[edit]Character reference overview
A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and uses the format
&#nnnn;
or
&#xhhhh;
where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form. The x must be lowercase in XML documents. The nnnn or hhhh may be any number of digits and may include leading zeros. The hhhh may mix uppercase and lowercase, though uppercase is the usual style.
In contrast, a character entity reference refers to a character by the name of an entity which has the desired character as its replacement text. The entity must either be predefined (built-in to the markup language) or explicitly declared in a Document Type Definition (DTD). The format is the same as for any entity reference:
&name;
where name is the name of the entity. The semicolon is required.


[edit]Predefined entities in XML
The XML specification does not use the term "character entity" or "character entity reference". The XML specification defines five "predefined entities" representing special characters, and requires that all XML processors honor them. The entities can be explicitly declared in a DTD, as well, but if this is done, the replacement text must be the same as the built-in definitions. XML also allows other named entities of any size to be defined on a per-document basis.
The table below lists the five XML predefined entities. The "Name" column mentions the entity's name. The "Character" column shows the character, if it is renderable. In order to render the character, the format &name; is used; for example, &amp; renders as &. The "Unicode code point" column cites the character via standard UCS/Unicode "U+" notation, which shows the character's code point in hexadecimal. The decimal equivalent of the code point is then shown in parentheses. The "Standard" column indicates the first version of XML that includes the entity. The "Description" column cites the character via its canonical UCS/Unicode name, in English.


Name
Character
Unicode code point
Standard
Description
quot  "  U+0022 (34)  XML 1.0  (double) quotation mark
  amp  &  U+0026 (38)  XML 1.0  ampersand
  apos  '  U+0027 (39)  XML 1.0  apostrophe (= apostrophe-quote)
  lt  <  U+003C (60)  XML 1.0  less-than sign
  gt  >  U+003E (62)  XML 1.0  greater-than sign


rs who have been exposed to XML and XHTML often overlook the fact that the
apos entity is not defined in HTML. rsquo is the best alternative in this case
(but it is not the same character), or authors can use a numeric character
reference instead (&#39; or &#x27; which always designate the character using
the numeric value of its Unicode code point, independently of the actual
document encoding).
In the table below, the HTML built-in character entities are listed. The
columns are as in the XML entity table, above, except "Standard" column
indicates the first version of HTML that includes the entity. The version is
one of the major releases of the HTML spec: 2.0, 3.2, or 4.0. HTML 4.01 didn't
introduce any new entities.
Name
Character
Unicode code point
Standard
DTD[1]
Old ISO subset[2]
Description[3]
quot  "  U+0022 (34)  HTML 2.0  HTMLspecial  ISOnum  quotation mark (= APL
quote)
  amp  &  U+0026 (38)  HTML 2.0  HTMLspecial  ISOnum  ampersand
  apos  '  U+0027 (39)  XHTML 1.0  HTMLspecial  ISOnum  apostrophe (=
apostrophe-quote); see below
  lt  <  U+003C (60)  HTML 2.0  HTMLspecial  ISOnum  less-than sign
  gt  >  U+003E (62)  HTML 2.0  HTMLspecial  ISOnum  greater-than sign
  nbsp     U+00A0 (160)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  no-break space (=
non-breaking space)[4]
  iexcl  ¡  U+00A1 (161)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  inverted exclamation
mark
  cent  ¢  U+00A2 (162)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  cent sign
  pound  £  U+00A3 (163)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  pound sign
  curren  ¤  U+00A4 (164)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  currency sign
  yen  ¥  U+00A5 (165)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  yen sign (= yuan sign)
  brvbar  ¦  U+00A6 (166)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  broken bar (= broken
vertical bar)
  sect  §  U+00A7 (167)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  section sign
  uml  ¨  U+00A8 (168)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOdia  diaeresis (= spacing
diaeresis); see German umlaut
  copy  ©  U+00A9 (169)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  copyright sign
  ordf  ª  U+00AA (170)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  feminine ordinal
indicator
  laquo  «  U+00AB (171)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  left-pointing double
angle quotation mark (= left pointing guillemet)
  not  ¬  U+00AC (172)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  not sign
  shy     U+00AD (173)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  soft hyphen (=
discretionary hyphen)
  reg  ®  U+00AE (174)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  registered sign ( =
registered trade mark sign)
  macr  ¯  U+00AF (175)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOdia  macron (= spacing macron
= overline = APL overbar)
  deg  °  U+00B0 (176)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  degree sign
  plusmn  ±  U+00B1 (177)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  plus-minus sign (=
plus-or-minus sign)
  sup2  ²  U+00B2 (178)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  superscript two (=
superscript digit two = squared)
  sup3  ³  U+00B3 (179)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  superscript three (=
superscript digit three = cubed)
  acute  ´  U+00B4 (180)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOdia  acute accent (= spacing
acute)
  micro  µ  U+00B5 (181)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  micro sign
  para  ¶  U+00B6 (182)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  pilcrow sign ( =
paragraph sign)
  middot  ·  U+00B7 (183)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  middle dot (= Georgian
comma = Greek middle dot)
  cedil  ¸  U+00B8 (184)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOdia  cedilla (= spacing
cedilla)
  sup1  ¹  U+00B9 (185)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  superscript one (=
superscript digit one)
  ordm  º  U+00BA (186)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  masculine ordinal
indicator
  raquo   »  U+00BB (187)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  right-pointing double
angle quotation mark (= right pointing guillemet)
  frac14  ¼  U+00BC (188)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  vulgar fraction one
quarter (= fraction one quarter)
  frac12  ½  U+00BD (189)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  vulgar fraction one
half (= fraction one half)
  frac34  ¾  U+00BE (190)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  vulgar fraction three
quarters (= fraction three quarters)
  iquest  ¿  U+00BF (191)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  inverted question mark
(= turned question mark)
  Agrave  À  U+00C0 (192)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter A
with grave (= Latin capital letter A grave)
  Aacute  Á  U+00C1 (193)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter A
with acute
  Acirc  Â  U+00C2 (194)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter A
with circumflex
  Atilde  Ã  U+00C3 (195)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter A
with tilde
  Auml  Ä  U+00C4 (196)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter A
with diaeresis
  Aring  Å  U+00C5 (197)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter A
with ring above (= Latin capital letter A ring)
  AElig  Æ  U+00C6 (198)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter AE
(= Latin capital ligature AE)
  Ccedil  Ç  U+00C7 (199)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter C
with cedilla
  Egrave  È  U+00C8 (200)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter E
with grave
  Eacute  É  U+00C9 (201)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter E
with acute
  Ecirc  Ê  U+00CA (202)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter E
with circumflex
  Euml  Ë  U+00CB (203)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter E
with diaeresis
  Igrave  Ì  U+00CC (204)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter I
with grave
  Iacute  Í  U+00CD (205)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter I
with acute
  Icirc  Î  U+00CE (206)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter I
with circumflex
  Iuml  Ï  U+00CF (207)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter I
with diaeresis
  ETH  Ð  U+00D0 (208)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter ETH
  Ntilde  Ñ  U+00D1 (209)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter N
with tilde
  Ograve  Ò  U+00D2 (210)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter O
with grave
  Oacute  Ó  U+00D3 (211)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter O
with acute
  Ocirc  Ô  U+00D4 (212)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter O
with circumflex
  Otilde  Õ  U+00D5 (213)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter O
with tilde
  Ouml  Ö  U+00D6 (214)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter O
with diaeresis
  times  ×  U+00D7 (215)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  multiplication sign
  Oslash  Ø  U+00D8 (216)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter O
with stroke (= Latin capital letter O slash)
  Ugrave  Ù  U+00D9 (217)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter U
with grave
  Uacute  Ú  U+00DA (218)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter U
with acute
  Ucirc  Û  U+00DB (219)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter U
with circumflex
  Uuml  Ü  U+00DC (220)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter U
with diaeresis
  Yacute  Ý  U+00DD (221)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter Y
with acute
  THORN  Þ  U+00DE (222)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin capital letter
THORN
  szlig  ß  U+00DF (223)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter
sharp s (= ess-zed); see German Eszett
  agrave  à  U+00E0 (224)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter a
with grave
  aacute  á  U+00E1 (225)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter a
with acute
  acirc  â  U+00E2 (226)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter a
with circumflex
  atilde  ã  U+00E3 (227)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter a
with tilde
  auml  ä  U+00E4 (228)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter a
with diaeresis
  aring  å  U+00E5 (229)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter a
with ring above
  aelig  æ  U+00E6 (230)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter ae
(= Latin small ligature ae)
  ccedil  ç  U+00E7 (231)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter c
with cedilla
  egrave  è  U+00E8 (232)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter e
with grave
  eacute  é  U+00E9 (233)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter e
with acute
  ecirc  ê  U+00EA (234)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter e
with circumflex
  euml  ë  U+00EB (235)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter e
with diaeresis
  igrave  ì  U+00EC (236)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter i
with grave
  iacute  í  U+00ED (237)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter i
with acute
  icirc  î  U+00EE (238)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter i
with circumflex
  iuml  ï  U+00EF (239)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter i
with diaeresis
  eth  ð  U+00F0 (240)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter eth
  ntilde  ñ  U+00F1 (241)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter n
with tilde
  ograve  ò  U+00F2 (242)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter o
with grave
  oacute  ó  U+00F3 (243)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter o
with acute
  ocirc  ô  U+00F4 (244)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter o
with circumflex
  otilde  õ  U+00F5 (245)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter o
with tilde
  ouml  ö  U+00F6 (246)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter o
with diaeresis
  divide  ÷  U+00F7 (247)  HTML 3.2  HTMLlat1  ISOnum  division sign
  oslash  ø  U+00F8 (248)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter o
with stroke (= Latin small letter o slash)
  ugrave  ù  U+00F9 (249)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter u
with grave
  uacute  ú  U+00FA (250)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter u
with acute
  ucirc  û  U+00FB (251)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter u
with circumflex
  uuml  ü  U+00FC (252)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter u
with diaeresis
  yacute  ý  U+00FD (253)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter y
with acute
  thorn  þ  U+00FE (254)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter
thorn
  yuml  ÿ  U+00FF (255)  HTML 2.0  HTMLlat1  ISOlat1  Latin small letter y
with diaeresis
  OElig  Œ  U+0152 (338)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOlat2  Latin capital
ligature oe[5]
  oelig  œ  U+0153 (339)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOlat2  Latin small ligature
oe[6]
  Scaron  Š  U+0160 (352)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOlat2  Latin capital
letter s with caron
  scaron  š  U+0161 (353)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOlat2  Latin small letter
s with caron
  Yuml  Ÿ  U+0178 (376)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOlat2  Latin capital letter
y with diaeresis
  fnof  ƒ  U+0192 (402)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  Latin small letter f
with hook (= function = florin)
  circ  ˆ  U+02C6 (710)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOpub  modifier letter
circumflex accent
  tilde  ˜  U+02DC (732)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOdia  small tilde
  Alpha  Α  U+0391 (913)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Alpha
  Beta  Β  U+0392 (914)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Beta
  Gamma  Γ  U+0393 (915)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek capital letter
Gamma
  Delta  Δ  U+0394 (916)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek capital letter
Delta
  Epsilon  Ε  U+0395 (917)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Epsilon
  Zeta  Ζ  U+0396 (918)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Zeta
  Eta  Η  U+0397 (919)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Eta
  Theta  Θ  U+0398 (920)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek capital letter
Theta
  Iota  Ι  U+0399 (921)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Iota
  Kappa  Κ  U+039A (922)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Kappa
  Lambda  Λ  U+039B (923)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek capital letter
Lambda
  Mu  Μ  U+039C (924)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Mu
  Nu  Ν  U+039D (925)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Nu
  Xi  Ξ  U+039E (926)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek capital letter Xi
  Omicron  Ο  U+039F (927)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Omicron
  Pi  Π  U+03A0 (928)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Pi
  Rho  Ρ  U+03A1 (929)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Rho
  Sigma  Σ  U+03A3 (931)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek capital letter
Sigma
  Tau  Τ  U+03A4 (932)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Tau
  Upsilon  Υ  U+03A5 (933)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek capital
letter Upsilon
  Phi  Φ  U+03A6 (934)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek capital letter
Phi
  Chi  Χ  U+03A7 (935)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  Greek capital letter Chi
  Psi  Ψ  U+03A8 (936)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek capital letter
Psi
  Omega  Ω  U+03A9 (937)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek capital letter
Omega
  alpha  α  U+03B1 (945)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
alpha
  beta  β  U+03B2 (946)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
beta
  gamma  γ  U+03B3 (947)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
gamma
  delta  δ  U+03B4 (948)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
delta
  epsilon  ε  U+03B5 (949)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
epsilon
  zeta  ζ  U+03B6 (950)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
zeta
  eta  η  U+03B7 (951)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter eta
  theta  θ  U+03B8 (952)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
theta
  iota  ι  U+03B9 (953)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
iota
  kappa  κ  U+03BA (954)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
kappa
  lambda  λ  U+03BB (955)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
lambda
  mu  μ  U+03BC (956)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter mu
  nu  ν  U+03BD (957)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter nu
  xi  ξ  U+03BE (958)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter xi
  omicron  ο  U+03BF (959)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  NEW  Greek small letter
omicron
  pi  π  U+03C0 (960)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter pi
  rho  ρ  U+03C1 (961)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter rho
  sigmaf  ς  U+03C2 (962)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
final sigma
  sigma  σ  U+03C3 (963)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
sigma
  tau  τ  U+03C4 (964)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter tau
  upsilon  υ  U+03C5 (965)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
upsilon
  phi  φ  U+03C6 (966)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter phi
  chi  χ  U+03C7 (967)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter chi
  psi  ψ  U+03C8 (968)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter psi
  omega  ω  U+03C9 (969)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek small letter
omega
  thetasym  ϑ  U+03D1 (977)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  NEW  Greek theta symbol
  upsih  ϒ  U+03D2 (978)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  NEW  Greek Upsilon with hook
symbol
  piv  ϖ  U+03D6 (982)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOgrk3  Greek pi symbol
  ensp     U+2002 (8194)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOpub  en space[7]
  emsp     U+2003 (8195)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOpub  em space[8]
  thinsp     U+2009 (8201)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOpub  thin space[9]
  zwnj     U+200C (8204)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  NEW RFC 2070  zero-width
non-joiner
  zwj     U+200D (8205)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  NEW RFC 2070  zero-width
joiner
  lrm     U+200E (8206)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  NEW RFC 2070  left-to-right
mark
  rlm     U+200F (8207)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  NEW RFC 2070  right-to-left
mark
  ndash  –  U+2013 (8211)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOpub  en dash
  mdash  —  U+2014 (8212)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOpub  em dash
  lsquo  ‘  U+2018 (8216)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOnum  left single
quotation mark
  rsquo  ’  U+2019 (8217)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOnum  right single
quotation mark
  sbquo  ‚  U+201A (8218)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  NEW  single low-9 quotation
mark
  ldquo  “  U+201C (8220)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOnum  left double
quotation mark
  rdquo  ”  U+201D (8221)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOnum  right double
quotation mark
  bdquo  „  U+201E (8222)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  NEW  double low-9 quotation
mark
  dagger  †  U+2020 (8224)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOpub  dagger
  Dagger  ‡  U+2021 (8225)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOpub  double dagger
  bull  •  U+2022 (8226)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOpub  bullet (= black small
circle)[10]
  hellip  …  U+2026 (8230)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOpub  horizontal ellipsis
(= three dot leader)
  permil  ‰  U+2030 (8240)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISOtech  per mille sign
  prime  ′  U+2032 (8242)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  prime (= minutes =
feet)
  Prime  ″  U+2033 (8243)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  double prime (=
seconds = inches)
  lsaquo  ‹  U+2039 (8249)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISO proposed  single
left-pointing angle quotation mark[11]
  rsaquo  ›  U+203A (8250)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  ISO proposed  single
right-pointing angle quotation mark[12]
  oline  ‾  U+203E (8254)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  NEW  overline (= spacing
overscore)
  frasl  ⁄  U+2044 (8260)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  NEW  fraction slash (=
solidus)
  euro  €  U+20AC (8364)  HTML 4.0  HTMLspecial  NEW  euro sign
  image  ℑ  U+2111 (8465)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamso  black-letter capital
I (= imaginary part)
  weierp  ℘  U+2118 (8472)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamso  script capital P (=
power set = Weierstrass p)
  real  ℜ  U+211C (8476)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamso  black-letter capital
R (= real part symbol)
  trade  ™  U+2122 (8482)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOnum  trademark sign
  alefsym  ℵ  U+2135 (8501)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  NEW  alef symbol (= first
transfinite cardinal)[13]
  larr  ←  U+2190 (8592)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOnum  leftwards arrow
  uarr  ↑  U+2191 (8593)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOnum  upwards arrow
  rarr  →  U+2192 (8594)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOnum  rightwards arrow
  darr  ↓  U+2193 (8595)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOnum  downwards arrow
  harr  ↔  U+2194 (8596)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsa  left right arrow
  crarr  ↵  U+21B5 (8629)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  NEW  downwards arrow with
corner leftwards (= carriage return)
  lArr  ⇐  U+21D0 (8656)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  leftwards double
arrow[14]
  uArr  ⇑  U+21D1 (8657)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsa  upwards double arrow
  rArr  ⇒  U+21D2 (8658)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOnum  rightwards double
arrow[15]
  dArr  ⇓  U+21D3 (8659)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsa  downwards double
arrow
  hArr  ⇔  U+21D4 (8660)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsa  left right double
arrow
  forall  ∀  U+2200 (8704)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  for all
  part  ∂  U+2202 (8706)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  partial differential
  exist  ∃  U+2203 (8707)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  there exists
  empty  ∅  U+2205 (8709)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamso  empty set (= null
set = diameter)
  nabla  ∇  U+2207 (8711)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  nabla (= backward
difference)
  isin  ∈  U+2208 (8712)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  element of
  notin  ∉  U+2209 (8713)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  not an element of
  ni  ∋  U+220B (8715)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  contains as member
  prod  ∏  U+220F (8719)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsb  n-ary product (=
product sign)[16]
  sum  ∑  U+2211 (8721)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOasmb  n-ary summation[17]
  minus  −  U+2212 (8722)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  minus sign
  lowast  ∗  U+2217 (8727)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  asterisk operator
  radic  √  U+221A (8730)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  square root (=
radical sign)
  prop  ∝  U+221D (8733)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  proportional to
  infin  ∞  U+221E (8734)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  infinity
  ang  ∠  U+2220 (8736)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamso  angle
  and  ∧  U+2227 (8743)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  logical and (= wedge)
  or  ∨  U+2228 (8744)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  logical or (= vee)
  cap  ∩  U+2229 (8745)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  intersection (= cap)
  cup  ∪  U+222A (8746)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  union (= cup)
  int  ∫  U+222B (8747)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  integral
  there4  ∴  U+2234 (8756)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  therefore
  sim  ∼  U+223C (8764)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  tilde operator (=
varies with = similar to)[18]
  cong  ≅  U+2245 (8773)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  congruent to
  asymp  ≈  U+2248 (8776)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsr  almost equal to (=
asymptotic to)
  ne  ≠  U+2260 (8800)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  not equal to
  equiv  ≡  U+2261 (8801)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  identical to;
sometimes used for 'equivalent to'
  le  ≤  U+2264 (8804)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  less-than or equal to
  ge  ≥  U+2265 (8805)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  greater-than or equal
to
  sub  ⊂  U+2282 (8834)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  subset of
  sup  ⊃  U+2283 (8835)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  superset of[19]
  nsub  ⊄  U+2284 (8836)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsn  not a subset of
  sube  ⊆  U+2286 (8838)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  subset of or equal to
  supe  ⊇  U+2287 (8839)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  superset of or equal
to
  oplus  ⊕  U+2295 (8853)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsb  circled plus (=
direct sum)
  otimes  ⊗  U+2297 (8855)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsb  circled times (=
vector product)
  perp  ⊥  U+22A5 (8869)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  up tack (= orthogonal
to = perpendicular)
  sdot  ⋅  U+22C5 (8901)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsb  dot operator[20]
  lceil  ⌈  U+2308 (8968)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsc  left ceiling (= APL
upstile)
  rceil  ⌉  U+2309 (8969)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsc  right ceiling
  lfloor  ⌊  U+230A (8970)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsc  left floor (= APL
downstile)
  rfloor  ⌋  U+230B (8971)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOamsc  right floor
  lang  〈  U+2329 (9001)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  left-pointing angle
bracket (= bra)[21]
  rang  〉  U+232A (9002)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOtech  right-pointing angle
bracket (= ket)[22]
  loz  ◊  U+25CA (9674)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOpub  lozenge
  spades  ♠  U+2660 (9824)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOpub  black spade suit[23]
  clubs  ♣  U+2663 (9827)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOpub  black club suit (=
shamrock)[24]
  hearts  ♥  U+2665 (9829)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOpub  black heart suit (=
valentine)[25]
  diams  ♦  U+2666 (9830)  HTML 4.0  HTMLsymbol  ISOpub  black diamond suit
