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# std::bind

From cppreference.com
< cpp‎ | utility‎ | functional

Defined in header `<functional>` |  |
template< class F, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ bind( F&& f, Args&&... args ); | (1) | (since C++11)
template< class R, class F, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ bind( F&& f, Args&&... args ); | (2) | (since C++11)

The function template `bind` generates a forwarding call wrapper for `f`. Calling this wrapper is equivalent to invoking `f` with some of its arguments bound to `args`.

### [edit] Parameters

f | - | `Callable` object (function object, pointer to function, reference to function, pointer to member function, or pointer to data member) that will be bound to some arguments
args | - | list of arguments to bind, with the unbound arguments replaced by the placeholders `_1, _2, _3...` of namespace `std::placeholders`

### [edit] Return value

A function object of unspecified type `T`, for which std::is_bind_expression<T>::value == true. It has the following members:

## std::bind return type

#### Member objects

The return type of `std::bind` holds a member object of type std::decay<F>::type constructed from std::forward<F>(f), and one object per each of `args...`, of type std::decay<Arg_i>::type, similarly constructed from std::forward<Arg_i>(arg_i).

#### Constructors

The return type of `std::bind` is `CopyConstructible` if all of its member objects (specified above) are CopyConstructible, and is `MoveConstructible` otherwise. The type defines the following members:

#### Member type `result_type`

1) (deprecated in C++17) If `F` is a pointer to function or a pointer to member function, `result_type` is the return type of `F`. If `F` is a class type with nested typedef `result_type`, then `result_type` is `F::result_type`. Otherwise no `result_type` is defined.

2) (deprecated in C++17) `result_type` is exactly `R`.

#### Member function `operator()`

Given an object `g` obtained from an earlier call to `bind`, when it is invoked in a function call expression g(u1, u2, ... uM), an invocation of the stored object takes place, as if by std::invoke(fd, std::forward<V1>(v1), std::forward<V2>(v2), ..., std::forward<VN>(vN)), where `fd` is a value of type std::decay_t<F> the values and types of the bound arguments `v1, v2, ..., vN` are determined as specified below.

- If the stored argument `arg` is of type std::reference_wrapper<T> (for example, std::ref or std::cref was used in the initial call to `bind`), then the argument `vn` in the `std::invoke` call above is `arg.get()` and the type `Vn` in the same call is `T&`: the stored argument is passed by reference into the invoked function object.
- If the stored argument `arg` is of type `T` for which std::is_bind_expression<T>::value == true (for example, another `bind` expression was passed directly into the initial call to `bind`), then `bind` performs function composition: instead of passing the function object that the bind subexpression would return, the subexpression is invoked eagerly, and its return value is passed to the outer invokable object. If the bind subexpression has any placeholder arguments, they are shared with the outer bind (picked out of `u1, u2, ...`). Specifically, the argument `vn` in the `std::invoke` call above is `arg(std::forward<Uj>(uj)...)` and the type `Vn` in the same call is std::result_of_t<T cv &(Uj&&...)>&& (cv qualification is the same as that of `g`).
- If the stored argument `arg` is of type `T`, for which std::is_placeholder<T>::value != 0 (meaning, a placeholder such as `std::placeholders::_1, _2, _3, ...` was used as the argument to the initial call to `bind`), then the argument indicated by the placeholder (`u1` for `_1`, `u2` for `_2`, etc) is passed to the invokable object: the argument `vn` in the `std::invoke` call above is std::forward<Uj>(uj) and the corresponding type `Vn` in the same call is Uj&&.
- Otherwise, the ordinary stored argument `arg` is passed to the invokable object as lvalue argument: the argument `vn` in the `std::invoke` call above is simply `arg` and the corresponding type `Vn` is `T cv &`, where cv is the same cv-qualification as that of `g`.

If some of the arguments that are supplied in the call to `g()` are not matched by any placeholders stored in `g`, the unused arguments are evaluated and discarded.

If `g` is volatile-qualified (i.e., its cv-qualifiers are either volatile or const volatile), the behavior is undefined.

### [edit] Exceptions

Only throws if construction of std::decay<F>::type from std::forward<F>(f) throws, or any of the constructors for std::decay<Arg_i>::type from the corresponding std::forward<Arg_i>(arg_i) throws where `Arg_i` is the ith type and `arg_i` is the ith argument in `Args... args`.

### [edit] Notes

As described in `Callable`, when invoking a pointer to non-static member function or pointer to non-static data member, the first argument has to be a reference or pointer (including, possibly, smart pointer such as std::shared_ptr and std::unique_ptr) to an object whose member will be accessed.

The arguments to bind are copied or moved, and are never passed by reference unless wrapped in std::ref or std::cref.

Duplicate placeholders in the same bind expression (multiple `_1`'s for example) are allowed, but the results are only well defined if the corresponding argument (`u1`) is an lvalue or non-movable rvalue.

### [edit] Example

Run this code

    #include <random>
    #include <iostream>
    #include <memory>
    #include <functional>

    void f(int n1, int n2, int n3, const int& n4, int n5)
    {
        std::cout << n1 << ' ' << n2 << ' ' << n3 << ' ' << n4 << ' ' << n5 << '\n';
    }

    int g(int n1)
    {
        return n1;
    }

    struct Foo {
        void print_sum(int n1, int n2)
        {
            std::cout << n1+n2 << '\n';
        }
        int data = 10;
    };

    int main()
    {
        using namespace std::placeholders;  // for _1, _2, _3...

        // demonstrates argument reordering and pass-by-reference
        int n = 7;
        // (_1 and _2 are from std::placeholders, and represent future
        // arguments that will be passed to f1)
        auto f1 = std::bind(f, _2, _1, 42, std::cref(n), n);
        n = 10;
        f1(1, 2, 1001); // 1 is bound by _1, 2 is bound by _2, 1001 is unused
                        // makes a call to f(2, 1, 42, n, 7)

        // nested bind subexpressions share the placeholders
        auto f2 = std::bind(f, _3, std::bind(g, _3), _3, 4, 5);
        f2(10, 11, 12);

        // common use case: binding a RNG with a distribution
        std::default_random_engine e;
        std::uniform_int_distribution<> d(0, 10);
        std::function<int()> rnd = std::bind(d, e); // a copy of e is stored in rnd
        for(int n=0; n<10; ++n)
            std::cout << rnd() << ' ';
        std::cout << '\n';

        // bind to a pointer to member function
        Foo foo;
        auto f3 = std::bind(&Foo::print_sum, &foo, 95, _1);
        f3(5);

        // bind to a pointer to data member
        auto f4 = std::bind(&Foo::data, _1);
        std::cout << f4(foo) << '\n';

        // smart pointers can be used to call members of the referenced objects, too
        std::cout << f4(std::make_shared<Foo>(foo)) << '\n'
                  << f4(std::make_unique<Foo>(foo)) << '\n';
    }

Output:

    2 1 42 10 7
    12 12 12 4 5
    1 5 0 2 0 8 2 2 10 8
    100
    10
    10
    10

### [edit] See also

_1, _2, _3, _4, ... (C++11) | placeholders for the unbound arguments in a `std::bind` expression (constant) [edit]
mem_fn (C++11) | creates a function object out of a pointer to a member (function template) [edit]

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