Lifetime - cppreference.com

##### cppreference.com

##### Search

Create account

##### Namespaces

- Page
- Discussion

##### Variants

##### Views

- View
- Edit
- History

##### Actions

# Lifetime

From cppreference.com
< c‎ | language

Every object in C exists, has a constant address, retains its last-stored value (except when the value is indeterminate), and, for VLA, retains its size (since C99) over a portion of program execution known as this object's lifetime.

For the objects that are declared with automatic, static, and thread storage duration, lifetime equals their storage duration (note the difference between non-VLA and VLA automatic storage duration).

For the objects with allocated storage duration, the lifetime begins when the allocation function returns (including the return from realloc) and ends when the realloc or deallocation function is called. Note that since allocated objects have no declared type, the type of the lvalue expression first used to access this object becomes its effective type.

Accessing an object outside of its lifetime is undefined behavior.

    int* foo(void) {
        int a = 17; // a has automatic storage duration
        return &a;
    }  // lifetime of a ends
    int main(void) {
        int* p = foo(); // p points to an object past lifetime ("dangling pointer")
        int n = *p; // undefined behavior
    }

A pointer to an object (or one past the object) whose lifetime ended has indeterminate value.

### [edit] Temporary lifetime

Struct and union objects with array members (either direct or members of nested struct/union members) that are designated by non-lvalue expressions, have temporary lifetime. Temporary lifetime begins when the expression that refers to such object is evaluated and ends when the containing full expression or full declarator ends.

Any attempt to modify an object with temporary lifetime results in undefined behavior.

    struct T { double a[4]; };
    struct T f(void) { return (struct T){3.15}; }
    double g1(double* x) { return *x; }
    void g2(double* x) { *x = 1.0; }
    int main(void)
    {
        double d = g1(f().a); // OK, d is 3.15
        g2(f().a); // Undefined behavior: attempt to modify temporary object
    }

### [edit] References

- C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

  - 6.2.4 Storage durations of objects (p: 38-39)

- C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):

  - 6.2.4 Storage durations of objects (p: 32)

- C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):

  - 3.1.2.4 Storage durations of objects

### [edit] See also

C++ documentation for Object lifetime

Retrieved from "http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/lifetime&oldid=79038"