# Best Packaging Practices

Debian's quality is largely due to the Debian Policy, which defines explicit baseline requirements which all Debian packages must fulfill. Yet there is also a shared history of experience which goes beyond the Debian Policy, an accumulation of years of experience in packaging. Many very talented people have created great tools, tools which help you, the Debian maintainer, create and maintain excellent packages.

This chapter provides some best practices for Debian developers. All recommendations are merely that, and are not requirements or policy. These are just some subjective hints, advice and pointers collected from Debian developers. Feel free to pick and choose whatever works best for you.

## Best practices for `debian/rules`

The following recommendations apply to the `debian/rules` file. Since `debian/rules` controls the build process and selects the files which go into the package (directly or indirectly), it's usually the file maintainers spend the most time on.

### Helper scripts

The rationale for using helper scripts in `debian/rules` is that they let maintainers use and share common logic among many packages. Take for instance the question of installing menu entries: you need to put the file into `/usr/share/menu` (or `/usr/lib/menu` for executable binary menufiles, if this is needed), and add commands to the maintainer scripts to register and unregister the menu entries. Since this is a very common thing for packages to do, why should each maintainer rewrite all this on their own, sometimes with bugs? Also, supposing the menu directory changed, every package would have to be changed.

Helper scripts take care of these issues. Assuming you comply with the conventions expected by the helper script, the helper takes care of all the details. Changes in policy can be made in the helper script; then packages just need to be rebuilt with the new version of the helper and no other changes.

tools contains a couple of different helpers. The most common and best (in our opinion) helper system is `debhelper`. Previous helper systems, such as `debmake`, were monolithic: you couldn't pick and choose which part of the helper you found useful, but had to use the helper to do everything. `debhelper`, however, is a number of separate little `dh_*` programs. For instance, `dh_installman` installs and compresses man pages, `dh_installmenu` installs menu files, and so on. Thus, it offers enough flexibility to be able to use the little helper scripts, where useful, in conjunction with hand-crafted commands in `debian/rules`.

You can get started with `debhelper` by reading

debhelper

1 , and looking at the examples that come with the package. `dh_make`, from the `dh-make` package (see dh-make), can be used to convert a vanilla source package to a `debhelper`ized package. This shortcut, though, should not convince you that you do not need to bother understanding the individual `dh_*` helpers. If you are going to use a helper, you do need to take the time to learn to use that helper, to learn its expectations and behavior.

### Separating your patches into multiple files

Big, complex packages may have many bugs that you need to deal with. If you correct a number of bugs directly in the source, and you're not careful, it can get hard to differentiate the various patches that you applied. It can get quite messy when you have to update the package to a new upstream version which integrates some of the fixes (but not all). You can't take the total set of diffs (e.g., from `.diff.gz`) and work out which patch sets to back out as a unit as bugs are fixed upstream.

Fortunately, with the source format “3.0 (quilt)” it is now possible to keep patches separate without having to modify `debian/rules` to setup a patch system. Patches are stored in `debian/patches/` and when the source package is unpacked patches listed in `debian/patches/series` are automatically applied. As the name implies, patches can be managed with `quilt`.

When using the older source “1.0”, it's also possible to separate patches but a dedicated patch system must be used: the patch files are shipped within the Debian patch file (`.diff.gz`), usually within the `debian/` directory. The only difference is that they aren't applied immediately by `dpkg-source`, but by the `build` rule of `debian/rules`, through a dependency on the `patch` rule. Conversely, they are reverted in the `clean` rule, through a dependency on the `unpatch` rule.

`quilt` is the recommended tool for this. It does all of the above, and also allows to manage patch series. See the `quilt` package for more information.

There are other tools to manage patches, like `dpatch`, and the patch system integrated with `cdbs`.

### Multiple binary packages

A single source package will often build several binary packages, either to provide several flavors of the same software (e.g., the `vim` source package) or to make several small packages instead of a big one (e.g., so the user can install only the subset needed, and thus save some disk space).

The second case can be easily managed in `debian/rules`. You just need to move the appropriate files from the build directory into the package's temporary trees. You can do this using `install` or `dh_install` from `debhelper`. Be sure to check the different permutations of the various packages, ensuring that you have the inter-package dependencies set right in `debian/control`.

The first case is a bit more difficult since it involves multiple recompiles of the same software but with different configuration options. The `vim` source package is an example of how to manage this using an hand-crafted `debian/rules` file.

## Best practices for `debian/control`

The following practices are relevant to the `debian/control` file. They supplement the Policy on package descriptions.

The description of the package, as defined by the corresponding field in the `control` file, contains both the package synopsis and the long description for the package. bpp-desc-basics describes common guidelines for both parts of the package description. Following that, bpp-pkg-synopsis provides guidelines specific to the synopsis, and bpp-pkg-desc contains guidelines specific to the description.

### General guidelines for package descriptions

The package description should be written for the average likely user, the average person who will use and benefit from the package. For instance, development packages are for developers, and can be technical in their language. More general-purpose applications, such as editors, should be written for a less technical user.

Our review of package descriptions lead us to conclude that most package descriptions are technical, that is, are not written to make sense for non-technical users. Unless your package really is only for technical users, this is a problem.

How do you write for non-technical users? Avoid jargon. Avoid referring to other applications or frameworks that the user might not be familiar with — GNOME or KDE is fine, since users are probably familiar with these terms, but GTK+ is probably not. Try not to assume any knowledge at all. If you must use technical terms, introduce them.

Be objective. Package descriptions are not the place for advocating your package, no matter how much you love it. Remember that the reader may not care about the same things you care about.

References to the names of any other software packages, protocol names, standards, or specifications should use their canonical forms, if one exists. For example, use X Window System, X11, or X; not X Windows, X-Windows, or X Window. Use GTK+, not GTK or gtk. Use GNOME, not Gnome. Use PostScript, not Postscript or postscript.

If you are having problems writing your description, you may wish to send it along to &email-debian-l10n-english; and request feedback.

### The package synopsis, or short description

Policy says the synopsis line (the short description) must be concise, not repeating the package name, but also informative.

The synopsis functions as a phrase describing the package, not a complete sentence, so sentential punctuation is inappropriate: it does not need extra capital letters or a final period (full stop). It should also omit any initial indefinite or definite article — "a", "an", or "the". Thus for instance:

    Package: libeg0
    Description: exemplification support library

Technically this is a noun phrase minus articles, as opposed to a verb phrase. A good heuristic is that it should be possible to substitute the package `name` and `synopsis` into this formula:

The package `name` provides {a,an,the,some} `synopsis`.

Sets of related packages may use an alternative scheme that divides the synopsis into two parts, the first a description of the whole suite and the second a summary of the package's role within it:

    Package: eg-tools
    Description: simple exemplification system (utilities)

    Package: eg-doc
    Description: simple exemplification system - documentation

These synopses follow a modified formula. Where a package "`name`" has a synopsis "`suite` (`role`)" or "`suite` - `role`", the elements should be phrased so that they fit into the formula:

The package `name` provides {a,an,the} `role` for the `suite`.

### The long description

The long description is the primary information available to the user about a package before they install it. It should provide all the information needed to let the user decide whether to install the package. Assume that the user has already read the package synopsis.

The long description should consist of full and complete sentences.

The first paragraph of the long description should answer the following questions: what does the package do? what task does it help the user accomplish? It is important to describe this in a non-technical way, unless of course the audience for the package is necessarily technical.

The following paragraphs should answer the following questions: Why do I as a user need this package? What other features does the package have? What outstanding features and deficiencies are there compared to other packages (e.g., if you need X, use Y instead)? Is this package related to other packages in some way that is not handled by the package manager (e.g., this is the client for the foo server)?

Be careful to avoid spelling and grammar mistakes. Ensure that you spell-check it. Both `ispell` and `aspell` have special modes for checking `debian/control` files:

    ispell -d american -g debian/control

    aspell -d en -D -c debian/control

Users usually expect these questions to be answered in the package description:

- What does the package do? If it is an add-on to another package, then the short description of the package we are an add-on to should be put in here.

- Why should I want this package? This is related to the above, but not the same (this is a mail user agent; this is cool, fast, interfaces with PGP and LDAP and IMAP, has features X, Y, and Z).

- If this package should not be installed directly, but is pulled in by another package, this should be mentioned.

- If the package is `experimental`, or there are other reasons it should not be used, if there are other packages that should be used instead, it should be here as well.

- How is this package different from the competition? Is it a better implementation? more features? different features? Why should I choose this package.

### Upstream home page

We recommend that you add the URL for the package's home page in the `Homepage` field of the `Source` section in `debian/control`. Adding this information in the package description itself is considered deprecated.

### Version Control System location

There are additional fields for the location of the Version Control System in `debian/control`.

#### Vcs-Browser

Value of this field should be a `http://` URL pointing to a web-browsable copy of the Version Control System repository used to maintain the given package, if available.

The information is meant to be useful for the final user, willing to browse the latest work done on the package (e.g. when looking for the patch fixing a bug tagged as `pending` in the bug tracking system).

#### Vcs-*

Value of this field should be a string identifying unequivocally the location of the Version Control System repository used to maintain the given package, if available. `*` identify the Version Control System; currently the following systems are supported by the package tracking system: `arch`, `bzr` (Bazaar), `cvs`, `darcs`, `git`, `hg` (Mercurial), `mtn` (Monotone), `svn` (Subversion). It is allowed to specify different VCS fields for the same package: they will all be shown in the PTS web interface.

The information is meant to be useful for a user knowledgeable in the given Version Control System and willing to build the current version of a package from the VCS sources. Other uses of this information might include automatic building of the latest VCS version of the given package. To this end the location pointed to by the field should better be version agnostic and point to the main branch (for VCSs supporting such a concept). Also, the location pointed to should be accessible to the final user; fulfilling this requirement might imply pointing to an anonymous access of the repository instead of pointing to an SSH-accessible version of the same.

In the following example, an instance of the field for a Subversion repository of the `vim` package is shown. Note how the URL is in the `svn://` scheme (instead of `svn+ssh://`) and how it points to the `trunk/` branch. The use of the `Vcs-Browser` and `Homepage` fields described above is also shown.

      Source: vim
      Section: editors
      Priority: optional
      <snip>
      Vcs-Svn: svn://svn.debian.org/svn/pkg-vim/trunk/packages/vim
      Vcs-Browser: https://svn.debian.org/wsvn/pkg-vim/trunk/packages/vim
      Homepage: http://www.vim.org

## Best practices for `debian/changelog`

The following practices supplement the Policy on changelog files.

### Writing useful changelog entries

The changelog entry for a package revision documents changes in that revision, and only them. Concentrate on describing significant and user-visible changes that were made since the last version.

Focus on what was changed — who, how and when are usually less important. Having said that, remember to politely attribute people who have provided notable help in making the package (e.g., those who have sent in patches).

There's no need to elaborate the trivial and obvious changes. You can also aggregate several changes in one entry. On the other hand, don't be overly terse if you have undertaken a major change. Be especially clear if there are changes that affect the behaviour of the program. For further explanations, use the `README.Debian` file.

Use common English so that the majority of readers can comprehend it. Avoid abbreviations, tech-speak and jargon when explaining changes that close bugs, especially for bugs filed by users that did not strike you as particularly technically savvy. Be polite, don't swear.

It is sometimes desirable to prefix changelog entries with the names of the files that were changed. However, there's no need to explicitly list each and every last one of the changed files, especially if the change was small or repetitive. You may use wildcards.

When referring to bugs, don't assume anything. Say what the problem was, how it was fixed, and append the closes: #nnnnn string. See upload-bugfix for more information.

### Common misconceptions about changelog entries

The changelog entries should not document generic packaging issues (Hey, if you're looking for foo.conf, it's in /etc/blah/.), since administrators and users are supposed to be at least remotely acquainted with how such things are generally arranged on Debian systems. Do, however, mention if you change the location of a configuration file.

The only bugs closed with a changelog entry should be those that are actually fixed in the same package revision. Closing unrelated bugs in the changelog is bad practice. See upload-bugfix.

The changelog entries should not be used for random discussion with bug reporters (I don't see segfaults when starting foo with option bar; send in more info), general statements on life, the universe and everything (sorry this upload took me so long, but I caught the flu), or pleas for help (the bug list on this package is huge, please lend me a hand). Such things usually won't be noticed by their target audience, but may annoy people who wish to read information about actual changes in the package. See bug-answering for more information on how to use the bug tracking system.

It is an old tradition to acknowledge bugs fixed in non-maintainer uploads in the first changelog entry of the proper maintainer upload. As we have version tracking now, it is enough to keep the NMUed changelog entries and just mention this fact in your own changelog entry.

### Common errors in changelog entries

The following examples demonstrate some common errors or examples of bad style in changelog entries.

      * Fixed all outstanding bugs.

This doesn't tell readers anything too useful, obviously.

      * Applied patch from Jane Random.

What was the patch about?

      * Late night install target overhaul.

Overhaul which accomplished what? Is the mention of late night supposed to remind us that we shouldn't trust that code?

      * Fix vsync FU w/ ancient CRTs.

Too many acronyms, and it's not overly clear what the, uh, fsckup (oops, a curse word!) was actually about, or how it was fixed.

      * This is not a bug, closes: #nnnnnn.

First of all, there's absolutely no need to upload the package to convey this information; instead, use the bug tracking system. Secondly, there's no explanation as to why the report is not a bug.

      * Has been fixed for ages, but I forgot to close; closes: #54321.

If for some reason you didn't mention the bug number in a previous changelog entry, there's no problem, just close the bug normally in the BTS. There's no need to touch the changelog file, presuming the description of the fix is already in (this applies to the fixes by the upstream authors/maintainers as well, you don't have to track bugs that they fixed ages ago in your changelog).

      * Closes: #12345, #12346, #15432

Where's the description? If you can't think of a descriptive message, start by inserting the title of each different bug.

### Supplementing changelogs with `NEWS.Debian` files

Important news about changes in a package can also be put in `NEWS.Debian` files. The news will be displayed by tools like `apt-listchanges`, before all the rest of the changelogs. This is the preferred means to let the user know about significant changes in a package. It is better than using `debconf` notes since it is less annoying and the user can go back and refer to the `NEWS.Debian` file after the install. And it's better than listing major changes in `README.Debian`, since the user can easily miss such notes.

The file format is the same as a debian changelog file, but leave off the asterisks and describe each news item with a full paragraph when necessary rather than the more concise summaries that would go in a changelog. It's a good idea to run your file through `dpkg-parsechangelog` to check its formatting as it will not be automatically checked during build as the changelog is. Here is an example of a real `NEWS.Debian` file:

    cron (3.0pl1-74) unstable; urgency=low

        The checksecurity script is no longer included with the cron package:
        it now has its own package, checksecurity. If you liked the
        functionality provided with that script, please install the new
        package.

     -- Steve Greenland <stevegr@debian.org>  Sat,  6 Sep 2003 17:15:03 -0500

The `NEWS.Debian` file is installed as `/usr/share/doc/`package`/NEWS.Debian.gz`. It is compressed, and always has that name even in Debian native packages. If you use `debhelper`, `dh_installchangelogs` will install `debian/NEWS` files for you.

Unlike changelog files, you need not update `NEWS.Debian` files with every release. Only update them if you have something particularly newsworthy that user should know about. If you have no news at all, there's no need to ship a `NEWS.Debian` file in your package. No news is good news!

## Best practices for maintainer scripts

Maintainer scripts include the files `debian/postinst`, `debian/preinst`, `debian/prerm` and `debian/postrm`. These scripts take care of any package installation or deinstallation setup which isn't handled merely by the creation or removal of files and directories. The following instructions supplement the Debian Policy.

Maintainer scripts must be idempotent. That means that you need to make sure nothing bad will happen if the script is called twice where it would usually be called once.

Standard input and output may be redirected (e.g. into pipes) for logging purposes, so don't rely on them being a tty.

All prompting or interactive configuration should be kept to a minimum. When it is necessary, you should use the `debconf` package for the interface. Remember that prompting in any case can only be in the `configure` stage of the `postinst` script.

Keep the maintainer scripts as simple as possible. We suggest you use pure POSIX shell scripts. Remember, if you do need any bash features, the maintainer script must have a bash shebang line. POSIX shell or Bash are preferred to Perl, since they enable `debhelper` to easily add bits to the scripts.

If you change your maintainer scripts, be sure to test package removal, double installation, and purging. Be sure that a purged package is completely gone, that is, it must remove any files created, directly or indirectly, in any maintainer script.

If you need to check for the existence of a command, you should use something like

    if [ -x /usr/sbin/install-docs ]; then ...

If you don't wish to hard-code the path of a command in your maintainer script, the following POSIX-compliant shell function may help:

&example-pathfind;

You can use this function to search `$PATH` for a command name, passed as an argument. It returns true (zero) if the command was found, and false if not. This is really the most portable way, since `command -v`, `type`, and `which` are not POSIX.

While `which` is an acceptable alternative, since it is from the required `debianutils` package, it's not on the root partition. That is, it's in `/usr/bin` rather than `/bin`, so one can't use it in scripts which are run before the `/usr` partition is mounted. Most scripts won't have this problem, though.

## Configuration management with `debconf`

`Debconf` is a configuration management system which can be used by all the various packaging scripts (`postinst` mainly) to request feedback from the user concerning how to configure the package. Direct user interactions must now be avoided in favor of `debconf` interaction. This will enable non-interactive installations in the future.

Debconf is a great tool but it is often poorly used. Many common mistakes are listed in the

debconf-devel

7 man page. It is something that you must read if you decide to use debconf. Also, we document some best practices here.

These guidelines include some writing style and typography recommendations, general considerations about debconf usage as well as more specific recommendations for some parts of the distribution (the installation system for instance).

### Do not abuse debconf

Since debconf appeared in Debian, it has been widely abused and several criticisms received by the Debian distribution come from debconf abuse with the need of answering a wide bunch of questions before getting any little thing installed.

Keep usage notes to what they belong: the `NEWS.Debian`, or `README.Debian` file. Only use notes for important notes which may directly affect the package usability. Remember that notes will always block the install until confirmed or bother the user by email.

Carefully choose the questions priorities in maintainer scripts. See

debconf-devel

7 for details about priorities. Most questions should use medium and low priorities.

### General recommendations for authors and translators

#### Write correct English

Most Debian package maintainers are not native English speakers. So, writing properly phrased templates may not be easy for them.

Please use (and abuse) &email-debian-l10n-english; mailing list. Have your templates proofread.

Badly written templates give a poor image of your package, of your work... or even of Debian itself.

Avoid technical jargon as much as possible. If some terms sound common to you, they may be impossible to understand for others. If you cannot avoid them, try to explain them (use the extended description). When doing so, try to balance between verbosity and simplicity.

#### Be kind to translators

Debconf templates may be translated. Debconf, along with its sister package `po-debconf` offers a simple framework for getting templates translated by translation teams or even individuals.

Please use gettext-based templates. Install `po-debconf` on your development system and read its documentation (`man po-debconf` is a good start).

Avoid changing templates too often. Changing templates text induces more work to translators which will get their translation fuzzied. A fuzzy translation is a string for which the original changed since it was translated, therefore requiring some update by a translator to be usable. When changes are small enough, the original translation is kept in PO files but marked as `fuzzy`.

If you plan to do changes to your original templates, please use the notification system provided with the `po-debconf` package, namely the `podebconf-report-po`, to contact translators. Most active translators are very responsive and getting their work included along with your modified templates will save you additional uploads. If you use gettext-based templates, the translator's name and e-mail addresses are mentioned in the PO files headers and will be used by `podebconf-report-po`.

A recommended use of that utility is:

    cd debian/po && podebconf-report-po --call --languageteam --withtranslators --deadline="+10 days"

This command will first synchronize the PO and POT files in `debian/po` with the templates files listed in `debian/po/POTFILES.in`. Then, it will send a call for new translations, in the &email-debian-i18n; mailing list. Finally, it will also send a call for translation updates to the language team (mentioned in the `Language-Team` field of each PO file) as well as the last translator (mentioned in `Last-translator`).

Giving a deadline to translators is always appreciated, so that they can organize their work. Please remember that some translation teams have a formalized translate/review process and a delay lower than 10 days is considered as unreasonable. A shorter delay puts too much pressure on translation teams and should be kept for very minor changes.

If in doubt, you may also contact the translation team for a given language (debian-l10n-xxxxx@&lists-host;), or the &email-debian-i18n; mailing list.

#### Unfuzzy complete translations when correcting typos and spelling

When the text of a debconf template is corrected and you are sure that the change does not affect translations, please be kind to translators and unfuzzy their translations.

If you don't do so, the whole template will not be translated as long as a translator will send you an update.

To unfuzzy translations, you can use `msguntypot` (part of the `po4a` package).

1. Regenerate the POT and PO files.

       debconf-updatepo

2. Make a copy of the POT file.

       cp templates.pot templates.pot.orig

3. Make a copy of all the PO files.

       mkdir po_fridge; cp *.po po_fridge

4. Change the debconf template files to fix the typos.

5. Regenerate the POT and PO files (again).

       debconf-updatepo

   At this point, the typo fix fuzzied all the translations, and this unfortunate change is the only one between the PO files of your main directory and the one from the fridge. Here is how to solve this.

6. Discard fuzzy translation, restore the ones from the fridge.

       cp po_fridge/*.po .

7. Manually merge the PO files with the new POT file, but taking the useless fuzzy into account.

       msguntypot -o templates.pot.orig -n templates.pot *.po

8. Clean up.

       rm -rf templates.pot.orig po_fridge

#### Do not make assumptions about interfaces

Templates text should not make reference to widgets belonging to some debconf interfaces. Sentences like If you answer Yes... have no meaning for users of graphical interfaces which use checkboxes for boolean questions.

String templates should also avoid mentioning the default values in their description. First, because this is redundant with the values seen by the users. Also, because these default values may be different from the maintainer choices (for instance, when the debconf database was preseeded).

More generally speaking, try to avoid referring to user actions. Just give facts.

#### Do not use first person

You should avoid the use of first person (I will do this... or We recommend...). The computer is not a person and the Debconf templates do not speak for the Debian developers. You should use neutral construction. Those of you who already wrote scientific publications, just write your templates like you would write a scientific paper. However, try using active voice if still possible, like Enable this if ... instead of This can be enabled if....

#### Be gender neutral

The world is made of men and women. Please use gender-neutral constructions in your writing.

### Templates fields definition

This part gives some information which is mostly taken from the

debconf-devel

7 manual page.

#### Type

##### string

Results in a free-form input field that the user can type any string into.

##### password

Prompts the user for a password. Use this with caution; be aware that the password the user enters will be written to debconf's database. You should probably clean that value out of the database as soon as is possible.

##### boolean

A true/false choice. Remember: true/false, not yes/no...

##### select

A choice between one of a number of values. The choices must be specified in a field named 'Choices'. Separate the possible values with commas and spaces, like this: `Choices: yes, no, maybe`.

If choices are translatable strings, the 'Choices' field may be marked as translatable by using `__Choices`. The double underscore will split out each choice in a separate string.

The `po-debconf` system also offers interesting possibilities to only mark some choices as translatable. Example:

    Template: foo/bar
    Type: Select
    #flag:translate:3
    __Choices: PAL, SECAM, Other
    _Description: TV standard:
     Please choose the TV standard used in your country.

In that example, only the 'Other' string is translatable while others are acronyms that should not be translated. The above allows only 'Other' to be included in PO and POT files.

The debconf templates flag system offers many such possibilities. The

po-debconf

7 manual page lists all these possibilities.

##### multiselect

Like the select data type, except the user can choose any number of items from the choices list (or chose none of them).

##### note

Rather than being a question per se, this datatype indicates a note that can be displayed to the user. It should be used only for important notes that the user really should see, since debconf will go to great pains to make sure the user sees it; halting the install for them to press a key, and even mailing the note to them in some cases.

##### text

This type is now considered obsolete: don't use it.

##### error

This type is designed to handle error messages. It is mostly similar to the note type. Frontends may present it differently (for instance, the dialog frontend of cdebconf draws a red screen instead of the usual blue one).

It is recommended to use this type for any message that needs user attention for a correction of any kind.

#### Description: short and extended description

Template descriptions have two parts: short and extended. The short description is in the Description: line of the template.

The short description should be kept short (50 characters or so) so that it may be accommodated by most debconf interfaces. Keeping it short also helps translators, as usually translations tend to end up being longer than the original.

The short description should be able to stand on its own. Some interfaces do not show the long description by default, or only if the user explicitely asks for it or even do not show it at all. Avoid things like What do you want to do?

The short description does not necessarily have to be a full sentence. This is part of the keep it short and efficient recommendation.

The extended description should not repeat the short description word for word. If you can't think up a long description, then first, think some more. Post to debian-devel. Ask for help. Take a writing class! That extended description is important. If after all that you still can't come up with anything, leave it blank.

The extended description should use complete sentences. Paragraphs should be kept short for improved readability. Do not mix two ideas in the same paragraph but rather use another paragraph.

Don't be too verbose. User tend to ignore too long screens. 20 lines are by experience a border you shouldn't cross, because that means that in the classical dialog interface, people will need to scroll, and lot of people just don't do that.

The extended description should never include a question.

For specific rules depending on templates type (string, boolean, etc.), please read below.

#### Choices

This field should be used for select and multiselect types. It contains the possible choices which will be presented to users. These choices should be separated by commas.

#### Default

This field is optional. It contains the default answer for string, select and multiselect templates. For multiselect templates, it may contain a comma-separated list of choices.

### Templates fields specific style guide

#### Type field

No specific indication except: use the appropriate type by referring to the previous section.

#### Description field

Below are specific instructions for properly writing the Description (short and extended) depending on the template type.

##### String/password templates

- The short description is a prompt and not a title. Avoid question style prompts (IP Address?) in favour of opened prompts (IP address:). The use of colons is recommended.

- The extended description is a complement to the short description. In the extended part, explain what is being asked, rather than ask the same question again using longer words. Use complete sentences. Terse writing style is strongly discouraged.

##### Boolean templates

- The short description should be phrased in the form of a question which should be kept short and should generally end with a question mark. Terse writing style is permitted and even encouraged if the question is rather long (remember that translations are often longer than original versions).

- Again, please avoid referring to specific interface widgets. A common mistake for such templates is if you answer Yes-type constructions.

##### Select/Multiselect

- The short description is a prompt and not a title. Do not use useless Please choose... constructions. Users are clever enough to figure out they have to choose something...:)

- The extended description will complete the short description. It may refer to the available choices. It may also mention that the user may choose more than one of the available choices, if the template is a multiselect one (although the interface often makes this clear).

##### Notes

- The short description should be considered to be a title.

- The extended description is what will be displayed as a more detailed explanation of the note. Phrases, no terse writing style.

- Do not abuse debconf. Notes are the most common way to abuse debconf. As written in debconf-devel manual page: it's best to use them only for warning about very serious problems. The `NEWS.Debian` or `README.Debian` files are the appropriate location for a lot of notes. If, by reading this, you consider converting your Note type templates to entries in `NEWS.Debian` or `README.Debian`, plus consider keeping existing translations for the future.

#### Choices field

If the Choices are likely to change often, please consider using the __Choices trick. This will split each individual choice into a single string, which will considerably help translators for doing their work.

#### Default field

If the default value, for a select template, is likely to vary depending on the user language (for instance, if the choice is a language choice), please use the _Default trick.

This special field allow translators to put the most appropriate choice according to their own language. It will become the default choice when their language is used while your own mentioned Default Choice will be used when using English.

Example, taken from the geneweb package templates:

    Template: geneweb/lang
    Type: select
    __Choices: Afrikaans (af), Bulgarian (bg), Catalan (ca), Chinese (zh), Czech (cs), Danish (da), Dutch (nl), English (en), Esperanto (eo), Estonian (et), Finnish (fi), French (fr), German (de), Hebrew (he), Icelandic (is), Italian (it), Latvian (lv), Norwegian (no), Polish (pl), Portuguese (pt), Romanian (ro), Russian (ru), Spanish (es), Swedish (sv)
    # This is the default choice. Translators may put their own language here
    # instead of the default.
    # WARNING : you MUST use the ENGLISH NAME of your language
    # For instance, the french translator will need to put French (fr) here.
    _Default: English[ translators, please see comment in PO files]
    _Description: Geneweb default language:

Note the use of brackets which allow internal comments in debconf fields. Also note the use of comments which will show up in files the translators will work with.

The comments are needed as the _Default trick is a bit confusing: the translators may put their own choice

#### Default field

Do NOT use empty default field. If you don't want to use default values, do not use Default at all.

If you use po-debconf (and you should, see s6.5.2.2), consider making this field translatable, if you think it may be translated.

If the default value may vary depending on language/country (for instance the default value for a language choice), consider using the special _Default type documented in

po-debconf

7 .

## Internationalization

This section contains global information for developers to make translators' life easier. More information for translators and developers interested in internationalization are available in the Internationalisation and localisation in Debian documentation.

### Handling debconf translations

Like porters, translators have a difficult task. They work on many packages and must collaborate with many different maintainers. Moreover, most of the time, they are not native English speakers, so you may need to be particularly patient with them.

The goal of `debconf` was to make packages configuration easier for maintainers and for users. Originally, translation of debconf templates was handled with `debconf-mergetemplate`. However, that technique is now deprecated; the best way to accomplish `debconf` internationalization is by using the `po-debconf` package. This method is easier both for maintainer and translators; transition scripts are provided.

Using `po-debconf`, the translation is stored in `.po` files (drawing from `gettext` translation techniques). Special template files contain the original messages and mark which fields are translatable. When you change the value of a translatable field, by calling `debconf-updatepo`, the translation is marked as needing attention from the translators. Then, at build time, the `dh_installdebconf` program takes care of all the needed magic to add the template along with the up-to-date translations into the binary packages. Refer to the

po-debconf

7 manual page for details.

### Internationalized documentation

Internationalizing documentation is crucial for users, but a lot of labor. There's no way to eliminate all that work, but you can make things easier for translators.

If you maintain documentation of any size, it is easier for translators if they have access to a source control system. That lets translators see the differences between two versions of the documentation, so, for instance, they can see what needs to be retranslated. It is recommended that the translated documentation maintain a note about what source control revision the translation is based on. An interesting system is provided by doc-check in the `debian-installer` package, which shows an overview of the translation status for any given language, using structured comments for the current revision of the file to be translated and, for a translated file, the revision of the original file the translation is based on. You might wish to adapt and provide that in your VCS area.

If you maintain XML or SGML documentation, we suggest that you isolate any language-independent information and define those as entities in a separate file which is included by all the different translations. This makes it much easier, for instance, to keep URLs up to date across multiple files.

Some tools (e.g. `po4a`, `poxml`, or the `translate-toolkit`) are specialized in extracting the translatable material from different formats. They produce PO files, a format quite common to translators, which permits to see what needs to be retranslated when the translated document is updated.

## Common packaging situations

### Packages using `autoconf`/`automake`

Keeping `autoconf`'s `config.sub` and `config.guess` files up to date is critical for porters, especially on more volatile architectures. Some very good packaging practices for any package using `autoconf` and/or `automake` have been synthesized in &file-bpp-autotools; from the `autotools-dev` package. You're strongly encouraged to read this file and to follow the given recommendations.

### Libraries

Libraries are always difficult to package for various reasons. The policy imposes many constraints to ease their maintenance and to make sure upgrades are as simple as possible when a new upstream version comes out. Breakage in a library can result in dozens of dependent packages breaking.

Good practices for library packaging have been grouped in the library packaging guide.

### Documentation

Be sure to follow the Policy on documentation.

If your package contains documentation built from XML or SGML, we recommend you not ship the XML or SGML source in the binary package(s). If users want the source of the documentation, they should retrieve the source package.

Policy specifies that documentation should be shipped in HTML format. We also recommend shipping documentation in PDF and plain text format if convenient and if output of reasonable quality is possible. However, it is generally not appropriate to ship plain text versions of documentation whose source format is HTML.

Major shipped manuals should register themselves with `doc-base` on installation. See the `doc-base` package documentation for more information.

Debian policy (section 12.1) directs that manual pages should accompany every program, utility, and function, and suggests them for other objects like configuration files. If the work you are packaging does not have such manual pages, consider writing them for inclusion in your package, and submitting them upstream.

The manpages do not need to be written directly in the troff format. Popular source formats are Docbook, POD and reST, which can be converted using `xsltproc`, `pod2man` and `rst2man` respectively. To a lesser extent, the `help2man` program can also be used to write a stub.

### Specific types of packages

Several specific types of packages have special sub-policies and corresponding packaging rules and practices:

- Perl related packages have a Perl policy, some examples of packages following that policy are `libdbd-pg-perl` (binary perl module) or `libmldbm-perl` (arch independent perl module).

- Python related packages have their python policy; see &file-python-policy; in the `python` package.

- Emacs related packages have the emacs policy.

- Java related packages have their java policy.

- Ocaml related packages have their own policy, found in &file-ocaml-policy; from the `ocaml` package. A good example is the `camlzip` source package.

- Packages providing XML or SGML DTDs should conform to the recommendations found in the `sgml-base-doc` package.

- Lisp packages should register themselves with `common-lisp-controller`, about which see &file-lisp-controller;.

### Architecture-independent data

It is not uncommon to have a large amount of architecture-independent data packaged with a program. For example, audio files, a collection of icons, wallpaper patterns, or other graphic files. If the size of this data is negligible compared to the size of the rest of the package, it's probably best to keep it all in a single package.

However, if the size of the data is considerable, consider splitting it out into a separate, architecture-independent package (`_all.deb`). By doing this, you avoid needless duplication of the same data into eleven or more .debs, one per each architecture. While this adds some extra overhead into the `Packages` files, it saves a lot of disk space on Debian mirrors. Separating out architecture-independent data also reduces processing time of `lintian` (see tools-lint) when run over the entire Debian archive.

### Needing a certain locale during build

If you need a certain locale during build, you can create a temporary file via this trick:

If you set `LOCPATH` to the equivalent of `/usr/lib/locale`, and `LC_ALL` to the name of the locale you generate, you should get what you want without being root. Something like this:

    LOCALE_PATH=debian/tmpdir/usr/lib/locale
    LOCALE_NAME=en_IN
    LOCALE_CHARSET=UTF-8

    mkdir -p $LOCALE_PATH
    localedef -i $LOCALE_NAME.$LOCALE_CHARSET -f $LOCALE_CHARSET $LOCALE_PATH/$LOCALE_NAME.$LOCALE_CHARSET

    # Using the locale
    LOCPATH=$LOCALE_PATH LC_ALL=$LOCALE_NAME.$LOCALE_CHARSET date

### Make transition packages deborphan compliant

Deborphan is a program for helping users to detect which packages can safely be removed from the system, i.e. the ones that have no packages depending on them. The default operation is to search only within the libs and oldlibs sections, to hunt down unused libraries. But when passed the right argument, it tries to catch other useless packages.

For example, with `--guess-dummy`, `deborphan` tries to search all transitional packages which were needed for upgrade but which can now safely be removed. For that, it looks for the string dummy or transitional in their short description.

So, when you are creating such a package, please make sure to add this text to your short description. If you are looking for examples, just run: `apt-cache search .|grep dummy` or `apt-cache search .|grep transitional`.

Also, it is recommended to adjust its section to `oldlibs` and its priority to `extra` in order to ease `deborphan`'s job.

### Best practices for `.orig.tar.{gz,bz2,xz}` files

There are two kinds of original source tarballs: Pristine source and repackaged upstream source.

#### Pristine source

The defining characteristic of a pristine source tarball is that the `.orig.tar.{gz,bz2,xz}` file is byte-for-byte identical to a tarball officially distributed by the upstream author.

We cannot prevent upstream authors from changing the tarball they distribute without also incrementing the version number, so there can be no guarantee that a pristine tarball is identical to what upstream currently distributing at any point in time. All that can be expected is that it is identical to something that upstream once did distribute. If a difference arises later (say, if upstream notice that they weren't using maximal compression in their original distribution and then re-`gzip` it), that's just too bad. Since there is no good way to upload a new `.orig.tar.{gz,bz2,xz}` for the same version, there is not even any point in treating this situation as a bug.

This makes it possible to use checksums to easily verify that all changes between Debian's version and upstream's are contained in the Debian diff. Also, if the original source is huge, upstream authors and others who already have the upstream tarball can save download time if they want to inspect your packaging in detail.

There is no universally accepted guidelines that upstream authors follow regarding to the directory structure inside their tarball, but `dpkg-source` is nevertheless able to deal with most upstream tarballs as pristine source. Its strategy is equivalent to the following:

1. It unpacks the tarball in an empty temporary directory by doing

       zcat path/to/packagename_upstream-version.orig.tar.gz | tar xf -

2. If, after this, the temporary directory contains nothing but one directory and no other files, `dpkg-source` renames that directory to ``packagename`-`upstream-version`(.orig)`. The name of the top-level directory in the tarball does not matter, and is forgotten.

3. Otherwise, the upstream tarball must have been packaged without a common top-level directory (shame on the upstream author!). In this case, `dpkg-source` renames the temporary directory itself to ``packagename`-`upstream-version`(.orig)`.

#### Repackaged upstream source

You should upload packages with a pristine source tarball if possible, but there are various reasons why it might not be possible. This is the case if upstream does not distribute the source as gzipped tar at all, or if upstream's tarball contains non-DFSG-free material that you must remove before uploading.

In these cases the developer must construct a suitable `.orig.tar.{gz,bz2,xz}` file themselves. We refer to such a tarball as a repackaged upstream source. Note that a repackaged upstream source is different from a Debian-native package. A repackaged source still comes with Debian-specific changes in a separate `.diff.gz` or `.debian.tar.{gz,bz2,xz}` and still has a version number composed of `upstream-version` and `debian-version`.

There may be cases where it is desirable to repackage the source even though upstream distributes a `.tar.{gz,bz2,xz}` that could in principle be used in its pristine form. The most obvious is if significant space savings can be achieved by recompressing the tar archive or by removing genuinely useless cruft from the upstream archive. Use your own discretion here, but be prepared to defend your decision if you repackage source that could have been pristine.

A repackaged `.orig.tar.{gz,bz2,xz}`

1. should be documented in the resulting source package. Detailed information on how the repackaged source was obtained, and on how this can be reproduced should be provided in `debian/copyright`. It is also a good idea to provide a `get-orig-source` target in your `debian/rules` file that repeats the process, as described in the Policy Manual, Main building script: `debian/rules`.

2. should not contain any file that does not come from the upstream author(s), or whose contents has been changed by you.

   As a special exception, if the omission of non-free files would lead to the source failing to build without assistance from the Debian diff, it might be appropriate to instead edit the files, omitting only the non-free parts of them, and/or explain the situation in a `README.source` file in the root of the source tree. But in that case please also urge the upstream author to make the non-free components easier separable from the rest of the source.

3. should, except where impossible for legal reasons, preserve the entire building and portablility infrastructure provided by the upstream author. For example, it is not a sufficient reason for omitting a file that it is used only when building on MS-DOS. Similarly, a `Makefile` provided by upstream should not be omitted even if the first thing your `debian/rules` does is to overwrite it by running a configure script.

   (Rationale: It is common for Debian users who need to build software for non-Debian platforms to fetch the source from a Debian mirror rather than trying to locate a canonical upstream distribution point).

4. should use ``packagename`-`upstream-version`.orig` as the name of the top-level directory in its tarball. This makes it possible to distinguish pristine tarballs from repackaged ones.

5. should be gzipped or bzipped with maximal compression.

#### Changing binary files

Sometimes it is necessary to change binary files contained in the original tarball, or to add binary files that are not in it. This is fully supported when using source packages in “3.0 (quilt)” format, see the

dpkg-source

1 manual page for details. When using the older format “1.0”, binary files can't be stored in the `.diff.gz` so you must store an `uuencode`d (or similar) version of the file(s) and decode it at build time in `debian/rules` (and move it in its official location).

### Best practices for debug packages

A debug package is a package with a name ending in -dbg, that contains additional information that `gdb` can use. Since Debian binaries are stripped by default, debugging information, including function names and line numbers, is otherwise not available when running `gdb` on Debian binaries. Debug packages allow users who need this additional debugging information to install it, without bloating a regular system with the information.

It is up to a package's maintainer whether to create a debug package or not. Maintainers are encouraged to create debug packages for library packages, since this can aid in debugging many programs linked to a library. In general, debug packages do not need to be added for all programs; doing so would bloat the archive. But if a maintainer finds that users often need a debugging version of a program, it can be worthwhile to make a debug package for it. Programs that are core infrastructure, such as apache and the X server are also good candidates for debug packages.

Some debug packages may contain an entire special debugging build of a library or other binary, but most of them can save space and build time by instead containing separated debugging symbols that `gdb` can find and load on the fly when debugging a program or library. The convention in Debian is to keep these symbols in `/usr/lib/debug/`path``, where `path` is the path to the executable or library. For example, debugging symbols for `/usr/bin/foo` go in `/usr/lib/debug/usr/bin/foo`, and debugging symbols for `/usr/lib/libfoo.so.1` go in `/usr/lib/debug/usr/lib/libfoo.so.1`.

The debugging symbols can be extracted from an object file using `objcopy --only-keep-debug`. Then the object file can be stripped, and `objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink` used to specify the path to the debugging symbol file.

objcopy

1 explains in detail how this works.

The `dh_strip` command in `debhelper` supports creating debug packages, and can take care of using `objcopy` to separate out the debugging symbols for you. If your package uses `debhelper`, all you need to do is call `dh_strip --dbg-package=libfoo-dbg`, and add an entry to `debian/control` for the debug package.

Note that the debug package should depend on the package that it provides debugging symbols for, and this dependency should be versioned. For example:

    Depends: libfoo (= ${binary:Version})

### Best practices for meta-packages

A meta-package is a mostly empty package that makes it easy to install a coherent set of packages that can evolve over time. It achieves this by depending on all the packages of the set. Thanks to the power of APT, the meta-package maintainer can adjust the dependencies and the user's system will automatically get the supplementary packages. The dropped packages that were automatically installed will be also be marked as removal candidates (and are even automatically removed by `aptitude`). `gnome` and `linux-image-amd64` are two examples of meta-packages (built by the source packages `meta-gnome2` and `linux-latest`).

The long description of the meta-package must clearly document its purpose so that the user knows what they will lose if they remove the package. Being explicit about the consequences is recommended. This is particularly important for meta-packages which are installed during initial installation and that have not been explicitly installed by the user. Those tend to be important to ensure smooth system upgrades and the user should be discouraged from uninstalling them to avoid potential breakages.