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# goto statement

From cppreference.com
< c‎ | language

Transfers control unconditionally to the desired location.

Used when it is otherwise impossible to transfer control to the desired location using conventional constructs.

### [edit] Syntax

`goto` label `;` |  |
label `:` statement |  |

### [edit] Explanation

The `goto` statement causes an unconditional jump (transfer of control) to the statement prefixed by the named label (which must appear in the same function as the goto statement), except when this jump would enter the scope of a variable-length array or another variably-modified type. (since C99)

A label is an identifier followed by a colon (:) and a statement. Labels are the only identifiers that have function scope: they can be used (in a goto statement) anywhere in the same function in which they appear. There may be multiple labels before any statement.

Entering the scope of a non-variably modified variable is permitted:
    goto lab1; // OK: going into the scope of a regular variable
        int n = 5;
    lab1:; // Note, n is uninitialized, as if declared by int n;

    //   goto lab2;   // Error: going into the scope of two VM types
         double a[n]; // a VLA
         int (*p)[n]; // a VM pointer
    lab2:
If `goto` leaves the scope of a VLA, it is deallocated (and may be reallocated if its initialization is executed again):
    {
       int n = 1;
    label:;
       int a[n]; // re-allocated 10 times, each with a different size
       if (n++ < 10) goto label; // leaving the scope of a VM
    }
| (since C99)

### [edit] Keywords

`goto`

### [edit] Notes

Because declarations are not statements, a label before a declaration must use a null statement (a semicolon immediately after the colon). Same applies to a label before the end of a block.

C++ imposes additional limitations on the `goto` statement, but allows labels before declarations (which are statements in C++)

### [edit] Example

Run this code

    #include <stdio.h>

    int main(void)
    {
        // goto can be used to leave a multi-level loop easily
        for (int x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
            for (int y = 0; y < 3; y++) {
                printf("(%d;%d)\n",x,y);
                if (x + y >= 3) goto endloop;
            }
        }
    endloop:;
    }

Output:

    (0;0)
    (0;1)
    (0;2)
    (1;0)
    (1;1)
    (1;2)

### [edit] References

- C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

  - 6.8.6.1 The goto statement (p: 152-153)

- C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):

  - 6.8.6.1 The goto statement (p: 137-138)

- C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):

  - 3.6.6.1 The goto statement

### [edit] See Also

C++ documentation for goto statement

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