint8_t w2 = (in >> 16) & 0x000000ff;
       uint8_t w3 = (in >> 24) & 0x000000ff;

       uint8_t t3, t2, t1, t0;
       uint8_t q3, q2, q1, q0;

       t0 = S_box[w0]; t1 = S_box[w1]; t2 = S_box[w2]; t3 = S_box[w3];

       q0 = GF_mult_by_2(t0) ^ GF_mult_by_3(t1) ^ t2 ^ t3;
       q1 = t0 ^ GF_mult_by_2(t1) ^ GF_mult_by_3(t2) ^ t3;
       q2 = t0 ^ t1 ^ GF_mult_by_2(t2) ^ GF_mult_by_3(t3);
       q3 = GF_mult_by_3(t0) ^ t1 ^ t2 ^ GF_mult_by_2(t3);

       out = (q3 << 24) | (q2 << 16) | (q1 << 8) | q0;

       return out;
   }

   /**
   * Expand a given 128-bit key (K) to a 384-bit internal key
   * information (IK).
   * See Step 1 of init() in Section 2.3.2.
   * @param    key[4]  : (INPUT), (4*32)-bit
   * @param    iv[4]   : (INPUT), (4*32)-bit
   * @modify   IK[12]  : (OUTPUT), (12*32)-bit
   * @modify   IV[12]  : (OUTPUT), (4*32)-bit
   */
   void key_expansion (uint32_t *key, uint32_t *iv) {
       // copy iv to IV
       IV[0] = iv[0];  IV[1] = iv[1];  IV[2] = iv[2];  IV[3] = iv[3];

       // m = 0 ... 3
       IK[0] = key[0];     IK[1] = key[1];
       IK[2] = key[2];     IK[3] = key[3];


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       // m = 4
       IK[4] = IK[0] ^ sub_k2((IK[3] << 8) ^ (IK[3] >> 24)) ^
               0x01000000;

       // m = 4 ... 11, but not 4 nor 8
       IK[5] = IK[1] ^ IK[4];  IK[6] = IK[2] ^ IK[5];
       IK[7] = IK[3] ^ IK[6];

       // m = 8
       IK[8] = IK[4] ^ sub_k2((IK[7] << 8) ^ (IK[7] >> 24)) ^
               0x02000000;

       // m = 4 ... 11, but not 4 nor 8
       IK[9] = IK[5] ^ IK[8];  IK[10] = IK[6] ^ IK[9];
       IK[11] = IK[7] ^ IK[10];
   }

   /**
   * Set up the initial state value using IK and IV. See Step 2 of
   * init() in Section 2.3.2.
   * @param    key[4]  : (INPUT), (4*32)-bit
   * @param    iv[4]   : (INPUT), (4*32)-bit
   * @modify   S       : (OUTPUT), (A, B, L1, R1, L2, R2)
   */
   void setup_state_values (uint32_t *key, uint32_t *iv) {
       // setting up IK and IV by calling key_expansion(key, iv)
       key_expansion(key, iv);

       // setting up the internal state values
       A[0] = IK[4];   A[1] = IK[3];   A[2] = IK[2];
       A[3] = IK[1];   A[4] = IK[0];

       B[0] = IK[10];  B[1] = IK[11];  B[2] = IV[0];   B[3] = IV[1];
       B[4] = IK[8];   B[5] = IK[9];   B[6] = IV[2];   B[7] = IV[3];
       B[8] = IK[7];   B[9] = IK[5];   B[10] = IK[6];

       L1 = R1 = L2 = R2 = 0x00000000;
   }

   /**
   * Initialize the system with a 128-bit key (K) and a 128-bit
   * initialization vector (IV). It sets up the internal state value
   * and invoke next(INIT) iteratively for 24 times. After this,
   * the system is ready to produce key streams. See Section 2.3.2.
   * @param    key[12] : (INPUT), (4*32)-bit
   * @param    iv[4]   : (INPUT), (4*32)-bit
   * @modify   IK      : (12*32)-bit, by calling setup_state_values()


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   * @modify   IV      : (4*32)-bit,  by calling setup_state_values()
   * @modify   S       : (OUTPUT), (A, B, L1, R1, L2, R2)
   */
   void init (uint32_t *k, uint32_t *iv) {
       int i;

       setup_state_values(k, iv);

       for(i=0; i < 24; i++) {
           next(INIT);
       }
   }

   /**
   * Non-linear function. See Section 2.4.1.
   * @param    A   : (INPUT), 8-bit
   * @param    B   : (INPUT), 8-bit
   * @param    C   : (INPUT), 8-bit
   * @param    D   : (INPUT), 8-bit
   * @return       : (OUTPUT), 8-bit
   */
   uint32_t NLF (uint32_t A, uint32_t B,
           uint32_t C, uint32_t D ) {
       uint32_t Q;

       Q = (A + B) ^ C ^ D;

       return Q;
   }

   /**
   * Derive a new state from the current state values. See Section 2.3.1.
   * @param    mode    : (INPUT) INIT (= 0) or NORMAL (= 1)
   * @modify   S       : (OUTPUT)
   */
   void next (int mode) {
       uint32_t nA[5];
       uint32_t nB[11];
       uint32_t nL1, nR1, nL2, nR2;
       uint32_t temp1, temp2;

       nL1 = sub_k2(R2 + B[4]);
       nR1 = sub_k2(L2 + B[9]);
       nL2 = sub_k2(L1);
       nR2 = sub_k2(R1);




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       // m = 0 ... 3
       nA[0] = A[1];   nA[1] = A[2];   nA[2] = A[3];   nA[3] = A[4];

       // m = 0 ... 9
       nB[0] = B[1];   nB[1] = B[2];   nB[2] = B[3];   nB[3] = B[4];
       nB[4] = B[5];   nB[5] = B[6];   nB[6] = B[7];   nB[7] = B[8];
       nB[8] = B[9];   nB[9] = B[10];

       // update nA[4]
       temp1 = (A[0] << 8) ^ amul0[(A[0] >> 24)];
       nA[4] = temp1 ^ A[3];
       if (mode == INIT)
           nA[4] ^= NLF(B[0], R2, R1, A[4]);

       // update nB[10]
       if (A[2] & 0x40000000) /* if A[2][30] == 1 */ {
           temp1 = (B[0] << 8) ^ amul1[(B[0] >> 24)];
       } else /*if A[2][30] == 0*/ {
           temp1 = (B[0] << 8) ^ amul2[(B[0] >> 24)];
       }

       if (A[2] & 0x80000000) /* if A[2][31] == 1 */ {
           temp2 = (B[8] << 8) ^ amul3[(B[8] >> 24)];
       } else /* if A[2][31] == 0 */ {
           temp2 = B[8];
       }

       nB[10] = temp1 ^ B[1] ^ B[6] ^ temp2;

       if (mode == INIT)
           nB[10] ^= NLF(B[10], L2, L1, A[0]);

       /* copy S' to S */
       A[0] = nA[0];   A[1] = nA[1];   A[2] = nA[2];
       A[3] = nA[3];   A[4] = nA[4];

       B[0] = nB[0];   B[1] = nB[1];   B[2] = nB[2];   B[3] = nB[3];
       B[4] = nB[4];   B[5] = nB[5];   B[6] = nB[6];   B[7] = nB[7];
       B[8] = nB[8];   B[9] = nB[9];   B[10] = nB[10];

       L1 = nL1;   R1 = nR1;   L2 = nL2;   R2 = nR2;
   }

   /**
   * Obtain a key stream = (ZH, ZL) from the current state values.
   * See Section 2.3.3.
   * @param    ZH  : (OUTPUT) (1 * 32)-bit


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   * @modify   ZL  : (OUTPUT) (1 * 32)-bit
   */
   void stream (uint32_t *ZH, uint32_t *ZL) {
       *ZH = NLF(B[10], L2, L1, A[0]);
       *ZL = NLF(B[0], R2, R1, A[4]);
   }

B.3. Use case

   void main (void)  {

       // Set the key and the iv
       uint32_t key[4] = ...;
       uint32_t iv[4] = ...;

       init(key, iv);

       // produce a key stream
       stream(&zh, &zl);
       next(NORMAL);

       // produce another key stream
       stream(&zh, &zl);
       next(NORMAL);

       ...
   }






















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Appendix C.                 Test Vectors

   This appendix provides running examples of KCipher-2 obtained from
   the naive implementation. All values are written in hexadecimal form.

C.1. Key stream generation examples

   The followings demonstrate series of the 64-bit key streams generated
   from given 128-bit keys (K) and 128-bit initialization vectors (IV).

   - K : 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
   - IV: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
   - Generated key streams at S(i) are as follows;
     S(0): F871EBEF 945B7272
     S(1): E40C0494 1DFF0537
     S(2): 0B981A59 FBC8AC57
     S(3): 566D3B02 C179DBB4
     S(4): 3B46F1F0 33554C72
     S(5): 5DE68BCC 9872858F
     S(6): 57549602 4062F0E9
     S(7): F932C998 226DB6BA
     ...

   - K : A37B7D01 2F897076 FE08C22D 142BB2CF
   - IV: 33A6EE60 E57927E0 8B45CC4C A30EDE4A
   - Generated key streams at S(i) are as follows;
     S(0): 60E9A6B6 7B4C2524
     S(1): FE726D44 AD5B402E
     S(2): 31D0D1BA 5CA233A4
     S(3): AFC74BE7 D6069D36
     S(4): 4A75BB6C D8D5B7F0
     S(5): 38AAAA28 4AE4CD2F
     S(6): E2E5313D FC6CCD8F
     S(7): 9D2484F2 0F86C50D
     ...

   - K : 3D62E9B1 8E5B042F 42DF43CC 7175C96E
   - IV: 777CEFE4 541300C8 ADCACA8A 0B48CD55
   - Generated key streams at S(i) are as follows;
     S(0): 690F108D 84F44AC7
     S(1): BF257BD7 E394F6C9
     S(2): AA1192C3 8E200C6E
     S(3): 073C8078 AC18AAD1
     S(4): D4B8DADE 68802368
     S(5): 2FA42076 83DEA5A4
     S(6): 4C1D95EA E959F5B4



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     S(7): 2611F41E A40F0A58
     ...

C.2. Another key stream generation with the state values

   In this section, the initialization procedure and the key stream
   generation are illustrated in detail. The given 128-bit key (K) and
   the 128-bit initialization vector (IV) are as follows:

   - K : 0F1E2D3C 4B5A6978 8796A5B4 C3D2E1F0
   - IV: F0E0D0C0 B0A09080 70605040 30201000.

   Based on K and IV, the init() operation, in Section 2.3.2, sets up
   the internal state values, S = (A, B, L1, R1, L2, R2), as follows:

   A[0]: 7993A6A2    A[1]: C3D2E1F0    A[2]: 8796A5B4
   A[3]: 4B5A6978    A[4]: 0F1E2D3C

   B[0]: 38AB371B    B[1] : 4E26BC85   B[2]: F0E0D0C0
   B[3]: B0A09080    B[4] : BF3D92AF   B[5]: 8DF45D75
   B[6]: 70605040    B[7] : 30201000   B[8]: 768D8B9E
   B[9]: 32C9CFDA    B[10]: B55F6A6E

   L1: 00000000   R1: 00000000   L2: 00000000   R2: 00000000

   To complete the initialization, the next() operation is repeatedly
   applied to the state values for 24 times (in Section 2.3.2, Step 3).
   Let us denote each of the repeated application of the next()
   operation by init(i), where 1 <= i <= 24. The internal state values
   resulting from each init(i) are shown in Section B.2.1 - B.2.24.

C.2.1. S after init(1)

   A[0]: C3D2E1F0    A[1]: 8796A5B4    A[2]: 4B5A6978
   A[3]: 0F1E2D3C    A[4]: 37070F7F

   B[0]: 4E26BC85    B[1] : F0E0D0C0   B[2]: B0A09080
   B[3]: BF3D92AF    B[4] : 8DF45D75   B[5]: 70605040
   B[6]: 30201000    B[7] : 768D8B9E   B[8]: 32C9CFDA
   B[9]: B55F6A6E    B[10]: 64DEFF24

   L1: F360860C   R1: E81907D5   L2: 63636363   R2: 63636363

C.2.2. S after init(2)

   A[0]: 8796A5B4    A[1]: 4B5A6978    A[2]: 0F1E2D3C
   A[3]: 37070F7F    A[4]: 25BCF981


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   B[0]: F0E0D0C0    B[1] : B0A09080   B[2]: BF3D92AF
   B[3]: 8DF45D75    B[4] : 70605040   B[5]: 30201000
   B[6]: 768D8B9E    B[7] : 32C9CFDA   B[8]: B55F6A6E
   B[9]: 64DEFF24    B[10]: 7E65CB6A

   L1: 1B9542ED   R1: 9B259D28   L2: 971610F6   R2: 39C36E1D

C.2.3. S after init(3)

   A[0]: 4B5A6978    A[1]: 0F1E2D3C    A[2]: 37070F7F
   A[3]: 25BCF981    A[4]: FA2DD9D3

   B[0]: B0A09080    B[1] : BF3D92AF   B[2]: 8DF45D75
   B[3]: 70605040    B[4] : 30201000   B[5]: 768D8B9E
   B[6]: 32C9CFDA    B[7] : B55F6A6E   B[8]: 64DEFF24
   B[9]: 7E65CB6A    B[10]: 08573732

   L1: 1F41CDFB   R1: CFAE13F3   L2: BCC7DC5B   R2: 1528DDA1

C.2.4. S after init(4)

   A[0]: 0F1E2D3C    A[1]: 37070F7F    A[2]: 25BCF981
   A[3]: FA2DD9D3    A[4]: AB820031

   B[0]: BF3D92AF    B[1] : 8DF45D75   B[2]: 70605040
   B[3]: 30201000    B[4] : 768D8B9E   B[5]: 32C9CFDA
   B[6]: B55F6A6E    B[7] : 64DEFF24   B[8]: 7E65CB6A
   B[9]: 08573732    B[10]: 40941D82

   L1: 8D7100A7   R1: AA6C8F89   L2: B4F43081   R2: 81264AF3

C.2.5. S after init(5)

   A[0]: 37070F7F    A[1]: 25BCF981    A[2]: FA2DD9D3
   A[3]: AB820031    A[4]: D8F5995F

   B[0]: 8DF45D75    B[1] : 70605040   B[2]: 30201000
   B[3]: 768D8B9E    B[4] : 32C9CFDA   B[5]: B55F6A6E
   B[6]: 64DEFF24    B[7] : 7E65CB6A   B[8]: 08573732
   B[9]: 40941D82    B[10]: 1A8DA7FB

   L1: D315A91D   R1: 751BC887   L2: 9E8539E3   R2: 929B1D3C

C.2.6. S after init(6)

   A[0]: 25BCF981    A[1]: FA2DD9D3    A[2]: AB820031
   A[3]: D8F5995F    A[4]: F697B5BB


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   B[0]: 70605040    B[1] : 30201000   B[2]: 768D8B9E
   B[3]: 32C9CFDA    B[4] : B55F6A6E   B[5]: 64DEFF24
   B[6]: 7E65CB6A    B[7] : 08573732   B[8]: 40941D82
   B[9]: 1A8DA7FB    B[10]: 13B5E7F3

   L1: 88658E94   R1: 7F1C023D   L2: B16F9402   R2: 5F06AB3F

C.2.7. S after init(7)

   A[0]: FA2DD9D3    A[1]: AB820031    A[2]: D8F5995F
   A[3]: F697B5BB    A[4]: 6B0A7012

   B[0]: 30201000    B[1] : 768D8B9E   B[2]: 32C9CFDA
   B[3]: B55F6A6E    B[4] : 64DEFF24   B[5]: 7E65CB6A
   B[6]: 08573732    B[7] : 40941D82   B[8]: 1A8DA7FB
   B[9]: 13B5E7F3    B[10]: D76ABD2C

   L1: 21BF8813   R1: 743F68DE   L2: A1F603E6   R2: 3D1EA499

C.2.8. S after init(8)

   A[0]: AB820031    A[1]: D8F5995F    A[2]: F697B5BB
   A[3]: 6B0A7012    A[4]: 23995B7E

   B[0]: 768D8B9E    B[1] : 32C9CFDA   B[2]: B55F6A6E
   B[3]: 64DEFF24    B[4] : 7E65CB6A   B[5]: 08573732
   B[6]: 40941D82    B[7] : 1A8DA7FB   B[8]: 13B5E7F3
   B[9]: D76ABD2C    B[10]: 997C3F70

   L1: B48EA08C   R1: 657C8FFD   L2: AAB50B58   R2: 281F9A12

C.2.9. S after init(9)

   A[0]: D8F5995F    A[1]: F697B5BB    A[2]: 6B0A7012
   A[3]: 23995B7E    A[4]: F8532F87

   B[0]: 32C9CFDA    B[1] : B55F6A6E   B[2]: 64DEFF24
   B[3]: 7E65CB6A    B[4] : 08573732   B[5]: 40941D82
   B[6]: 1A8DA7FB    B[7] : 13B5E7F3   B[8]: D76ABD2C
   B[9]: 997C3F70    B[10]: 95FFF657

   L1: A2040C44   R1: EF19DC4E   L2: 543A1967   R2: 05D0CF60

C.2.10. S after init(10)

   A[0]: F697B5BB    A[1]: 6B0A7012    A[2]: 23995B7E
   A[3]: F8532F87    A[4]: BEDF1DEF


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   B[0]: B55F6A6E    B[1] : 64DEFF24   B[2]: 7E65CB6A
   B[3]: 08573732    B[4] : 40941D82   B[5]: 1A8DA7FB
   B[6]: 13B5E7F3    B[7] : D76ABD2C   B[8]: 997C3F70
   B[9]: 95FFF657    B[10]: 6D2C2FA3

   L1: C7AE66B0   R1: 9C075DB9   L2: 5554CBE7   R2: 866080C4

C.2.11. S after init(11)

   A[0]: 6B0A7012    A[1]: 23995B7E    A[2]: F8532F87
   A[3]: BEDF1DEF    A[4]: 983D37.

   B[0]: 64DEFF24    B[1] : 7E65CB6A   B[2]: 08573732
   B[3]: 40941D82    B[4] : 1A8DA7FB   B[5]: 13B5E7F3
   B[6]: D76ABD2C    B[7] : 997C3F70   B[8]: 95FFF657
   B[9]: 6D2C2FA3    B[10]: A02127BE

   L1: 29F322A2   R1: 01F771D9   L2: 725670A2   R2: D4F24463

C.2.12. S after init(12)

   A[0]: 23995B7E    A[1]: F8532F87    A[2]: BEDF1DEF
   A[3]: 983D37CB    A[4]: 526A110D

   B[0]: 7E65CB6A    B[1] : 08573732   B[2]: 40941D82
   B[3]: 1A8DA7FB    B[4] : 13B5E7F3   B[5]: D76ABD2C
   B[6]: 997C3F70    B[7] : 95FFF657   B[8]: 6D2C2FA3
   B[9]: A02127BE    B[10]: 49F99042

   L1: 51536DF4   R1: 66111E6A   L2: 8147B572   R2: 6CC2AC80

C.2.13. S after init(13)

   A[0]: F8532F87    A[1]: BEDF1DEF    A[2]: 983D37CB
   A[3]: 526A110D    A[4]: A5EEB8AE

   B[0]: 08573732    B[1] : 40941D82   B[2]: 1A8DA7FB
   B[3]: 13B5E7F3    B[4] : D76ABD2C   B[5]: 997C3F70
   B[6]: 95FFF657    B[7] : 6D2C2FA3   B[8]: A02127BE
   B[9]: 49F99042    B[10]: 406CE62C

   L1: 9582D912   R1: 6953AFE8   L2: B22A3A1D   R2: 903A4823

C.2.14. S after init(14)

   A[0]: BEDF1DEF    A[1]: 983D37CB    A[2]: 526A110D
   A[3]: A5EEB8AE    A[4]: 70A5B5BA


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   B[0]: 40941D82    B[1] : 1A8DA7FB   B[2]: 13B5E7F3
   B[3]: D76ABD2C    B[4] : 997C3F70   B[5]: 95FFF657
   B[6]: 6D2C2FA3    B[7] : A02127BE   B[8]: 49F99042
   B[9]: 406CE62C    B[10]: C57BED5B

   L1: EB77DD2D   R1: 633CFD8F   L2: 32A4BCEF   R2: CB33BCB2

C.2.15. S after init(15)

   A[0]: 983D37CB    A[1]: 526A110D    A[2]: A5EEB8AE
   A[3]: 70A5B5BA    A[4]: B1145F18

   B[0]: 1A8DA7FB    B[1] : 13B5E7F3   B[2]: D76ABD2C
   B[3]: 997C3F70    B[4] : 95FFF657   B[5]: 6D2C2FA3
   B[6]: A02127BE    B[7] : 49F99042   B[8]: 406CE62C
   B[9]: C57BED5B    B[10]: 7BE2C520

   L1: E11420CC   R1: 6730A956   L2: 8EC8ACEF   R2: C7FC060A

C.2.16. S after init(16)

   A[0]: 526A110D    A[1]: A5EEB8AE    A[2]: 70A5B5BA
   A[3]: B1145F18    A[4]: FA752FDC

   B[0]: 13B5E7F3    B[1] : D76ABD2C   B[2]: 997C3F70
   B[3]: 95FFF657    B[4] : 6D2C2FA3   B[5]: A02127BE
   B[6]: 49F99042    B[7] : 406CE62C   B[8]: C57BED5B
   B[9]: 7BE2C520    B[10]: 1F48829C

   L1: 0D95C94D   R1: 8238B05F   L2: 7B00D356   R2: 0EFE8596

C.2.17. S after init(17)

   A[0]: A5EEB8AE    A[1]: 70A5B5BA    A[2]: B1145F18
   A[3]: FA752FDC    A[4]: DB29190A

   B[0]: D76ABD2C    B[1] : 997C3F70   B[2]: 95FFF657
   B[3]: 6D2C2FA3    B[4] : A02127BE   B[5]: 49F99042
   B[6]: 406CE62C    B[7] : C57BED5B   B[8]: 7BE2C520
   B[9]: 1F48829C    B[10]: F95DD14F

   L1: 262687B5   R1: 9B9AC5E9   L2: 7C08EB5C   R2: 8C1300A3

C.2.18. S after init(18)

   A[0]: 70A5B5BA    A[1]: B1145F18    A[2]: FA752FDC
   A[3]: DB29190A    A[4]: 35623CDA


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   B[0]: 997C3F70    B[1] : 95FFF657   B[2]: 6D2C2FA3
   B[3]: A02127BE    B[4] : 49F99042   B[5]: 406CE62C
   B[6]: C57BED5B    B[7] : 7BE2C520   B[8]: 1F48829C
   B[9]: F95DD14F    B[10]: D939E13E

   L1: E478DEF0   R1: 06F84503   L2: 71350E88   R2: 14EF8E61

C.2.19. S after init(19)

   A[0]: B1145F18    A[1]: FA752FDC    A[2]: DB29190A
   A[3]: 35623CDA    A[4]: 746B4AE8

   B[0]: 95FFF657    B[1] : 6D2C2FA3   B[2]: A02127BE
   B[3]: 49F99042    B[4] : 406CE62C   B[5]: C57BED5B
   B[6]: 7BE2C520    B[7] : 1F48829C   B[8]: F95DD14F
   B[9]: D939E13E    B[10]: 9970C980

   L1: C2AC94C4   R1: C708FAE8   L2: FC4900F1   R2: 7C260B6A

C.2.20. S after init(20)

   A[0]: FA752FDC    A[1]: DB29190A    A[2]: 35623CDA
   A[3]: 746B4AE8    A[4]: 2EB9213A

   B[0]: 6D2C2FA3    B[1] : A02127BE   B[2]: 49F99042
   B[3]: 406CE62C    B[4] : C57BED5B   B[5]: 7BE2C520
   B[6]: 1F48829C    B[7] : F95DD14F   B[8]: D939E13E
   B[9]: 9970C980    B[10]: 3C517031

   L1: 8F007DE9   R1: B2AE0889   L2: DD68D5EA   R2: 3C8757AC

C.2.21. S after init(21)

   A[0]: DB29190A    A[1]: 35623CDA    A[2]: 746B4AE8
   A[3]: 2EB9213A    A[4]: BE3CA984

   B[0]: A02127BE    B[1] : 49F99042   B[2]: 406CE62C
   B[3]: C57BED5B    B[4] : 7BE2C520   B[5]: 1F48829C
   B[6]: F95DD14F    B[7] : D939E13E   B[8]: 9970C980
   B[9]: 3C517031    B[10]: D1439B63

   L1: AFC4E32F   R1: 98FBC87F   L2: 58B22D36   R2: 481DC7D6

C.2.22. S after init(22)

   A[0]: 35623CDA    A[1]: 746B4AE8    A[2]: 2EB9213A
   A[3]: BE3CA984    A[4]: 974E6719


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   B[0]: 49F99042    B[1] : 406CE62C   B[2]: C57BED5B
   B[3]: 7BE2C520    B[4] : 1F48829C   B[5]: F95DD14F
   B[6]: D939E13E    B[7] : 9970C980   B[8]: 3C517031
   B[9]: D1439B63    B[10]: 9334E221

   L1: F9C43357   R1: E5539EA2   L2: C0B76A7C   R2: 06EE4ED5

C.2.23. S after init(23)

   A[0]: 746B4AE8    A[1]: 2EB9213A    A[2]: BE3CA984
   A[3]: 974E6719    A[4]: 86916EFF

   B[0]: 406CE62C    B[1] : C57BED5B   B[2]: 7BE2C520
   B[3]: 1F48829C    B[4] : F95DD14F   B[5]: D939E13E
   B[6]: 9970C980    B[7] : 3C517031   B[8]: D1439B63
   B[9]: 9334E221    B[10]: 50EF13E7

   L1: 309527ED   R1: C473D814   L2: 1B107B6D   R2: 0180D95D

C.2.24. S(0) after init(24)

   A[0]: 2EB9213A    A[1]: BE3CA984    A[2]: 974E6719
   A[3]: 86916EFF    A[4]: F52DACF9

   B[0]: C57BED5B    B[1] : 7BE2C520   B[2]: 1F48829C
   B[3]: F95DD14F    B[4] : D939E13E   B[5]: 9970C980
   B[6]: 3C517031    B[7] : D1439B63   B[8]: 9334E221
   B[9]: 50EF13E7    B[10]: E0BD9F91

   L1: 4370D8E6   R1: DABED76C   L2: 11C1ACCB   R2: C3BAAEDF

   Note that the result of init(24) is also referred as S(0) (in Section
   2.3.2). Since the state S(0), the stream() operation (in Section
   2.3.3) can be applied and generate key streams.

   Key stream at S(0) : 9FB6B580A6A5E7AF

   Henceforth, a new key stream can be produced by; 1) obtain a new
   state by applying the next() operation to the current state, and 2)
   generate a new key stream by applying the stream() operation to the
   new state.

C.2.25. S(1) and the key stream at S(1)

   A[0]: BE3CA984    A[1]: 974E6719    A[2]: 86916EFF
   A[3]: F52DACF9    A[4]: 960329B5



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   B[0]: 7BE2C520    B[1] : 1F48829C   B[2]: F95DD14F
   B[3]: D939E13E    B[4] : 9970C980   B[5]: 3C517031
   B[6]: D1439B63    B[7] : 9334E221   B[8]: 50EF13E7
   B[9]: E0BD9F91    B[10]: 5318AEE1

   L1: 8FD86092   R1: 4BBDC0F6   L2: 8D63A5EF   R2: FEE0F24B

   Key stream at S(1) : D1989DC6A77D5E28

C.2.26. S(2) and the key stream at S(2)

   A[0]: 974E6719    A[1]: 86916EFF    A[2]: F52DACF9
   A[3]: 960329B5    A[4]: 1A3DB24E

   B[0]: 1F48829C    B[1] : F95DD14F   B[2]: D939E13E
   B[3]: 9970C980    B[4] : 3C517031   B[5]: D1439B63
   B[6]: 9334E221    B[7] : 50EF13E7   B[8]: E0BD9F91
   B[9]: 5318AEE1    B[10]: C86C2C77

   L1: 9686FE8C   R1: FAF89251   L2: 86C824E7   R2: 7BC21098

   Key stream at S(2) : 4EFCC8CB7BCFB32B



Authors' Addresses

   Shinsaku Kiyomoto
   KDDI R&D Laboratories, Inc.
   2-1-15 Ohara, Fujimino-shi,
   Saitama 356-8502, Japan.

   Phone: +81-49-278-7885
   Fax: +81-49-278-7510
   Email: kiyomoto@kddilabs.jp


   Wook Shin
   KDDI R&D Laboratories, Inc.
   2-1-15 Ohara, Fujimino-shi,
   Saitama 356-8502, Japan.

   Email: ohpato@hanmail.net






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