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<document>
    <header>
        <title>Busy Developers' Guide to HSSF and XSSF Features</title>
    </header>
    <body>
        <section><title>Busy Developers' Guide to Features</title>
            <p>
                Want to use HSSF and XSSF read and write spreadsheets in a hurry?  This 
                guide is for you.  If you're after more in-depth coverage of the HSSF and 
                XSSF user-APIs, please consult the <a href="how-to.html">HOWTO</a>
                guide as it contains actual descriptions of how to use this stuff.
            </p>
            <section><title>Index of Features</title>
                <ul>
                    <li><a href="#NewWorkbook">How to create a new workbook</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#NewSheet">How to create a sheet</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#CreateCells">How to create cells</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#CreateDateCells">How to create date cells</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#CellTypes">Working with different types of cells</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Iterator">Iterate over rows and cells</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#CellContents">Getting the cell contents</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#TextExtraction">Text Extraction</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#FileInputStream">Files vs InputStreams</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Alignment">Aligning cells</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Borders">Working with borders</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#FillsAndFrills">Fills and color</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#MergedCells">Merging cells</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#WorkingWithFonts">Working with fonts</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#CustomColors">Custom colors</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#ReadWriteWorkbook">Reading and writing</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#NewLinesInCells">Use newlines in cells.</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#DataFormats">Create user defined data formats</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#FitTo">Fit Sheet to One Page</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#PrintArea2">Set print area for a sheet</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#FooterPageNumbers">Set page numbers on the footer of a sheet</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#ShiftRows">Shift rows</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#SelectSheet">Set a sheet as selected</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Zoom">Set the zoom magnification for a sheet</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Splits">Create split and freeze panes</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Repeating">Repeating rows and columns</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#HeaderFooter">Headers and Footers</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#XSSFHeaderFooter">XSSF enhancement for Headers and Footers</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#DrawingShapes">Drawing Shapes</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#StylingShapes">Styling Shapes</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Graphics2d">Shapes and Graphics2d</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Outlining">Outlining</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Images">Images</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#NamedRanges">Named Ranges and Named Cells</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#CellComments">How to set cell comments</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Autofit">How to adjust column width to fit the contents</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Hyperlinks">Hyperlinks</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Validation">Data Validations</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Embedded">Embedded Objects</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Autofilter">Autofilters</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#ConditionalFormatting">Conditional Formatting</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#Hiding">Hiding and Un-Hiding Rows</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#CellProperties">Setting Cell Properties</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#DrawingBorders">Drawing Borders</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#PivotTable">Create a Pivot Table</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#RichText">Cells with multiple styles</a></li>
                </ul>
            </section>
            <section><title>Features</title>
                <anchor id="NewWorkbook"/>
                <section><title>New Workbook</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    ...
    try  (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }

    Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook();
    ...
    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xlsx")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="NewSheet"/>
                <section><title>New Sheet</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();  // or new XSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet1 = wb.createSheet("new sheet");
    Sheet sheet2 = wb.createSheet("second sheet");

    // Note that sheet name is Excel must not exceed 31 characters
    // and must not contain any of the any of the following characters:
    // 0x0000
    // 0x0003
    // colon (:)
    // backslash (\)
    // asterisk (*)
    // question mark (?)
    // forward slash (/)
    // opening square bracket ([)
    // closing square bracket (])

    // You can use org.apache.poi.ss.util.WorkbookUtil#createSafeSheetName(String nameProposal)}
    // for a safe way to create valid names, this utility replaces invalid characters with a space (' ')
    String safeName = WorkbookUtil.createSafeSheetName("[O'Brien's sales*?]"); // returns " O'Brien's sales   "
    Sheet sheet3 = wb.createSheet(safeName);

    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
                     </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="CreateCells"/>
                <section><title>Creating Cells</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    //Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook();
    CreationHelper createHelper = wb.getCreationHelper();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");

    // Create a row and put some cells in it. Rows are 0 based.
    Row row = sheet.createRow(0);
    // Create a cell and put a value in it.
    Cell cell = row.createCell(0);
    cell.setCellValue(1);

    // Or do it on one line.
    row.createCell(1).setCellValue(1.2);
    row.createCell(2).setCellValue(
         createHelper.createRichTextString("This is a string"));
    row.createCell(3).setCellValue(true);

    // Write the output to a file
    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="CreateDateCells"/>
                <section><title>Creating Date Cells</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    //Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook();
    CreationHelper createHelper = wb.getCreationHelper();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");

    // Create a row and put some cells in it. Rows are 0 based.
    Row row = sheet.createRow(0);

    // Create a cell and put a date value in it.  The first cell is not styled
    // as a date.
    Cell cell = row.createCell(0);
    cell.setCellValue(new Date());

    // we style the second cell as a date (and time).  It is important to
    // create a new cell style from the workbook otherwise you can end up
    // modifying the built in style and effecting not only this cell but other cells.
    CellStyle cellStyle = wb.createCellStyle();
    cellStyle.setDataFormat(
        createHelper.createDataFormat().getFormat("m/d/yy h:mm"));
    cell = row.createCell(1);
    cell.setCellValue(new Date());
    cell.setCellStyle(cellStyle);

    //you can also set date as java.util.Calendar
    cell = row.createCell(2);
    cell.setCellValue(Calendar.getInstance());
    cell.setCellStyle(cellStyle);

    // Write the output to a file
    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="CellTypes"/>
                <section><title>Working with different types of cells</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");
    Row row = sheet.createRow(2);
    row.createCell(0).setCellValue(1.1);
    row.createCell(1).setCellValue(new Date());
    row.createCell(2).setCellValue(Calendar.getInstance());
    row.createCell(3).setCellValue("a string");
    row.createCell(4).setCellValue(true);
    row.createCell(5).setCellType(CellType.ERROR);

    // Write the output to a file
    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
                    </source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="FileInputStream"/>
                <section><title>Files vs InputStreams</title>
                  <p>When opening a workbook, either a .xls HSSFWorkbook, or a .xlsx
                    XSSFWorkbook, the Workbook can be loaded from either a <em>File</em>
                    or an <em>InputStream</em>. Using a <em>File</em> object allows for
                    lower memory consumption, while an <em>InputStream</em> requires more
                    memory as it has to buffer the whole file.</p>
                  <p>If using <em>WorkbookFactory</em>, it's very easy to use one or
                    the other:</p>
                  <source>
  // Use a file
  Workbook wb = WorkbookFactory.create(new File("MyExcel.xls"));

  // Use an InputStream, needs more memory
  Workbook wb = WorkbookFactory.create(new FileInputStream("MyExcel.xlsx"));
                  </source>
                  <p>If using <em>HSSFWorkbook</em> or <em>XSSFWorkbook</em> directly,
                   you should generally go through <em>NPOIFSFileSystem</em> or
                   <em>OPCPackage</em>, to have full control of the lifecycle (including
                   closing the file when done):</p>
                  <source>
  // HSSFWorkbook, File
  NPOIFSFileSystem fs = new NPOIFSFileSystem(new File("file.xls"));
  HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook(fs.getRoot(), true);
  ....
  fs.close();

  // HSSFWorkbook, InputStream, needs more memory
  NPOIFSFileSystem fs = new NPOIFSFileSystem(myInputStream);
  HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook(fs.getRoot(), true);

  // XSSFWorkbook, File
  OPCPackage pkg = OPCPackage.open(new File("file.xlsx"));
  XSSFWorkbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(pkg);
  ....
  pkg.close();

  // XSSFWorkbook, InputStream, needs more memory
  OPCPackage pkg = OPCPackage.open(myInputStream);
  XSSFWorkbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(pkg);
  ....
  pkg.close();
                  </source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="Alignment"/>
                <section><title>Demonstrates various alignment options</title>
                    <source>
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(); //or new HSSFWorkbook();

        Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet();
        Row row = sheet.createRow(2);
        row.setHeightInPoints(30);

        createCell(wb, row, 0, HorizontalAlignment.CENTER, VerticalAlignment.BOTTOM);
        createCell(wb, row, 1, HorizontalAlignment.CENTER_SELECTION, VerticalAlignment.BOTTOM);
        createCell(wb, row, 2, HorizontalAlignment.FILL, VerticalAlignment.CENTER);
        createCell(wb, row, 3, HorizontalAlignment.GENERAL, VerticalAlignment.CENTER);
        createCell(wb, row, 4, HorizontalAlignment.JUSTIFY, VerticalAlignment.JUSTIFY);
        createCell(wb, row, 5, HorizontalAlignment.LEFT, VerticalAlignment.TOP);
        createCell(wb, row, 6, HorizontalAlignment.RIGHT, VerticalAlignment.TOP);

        // Write the output to a file
        try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("xssf-align.xlsx")) {
            wb.write(fileOut);
        }

        wb.close();
    }

    /**
     * Creates a cell and aligns it a certain way.
     *
     * @param wb     the workbook
     * @param row    the row to create the cell in
     * @param column the column number to create the cell in
     * @param halign the horizontal alignment for the cell.
     * @param valign the vertical alignment for the cell.
     */
    private static void createCell(Workbook wb, Row row, int column, HorizontalAlignment halign, VerticalAlignment valign) {
        Cell cell = row.createCell(column);
        cell.setCellValue("Align It");
        CellStyle cellStyle = wb.createCellStyle();
        cellStyle.setAlignment(halign);
        cellStyle.setVerticalAlignment(valign);
        cell.setCellStyle(cellStyle);
    }
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="Borders"/>
                <section><title>Working with borders</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");

    // Create a row and put some cells in it. Rows are 0 based.
    Row row = sheet.createRow(1);

    // Create a cell and put a value in it.
    Cell cell = row.createCell(1);
    cell.setCellValue(4);

    // Style the cell with borders all around.
    CellStyle style = wb.createCellStyle();
    style.setBorderBottom(BorderStyle.THIN);
    style.setBottomBorderColor(IndexedColors.BLACK.getIndex());
    style.setBorderLeft(BorderStyle.THIN);
    style.setLeftBorderColor(IndexedColors.GREEN.getIndex());
    style.setBorderRight(BorderStyle.THIN);
    style.setRightBorderColor(IndexedColors.BLUE.getIndex());
    style.setBorderTop(BorderStyle.MEDIUM_DASHED);
    style.setTopBorderColor(IndexedColors.BLACK.getIndex());
    cell.setCellStyle(style);

    // Write the output to a file
    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
                        
    wb.close();
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="Iterator"/>
                <section><title>Iterate over rows and cells</title>
				<p>Sometimes, you'd like to just iterate over all the sheets in 
				a workbook, all the rows in a sheet, or all the cells in a row.
				This is possible with a simple for loop.</p>
				<p>These iterators are available by calling <em>workbook.sheetIterator()</em>,
				<em>sheet.rowIterator()</em>, and <em>row.cellIterator()</em>, or
				implicitly using a for-each loop.
				Note that a rowIterator and cellIterator iterate over rows or
				cells that have been created, skipping empty rows and cells.</p>

				<source>
    for (Sheet sheet : wb ) {
        for (Row row : sheet) {
            for (Cell cell : row) {
                // Do something here
            }
        }
    }
				</source>
            </section>
            <section><title>Iterate over cells, with control of missing / blank cells</title>
				<p>In some cases, when iterating, you need full control over how
            missing or blank rows and cells are treated, and you need to ensure 
            you visit every cell and not just those defined in the file. (The
            CellIterator will only return the cells defined in the file, which
            is largely those with values or stylings, but it depends on Excel).</p>
            <p>In cases such as these, you should fetch the first and last column
            information for a row, then call <em>getCell(int, MissingCellPolicy)</em>
            to fetch the cell. Use a 
            <a href="../../apidocs/dev/org/apache/poi/ss/usermodel/Row.MissingCellPolicy.html">MissingCellPolicy</a>
            to control how blank or null cells are handled.</p>
				<source>
    // Decide which rows to process
    int rowStart = Math.min(15, sheet.getFirstRowNum());
    int rowEnd = Math.max(1400, sheet.getLastRowNum());

    for (int rowNum = rowStart; rowNum &lt; rowEnd; rowNum++) {
       Row r = sheet.getRow(rowNum);
       if (r == null) {
          // This whole row is empty
          // Handle it as needed
          continue;
       }

       int lastColumn = Math.max(r.getLastCellNum(), MY_MINIMUM_COLUMN_COUNT);

       for (int cn = 0; cn &lt; lastColumn; cn++) {
          Cell c = r.getCell(cn, Row.RETURN_BLANK_AS_NULL);
          if (c == null) {
             // The spreadsheet is empty in this cell
          } else {
             // Do something useful with the cell's contents
          }
       }
    }
				</source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="CellContents"/>
                <section><title>Getting the cell contents</title>
					<p>To get the contents of a cell, you first need to
                    know what kind of cell it is (asking a string cell
                    for its numeric contents will get you a 
                    NumberFormatException for example). So, you will
                    want to switch on the cell's type, and then call
                    the appropriate getter for that cell.</p>
                    <p>In the code below, we loop over every cell
                    in one sheet, print out the cell's reference
                    (eg A3), and then the cell's contents.</p>
				<source>
    // import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.*;

    DataFormatter formatter = new DataFormatter();
    Sheet sheet1 = wb.getSheetAt(0);
    for (Row row : sheet1) {
        for (Cell cell : row) {
            CellReference cellRef = new CellReference(row.getRowNum(), cell.getColumnIndex());
            System.out.print(cellRef.formatAsString());
            System.out.print(" - ");

            // get the text that appears in the cell by getting the cell value and applying any data formats (Date, 0.00, 1.23e9, $1.23, etc)
            String text = formatter.formatCellValue(cell);
            System.out.println(text);

            // Alternatively, get the value and format it yourself
            switch (cell.getCellType()) {
                case CellType.STRING:
                    System.out.println(cell.getRichStringCellValue().getString());
                    break;
                case CellType.NUMERIC:
                    if (DateUtil.isCellDateFormatted(cell)) {
                        System.out.println(cell.getDateCellValue());
                    } else {
                        System.out.println(cell.getNumericCellValue());
                    }
                    break;
                case CellType.BOOLEAN:
                    System.out.println(cell.getBooleanCellValue());
                    break;
                case CellType.FORMULA:
                    System.out.println(cell.getCellFormula());
                    break;
                case CellType.BLANK:
                    System.out.println();
                    break;
                default:
                    System.out.println();
            }
        }
    }
				</source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="TextExtraction"/>
                <section><title>Text Extraction</title>
					<p>For most text extraction requirements, the standard
					ExcelExtractor class should provide all you need.</p>
					<source>
    try (InputStream inp = new FileInputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook(new POIFSFileSystem(inp));
        ExcelExtractor extractor = new ExcelExtractor(wb);
    
        extractor.setFormulasNotResults(true);
        extractor.setIncludeSheetNames(false);
        String text = extractor.getText();
        wb.close();
    }
					</source>
					<p>For very fancy text extraction, XLS to CSV etc, 
					take a look at
					<em>/src/examples/src/org/apache/poi/hssf/eventusermodel/examples/XLS2CSVmra.java</em>
					</p>
                </section>
                <anchor id="FillsAndFrills"/>
                <section><title>Fills and colors</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");

    // Create a row and put some cells in it. Rows are 0 based.
    Row row = sheet.createRow(1);

    // Aqua background
    CellStyle style = wb.createCellStyle();
    style.setFillBackgroundColor(IndexedColors.AQUA.getIndex());
    style.setFillPattern(FillPatternType.BIG_SPOTS);
    Cell cell = row.createCell(1);
    cell.setCellValue("X");
    cell.setCellStyle(style);

    // Orange "foreground", foreground being the fill foreground not the font color.
    style = wb.createCellStyle();
    style.setFillForegroundColor(IndexedColors.ORANGE.getIndex());
    style.setFillPattern(FillPatternType.SOLID_FOREGROUND);
    cell = row.createCell(2);
    cell.setCellValue("X");
    cell.setCellStyle(style);

    // Write the output to a file
    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }

    wb.close();
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="MergedCells"/>
                <section><title>Merging cells</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");

    Row row = sheet.createRow(1);
    Cell cell = row.createCell(1);
    cell.setCellValue("This is a test of merging");

    sheet.addMergedRegion(new CellRangeAddress(
            1, //first row (0-based)
            1, //last row  (0-based)
            1, //first column (0-based)
            2  //last column  (0-based)
    ));

    // Write the output to a file
    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }

    wb.close();
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="WorkingWithFonts"/>
                <section><title>Working with fonts</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");

    // Create a row and put some cells in it. Rows are 0 based.
    Row row = sheet.createRow(1);

    // Create a new font and alter it.
    Font font = wb.createFont();
    font.setFontHeightInPoints((short)24);
    font.setFontName("Courier New");
    font.setItalic(true);
    font.setStrikeout(true);

    // Fonts are set into a style so create a new one to use.
    CellStyle style = wb.createCellStyle();
    style.setFont(font);

    // Create a cell and put a value in it.
    Cell cell = row.createCell(1);
    cell.setCellValue("This is a test of fonts");
    cell.setCellStyle(style);

    // Write the output to a file
    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }

    wb.close();
  </source>
<p>
  Note, the maximum number of unique fonts in a workbook is limited to 32767. You should re-use fonts in your applications instead of
  creating a font for each cell.
Examples:
</p>
<p><strong>Wrong:</strong></p>
<source>
    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 10000; i++) {
        Row row = sheet.createRow(i);
        Cell cell = row.createCell(0);

        CellStyle style = workbook.createCellStyle();
        Font font = workbook.createFont();
        font.setBoldweight(Font.BOLDWEIGHT_BOLD);
        style.setFont(font);
        cell.setCellStyle(style);
    }
</source>
<p><strong>Correct:</strong></p>
<source>
    CellStyle style = workbook.createCellStyle();
    Font font = workbook.createFont();
    font.setBoldweight(Font.BOLDWEIGHT_BOLD);
    style.setFont(font);
    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 10000; i++) {
        Row row = sheet.createRow(i);
        Cell cell = row.createCell(0);
        cell.setCellStyle(style);
    }
</source>
  
                </section>
                <anchor id="CustomColors"/>
                <section><title>Custom colors</title>
                  <p><strong>HSSF:</strong></p>
                    <source>
    HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet();
    HSSFRow row = sheet.createRow(0);
    HSSFCell cell = row.createCell(0);
    cell.setCellValue("Default Palette");

    //apply some colors from the standard palette,
    // as in the previous examples.
    //we'll use red text on a lime background

    HSSFCellStyle style = wb.createCellStyle();
    style.setFillForegroundColor(HSSFColor.LIME.index);
    style.setFillPattern(FillPatternType.SOLID_FOREGROUND);

    HSSFFont font = wb.createFont();
    font.setColor(HSSFColor.RED.index);
    style.setFont(font);

    cell.setCellStyle(style);

    //save with the default palette
    try (OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("default_palette.xls")) {
        wb.write(out);
    }

    //now, let's replace RED and LIME in the palette
    // with a more attractive combination
    // (lovingly borrowed from freebsd.org)

    cell.setCellValue("Modified Palette");

    //creating a custom palette for the workbook
    HSSFPalette palette = wb.getCustomPalette();

    //replacing the standard red with freebsd.org red
    palette.setColorAtIndex(HSSFColor.RED.index,
            (byte) 153,  //RGB red (0-255)
            (byte) 0,    //RGB green
            (byte) 0     //RGB blue
    );
    //replacing lime with freebsd.org gold
    palette.setColorAtIndex(HSSFColor.LIME.index, (byte) 255, (byte) 204, (byte) 102);

    //save with the modified palette
    // note that wherever we have previously used RED or LIME, the
    // new colors magically appear
    try (out = new FileOutputStream("modified_palette.xls")) {
        wb.write(out);
    }
                    </source>
                    <p><strong>XSSF:</strong></p>
                    <source>
    XSSFWorkbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook();
    XSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet();
    XSSFRow row = sheet.createRow(0);
    XSSFCell cell = row.createCell( 0);
    cell.setCellValue("custom XSSF colors");

    XSSFCellStyle style1 = wb.createCellStyle();
    style1.setFillForegroundColor(new XSSFColor(new java.awt.Color(128, 0, 128), new DefaultIndexedColorMap()));
    style1.setFillPattern(FillPatternType.SOLID_FOREGROUND);
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="ReadWriteWorkbook"/>
                <section><title>Reading and Rewriting Workbooks</title>
                    <source>
    try (InputStream inp = new FileInputStream("workbook.xls")) {
    //InputStream inp = new FileInputStream("workbook.xlsx");
    
        Workbook wb = WorkbookFactory.create(inp);
        Sheet sheet = wb.getSheetAt(0);
        Row row = sheet.getRow(2);
        Cell cell = row.getCell(3);
        if (cell == null)
            cell = row.createCell(3);
        cell.setCellType(CellType.STRING);
        cell.setCellValue("a test");
    
        // Write the output to a file
        try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
            wb.write(fileOut);
        }
    }
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="NewLinesInCells"/>
                <section><title>Using newlines in cells</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook();   //or new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet();

    Row row = sheet.createRow(2);
    Cell cell = row.createCell(2);
    cell.setCellValue("Use \n with word wrap on to create a new line");

    //to enable newlines you need set a cell styles with wrap=true
    CellStyle cs = wb.createCellStyle();
    cs.setWrapText(true);
    cell.setCellStyle(cs);

    //increase row height to accommodate two lines of text
    row.setHeightInPoints((2*sheet.getDefaultRowHeightInPoints()));

    //adjust column width to fit the content
    sheet.autoSizeColumn(2);

    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("ooxml-newlines.xlsx")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }

    wb.close();
                  </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="DataFormats"/>
                <section><title>Data Formats</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("format sheet");
    CellStyle style;
    DataFormat format = wb.createDataFormat();
    Row row;
    Cell cell;
    int rowNum = 0;
    int colNum = 0;

    row = sheet.createRow(rowNum++);
    cell = row.createCell(colNum);
    cell.setCellValue(11111.25);
    style = wb.createCellStyle();
    style.setDataFormat(format.getFormat("0.0"));
    cell.setCellStyle(style);

    row = sheet.createRow(rowNum++);
    cell = row.createCell(colNum);
    cell.setCellValue(11111.25);
    style = wb.createCellStyle();
    style.setDataFormat(format.getFormat("#,##0.0000"));
    cell.setCellStyle(style);

    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }

    wb.close();
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="FitTo"/>
                <section><title>Fit Sheet to One Page</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("format sheet");
    PrintSetup ps = sheet.getPrintSetup();

    sheet.setAutobreaks(true);

    ps.setFitHeight((short)1);
    ps.setFitWidth((short)1);


    // Create various cells and rows for spreadsheet.

    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }

    wb.close();
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="PrintArea2"/>
                <section><title>Set Print Area</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("Sheet1");
    //sets the print area for the first sheet
    wb.setPrintArea(0, "$A$1:$C$2");
    
    //Alternatively:
    wb.setPrintArea(
            0, //sheet index
            0, //start column
            1, //end column
            0, //start row
            0  //end row
    );

    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }

    wb.close();
                    </source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="FooterPageNumbers"/>
                <section><title>Set Page Numbers on Footer</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook(); // or new XSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("format sheet");
    Footer footer = sheet.getFooter();

    footer.setRight( "Page " + HeaderFooter.page() + " of " + HeaderFooter.numPages() );



    // Create various cells and rows for spreadsheet.

    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }

    wb.close();
                    </source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="ConvenienceFunctions"/>
                <section><title>Using the Convenience Functions</title>
                    <p>
                        The convenience functions  provide
                        utility features such as setting borders around merged
                        regions and changing style attributes without explicitly
                        creating new styles.
                    </p>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();  // or new XSSFWorkbook()
    Sheet sheet1 = wb.createSheet( "new sheet" );

    // Create a merged region
    Row row = sheet1.createRow( 1 );
    Row row2 = sheet1.createRow( 2 );
    Cell cell = row.createCell( 1 );
    cell.setCellValue( "This is a test of merging" );
    CellRangeAddress region = CellRangeAddress.valueOf("B2:E5");
    sheet1.addMergedRegion( region );

    // Set the border and border colors.
    RegionUtil.setBorderBottom( BorderStyle.MEDIUM_DASHED, region, sheet1, wb );
    RegionUtil.setBorderTop(    BorderStyle.MEDIUM_DASHED, region, sheet1, wb );
    RegionUtil.setBorderLeft(   BorderStyle.MEDIUM_DASHED, region, sheet1, wb );
    RegionUtil.setBorderRight(  BorderStyle.MEDIUM_DASHED, region, sheet1, wb );
    RegionUtil.setBottomBorderColor(IndexedColors.AQUA.getIndex(), region, sheet1, wb);
    RegionUtil.setTopBorderColor(   IndexedColors.AQUA.getIndex(), region, sheet1, wb);
    RegionUtil.setLeftBorderColor(  IndexedColors.AQUA.getIndex(), region, sheet1, wb);
    RegionUtil.setRightBorderColor( IndexedColors.AQUA.getIndex(), region, sheet1, wb);

    // Shows some usages of HSSFCellUtil
    CellStyle style = wb.createCellStyle();
    style.setIndention((short)4);
    CellUtil.createCell(row, 8, "This is the value of the cell", style);
    Cell cell2 = CellUtil.createCell( row2, 8, "This is the value of the cell");
    CellUtil.setAlignment(cell2, HorizontalAlignment.CENTER);

    // Write out the workbook
    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream( "workbook.xls" )) {
        wb.write( fileOut );
    }

    wb.close();
                    </source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="ShiftRows"/>
                <section><title>Shift rows up or down on a sheet</title>
                    <source>
        Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
        Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("row sheet");

        // Create various cells and rows for spreadsheet.

        // Shift rows 6 - 11 on the spreadsheet to the top (rows 0 - 5)
        sheet.shiftRows(5, 10, -5);

                    </source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="SelectSheet"/>
                <section><title>Set a sheet as selected</title>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("row sheet");
    sheet.setSelected(true);

                    </source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="Zoom"/>
                <section><title>Set the zoom magnification</title>
                    <p>
                        The zoom is expressed as a fraction.  For example to
                        express a zoom of 75% use 3 for the numerator and
                        4 for the denominator.
                    </p>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet1 = wb.createSheet("new sheet");
    sheet1.setZoom(75);   // 75 percent magnification
                    </source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="Splits"/>
                <section><title>Splits and freeze panes</title>
                    <p>
                        There are two types of panes you can create; freeze panes and split panes.
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        A freeze pane is split by columns and rows.  You create
                        a freeze pane using the following mechanism:
                    </p>
                    <p>
                            sheet1.createFreezePane( 3, 2, 3, 2 );
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        The first two parameters are the columns and rows you
                        wish to split by.  The second two parameters indicate
                        the cells that are visible in the bottom right quadrant.
                    </p>
                    <p>

                        Split panes appear differently.  The split area is
                        divided into four separate work area's.  The split
                        occurs at the pixel level and the user is able to
                        adjust the split by dragging it to a new position.
                    </p>
                    <p>

                        Split panes are created with the following call:
                    </p>
                    <p>
                            sheet2.createSplitPane( 2000, 2000, 0, 0, Sheet.PANE_LOWER_LEFT );
                    </p>
                    <p>

                        The first parameter is the x position of the split.
                        This is in 1/20th of a point.  A point in this case
                        seems to equate to a pixel.  The second parameter is
                        the y position of the split.  Again in 1/20th of a point.
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        The last parameter indicates which pane currently has
                        the focus.  This will be one of Sheet.PANE_LOWER_LEFT,
                        PANE_LOWER_RIGHT, PANE_UPPER_RIGHT or PANE_UPPER_LEFT.
                    </p>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet1 = wb.createSheet("new sheet");
    Sheet sheet2 = wb.createSheet("second sheet");
    Sheet sheet3 = wb.createSheet("third sheet");
    Sheet sheet4 = wb.createSheet("fourth sheet");

    // Freeze just one row
    sheet1.createFreezePane( 0, 1, 0, 1 );
    // Freeze just one column
    sheet2.createFreezePane( 1, 0, 1, 0 );
    // Freeze the columns and rows (forget about scrolling position of the lower right quadrant).
    sheet3.createFreezePane( 2, 2 );
    // Create a split with the lower left side being the active quadrant
    sheet4.createSplitPane( 2000, 2000, 0, 0, Sheet.PANE_LOWER_LEFT );

    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
                    </source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="Repeating"/>
                <section><title>Repeating rows and columns</title>
                    <p>
                        It's possible to set up repeating rows and columns in
                        your printouts by using the setRepeatingRows() and 
                        setRepeatingColumns() methods in the Sheet class.
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        These methods expect a CellRangeAddress parameter
                        which specifies the range for the rows or columns to 
                        repeat. 
                        For setRepeatingRows(), it should specify a range of 
                        rows to repeat, with the column part spanning all 
                        columns. 
                        For setRepeatingColums(), it should specify a range of 
                        columns to repeat, with the row part spanning all 
                        rows. 
                        If the parameter is null, the repeating rows or columns 
                        will be removed.
                    </p>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();           // or new XSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet1 = wb.createSheet("Sheet1");
    Sheet sheet2 = wb.createSheet("Sheet2");

    // Set the rows to repeat from row 4 to 5 on the first sheet.
    sheet1.setRepeatingRows(CellRangeAddress.valueOf("4:5"));
    // Set the columns to repeat from column A to C on the second sheet
    sheet2.setRepeatingColumns(CellRangeAddress.valueOf("A:C"));

    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="HeaderFooter"/>
                <section><title>Headers and Footers</title>
                    <p>
                        Example is for headers but applies directly to footers.
                    </p>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");

    Header header = sheet.getHeader();
    header.setCenter("Center Header");
    header.setLeft("Left Header");
    header.setRight(HSSFHeader.font("Stencil-Normal", "Italic") +
                    HSSFHeader.fontSize((short) 16) + "Right w/ Stencil-Normal Italic font and size 16");

    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="XSSFHeaderFooter"/>
                <section><title>XSSF Enhancement for Headers and Footers</title>
                    <p>
                        Example is for headers but applies directly to footers. Note, the above example for
                        basic headers and footers applies to XSSF Workbooks as well as HSSF Workbooks. The HSSFHeader
                        stuff does not work for XSSF Workbooks.
                    </p>    
                    <p>    
                        XSSF has the ability to handle First page headers and footers, as well as Even/Odd 
                        headers and footers. All Header/Footer Property flags can be handled in XSSF as well.
                        The odd header and footer is the default header and footer. It is displayed on all
                        pages that do not display either a first page header or an even page header. That is,
                        if the Even header/footer does not exist, then the odd header/footer is displayed on
                        even pages. If the first page header/footer does not exist, then the odd header/footer
                        is displayed on the first page. If the even/odd property is not set, that is the same as 
                        the even header/footer not existing. If the first page property does not exist, that is
                        the same as the first page header/footer not existing. 
                    </p>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook();
    XSSFSheet sheet = (XSSFSheet) wb.createSheet("new sheet");
    
    // Create a first page header
    Header header = sheet.getFirstHeader();
    header.setCenter("Center First Page Header");
    header.setLeft("Left First Page Header");
    header.setRight("Right First Page Header");
    
    // Create an even page header
    Header header2 = sheet.getEvenHeader();
	header2.setCenter("Center Even Page Header");
    header2.setLeft("Left Even Page Header");
    header2.setRight("Right Even Page Header");
    
    // Create an odd page header
    Header header3 = sheet.getOddHeader();
	header3.setCenter("Center Odd Page Header");
    header3.setLeft("Left Odd Page Header");
    header3.setRight("Right Odd Page Header");
    
    // Set/Remove Header properties
    XSSFHeaderProperties prop = sheet.getHeaderFooterProperties();
    prop.setAlignWithMargins();
    prop.scaleWithDoc();
    prop.removeDifferentFirstPage(); // This does not remove first page headers or footers
    prop.removeDifferentEvenOdd(); // This does not remove even headers or footers
    
    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xlsx")) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
                    </source>
                </section>

                <anchor id="DrawingShapes"/>
                <section><title>Drawing Shapes</title>
                    <p>
                        POI supports drawing shapes using the Microsoft Office
                        drawing tools.  Shapes on a sheet are organized in a
                        hierarchy of groups and and shapes.  The top-most shape
                        is the patriarch.  This is not visible on the sheet
                        at all.  To start drawing you need to call <code>createPatriarch</code>
                        on the <code>HSSFSheet</code> class.  This has the
                        effect erasing any other shape information stored
                        in that sheet.  By default POI will leave shape
                        records alone in the sheet unless you make a call to
                        this method.
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        To create a shape you have to go through the following
                        steps:
                    </p>
                    <ol>
                        <li>Create the patriarch.</li>
                        <li>Create an anchor to position the shape on the sheet.</li>
                        <li>Ask the patriarch to create the shape.</li>
                        <li>Set the shape type (line, oval, rectangle etc...)</li>
                        <li>Set any other style details concerning the shape. (eg:
                        line thickness, etc...)</li>
                    </ol>
                    <source>
    HSSFPatriarch patriarch = sheet.createDrawingPatriarch();
    a = new HSSFClientAnchor( 0, 0, 1023, 255, (short) 1, 0, (short) 1, 0 );
    HSSFSimpleShape shape1 = patriarch.createSimpleShape(a1);
    shape1.setShapeType(HSSFSimpleShape.OBJECT_TYPE_LINE);
                    </source>
                    <p>
                        Text boxes are created using a different call:
                    </p>
                    <source>
    HSSFTextbox textbox1 = patriarch.createTextbox(
            new HSSFClientAnchor(0,0,0,0,(short)1,1,(short)2,2));
    textbox1.setString(new HSSFRichTextString("This is a test") );
                    </source>
                    <p>
                        It's possible to use different fonts to style parts of
                        the text in the textbox.  Here's how:
                    </p>
                    <source>
    HSSFFont font = wb.createFont();
    font.setItalic(true);
    font.setUnderline(HSSFFont.U_DOUBLE);
    HSSFRichTextString string = new HSSFRichTextString("Woo!!!");
    string.applyFont(2,5,font);
    textbox.setString(string );
                    </source>
                    <p>
                        Just as can be done manually using Excel, it is possible
                        to group shapes together.  This is done by calling
                        <code>createGroup()</code> and then creating the shapes
                        using those groups.
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        It's also possible to create groups within groups.
                    </p>
                    <warning>Any group you create should contain at least two
                        other shapes or subgroups.</warning>
                    <p>
                        Here's how to create a shape group:
                    </p>
                    <source>
    // Create a shape group.
    HSSFShapeGroup group = patriarch.createGroup(
            new HSSFClientAnchor(0,0,900,200,(short)2,2,(short)2,2));

    // Create a couple of lines in the group.
    HSSFSimpleShape shape1 = group.createShape(new HSSFChildAnchor(3,3,500,500));
    shape1.setShapeType(HSSFSimpleShape.OBJECT_TYPE_LINE);
    ( (HSSFChildAnchor) shape1.getAnchor() ).setAnchor(3,3,500,500);
    HSSFSimpleShape shape2 = group.createShape(new HSSFChildAnchor(1,200,400,600));
    shape2.setShapeType(HSSFSimpleShape.OBJECT_TYPE_LINE);
                    </source>
                    <p>
                        If you're being observant you'll noticed that the shapes
                        that are added to the group use a new type of anchor:
                        the <code>HSSFChildAnchor</code>.  What happens is that
                        the created group has it's own coordinate space for
                        shapes that are placed into it.  POI defaults this to
                        (0,0,1023,255) but you are able to change it as desired.
                        Here's how:
                    </p>
                    <source>
    myGroup.setCoordinates(10,10,20,20); // top-left, bottom-right
                    </source>
                    <p>
                        If you create a group within a group it's also going
                        to have it's own coordinate space.
                    </p>
                </section>

                <anchor id="StylingShapes"/>
                <section><title>Styling Shapes</title>
                    <p>
                        By default shapes can look a little plain.  It's possible
                        to apply different styles to the shapes however.  The
                        sorts of things that can currently be done are:
                    </p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>Change the fill color.</li>
                        <li>Make a shape with no fill color.</li>
                        <li>Change the thickness of the lines.</li>
                        <li>Change the style of the lines. Eg: dashed, dotted.</li>
                        <li>Change the line color.</li>
                    </ul>
                    <p>
                        Here's an examples of how this is done:
                    </p>
                    <source>
    HSSFSimpleShape s = patriarch.createSimpleShape(a);
    s.setShapeType(HSSFSimpleShape.OBJECT_TYPE_OVAL);
    s.setLineStyleColor(10,10,10);
    s.setFillColor(90,10,200);
    s.setLineWidth(HSSFShape.LINEWIDTH_ONE_PT * 3);
    s.setLineStyle(HSSFShape.LINESTYLE_DOTSYS);
                    </source>
                </section>
                <anchor id="Graphics2d"/>
                <section><title>Shapes and Graphics2d</title>
                    <p>
                        While the native POI shape drawing commands are the
                        recommended way to draw shapes in a shape it's sometimes
                        desirable to use a standard API for compatibility with
                        external libraries.  With this in mind we created some
                        wrappers for <code>Graphics</code> and <code>Graphics2d</code>.
                    </p>
                    <warning>
                        It's important to not however before continuing that
                        <code>Graphics2d</code> is a poor match to the capabilities
                        of the Microsoft Office drawing commands.  The older
                        <code>Graphics</code> class offers a closer match but is
                        still a square peg in a round hole.
                    </warning>
                    <p>
                        All Graphics commands are issued into an <code>HSSFShapeGroup</code>.
                        Here's how it's done:
                    </p>
                    <source>
    a = new HSSFClientAnchor( 0, 0, 1023, 255, (short) 1, 0, (short) 1, 0 );
    group = patriarch.createGroup( a );
    group.setCoordinates( 0, 0, 80 * 4 , 12 * 23  );
    float verticalPointsPerPixel = a.getAnchorHeightInPoints(sheet) / (float)Math.abs(group.getY2() - group.getY1());
    g = new EscherGraphics( group, wb, Color.black, verticalPointsPerPixel );
    g2d = new EscherGraphics2d( g );
    drawChemicalStructure( g2d );
                    </source>
                    <p>
                        The first thing we do is create the group and set it's coordinates
                        to match what we plan to draw.  Next we calculate a reasonable
                        fontSizeMultiplier then create the EscherGraphics object.
                        Since what we really want is a <code>Graphics2d</code>
                        object we create an EscherGraphics2d object and pass in
                        the graphics object we created.  Finally we call a routine
                        that draws into the EscherGraphics2d object.
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        The vertical points per pixel deserves some more explanation.
                        One of the difficulties in converting Graphics calls
                        into escher drawing calls is that Excel does not have
                        the concept of absolute pixel positions.  It measures
                        it's cell widths in 'characters' and the cell heights in points.
                        Unfortunately it's not defined exactly what type of character it's
                        measuring.  Presumably this is due to the fact that the Excel will be
                        using different fonts on different platforms or even within the same
                        platform.
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        Because of this constraint we've had to implement the concept of a
                        verticalPointsPerPixel.  This the amount the font should be scaled by when
                        you issue commands such as drawString().  To calculate this value
                        use the follow formula:
                    </p>
                    <source>
    multipler = groupHeightInPoints / heightOfGroup
                    </source>
                    <p>
                        The height of the group is calculated fairly simply by calculating the
                        difference between the y coordinates of the bounding box of the shape.  The
                        height of the group can be calculated by using a convenience called
                        <code>HSSFClientAnchor.getAnchorHeightInPoints()</code>.
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        Many of the functions supported by the graphics classes
                        are not complete.  Here's some of the functions that are known
                        to work.
                    </p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>fillRect()</li>
                        <li>fillOval()</li>
                        <li>drawString()</li>
                        <li>drawOval()</li>
                        <li>drawLine()</li>
                        <li>clearRect()</li>
                    </ul>
                    <p>
                        Functions that are not supported will return and log a message
                        using the POI logging infrastructure (disabled by default).
                    </p>
                </section>
                <anchor id="Outlining"/>
                <section>
                    <title>Outlining</title>
                    <p>
                        Outlines are great for grouping sections of information
                        together and can be added easily to columns and rows
                        using the POI API.  Here's how:
                    </p>
                    <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet1 = wb.createSheet("new sheet");

    sheet1.groupRow( 5, 14 );
    sheet1.groupRow( 7, 14 );
    sheet1.groupRow( 16, 19 );

    sheet1.groupColumn( 4, 7 );
    sheet1.groupColumn( 9, 12 );
    sheet1.groupColumn( 10, 11 );

    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream(filename)) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
                    </source>
                    <p>
                        To collapse (or expand) an outline use the following calls:
                    </p>
                    <source>
    sheet1.setRowGroupCollapsed( 7, true );
    sheet1.setColumnGroupCollapsed( 4, true );
                    </source>
                    <p>
                        The row/column you choose should contain an already
                        created group.  It can be anywhere within the group.
                    </p>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <anchor id="Images"/>
        <section>
            <title>Images</title>
            <p>
                Images are part of the drawing support.  To add an image just
                call <code>createPicture()</code> on the drawing patriarch.
                At the time of writing the following types are supported:
            </p>
            <ul>
                <li>PNG</li>
                <li>JPG</li>
                <li>DIB</li>
            </ul>
            <p>
                It should be noted that any existing drawings may be erased
                once you add a image to a sheet.
              </p>
            <source>
    //create a new workbook
    Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(); //or new HSSFWorkbook();

    //add picture data to this workbook.
    InputStream is = new FileInputStream("image1.jpeg");
    byte[] bytes = IOUtils.toByteArray(is);
    int pictureIdx = wb.addPicture(bytes, Workbook.PICTURE_TYPE_JPEG);
    is.close();

    CreationHelper helper = wb.getCreationHelper();

    //create sheet
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet();

    // Create the drawing patriarch.  This is the top level container for all shapes. 
    Drawing drawing = sheet.createDrawingPatriarch();

    //add a picture shape
    ClientAnchor anchor = helper.createClientAnchor();
    //set top-left corner of the picture,
    //subsequent call of Picture#resize() will operate relative to it
    anchor.setCol1(3);
    anchor.setRow1(2);
    Picture pict = drawing.createPicture(anchor, pictureIdx);

    //auto-size picture relative to its top-left corner
    pict.resize();

    //save workbook
    String file = "picture.xls";
    if(wb instanceof XSSFWorkbook) file += "x";
    try (OutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream(file)) {
        wb.write(fileOut);
    }
        </source>
        <warning>
          Picture.resize() works only for JPEG and PNG. Other formats are not yet supported.
        </warning>
   <p>Reading images from a workbook:</p>
      <source>
 
    List lst = workbook.getAllPictures();
    for (Iterator it = lst.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
        PictureData pict = (PictureData)it.next();
        String ext = pict.suggestFileExtension();
        byte[] data = pict.getData();
        if (ext.equals("jpeg")){
          try (OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("pict.jpg")) {
            out.write(data);
          }
        }
    }
      </source>
        </section>
        <anchor id="NamedRanges"/>
        <section>
            <title>Named Ranges and Named Cells</title>
            <p>
                Named Range is a way to refer to a group of cells by a name. Named Cell is a
                degenerate case of Named Range in that the 'group of cells' contains exactly one
                cell. You can create as well as refer to cells in a workbook by their named range.
                When working with Named Ranges, the classes <code>org.apache.poi.ss.util.CellReference</code>
                and <code>org.apache.poi.ss.util.AreaReference</code> are used.
            </p>
            <p>
                Note: Using relative values like 'A1:B1' can lead to unexpected moving of
                the cell that the name points to when working with the workbook in Microsoft Excel,
                usually using absolute references like '$A$1:$B$1' avoids this, see also
                <a href="https://superuser.com/a/1031047/126954">this discussion</a>.
            </p>
            <p>
            Creating Named Range / Named Cell
            </p>
            <source>
    // setup code
    String sname = "TestSheet", cname = "TestName", cvalue = "TestVal";
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet(sname);
    sheet.createRow(0).createCell(0).setCellValue(cvalue);

    // 1. create named range for a single cell using areareference
    Name namedCell = wb.createName();
    namedCell.setNameName(cname + "1");
    String reference = sname+"!$A$1:$A$1"; // area reference
    namedCell.setRefersToFormula(reference);

    // 2. create named range for a single cell using cellreference
    Name namedCel2 = wb.createName();
    namedCel2.setNameName(cname + "2");
    reference = sname+"!$A$1"; // cell reference
    namedCel2.setRefersToFormula(reference);

    // 3. create named range for an area using AreaReference
    Name namedCel3 = wb.createName();
    namedCel3.setNameName(cname + "3");
    reference = sname+"!$A$1:$C$5"; // area reference
    namedCel3.setRefersToFormula(reference);

    // 4. create named formula
    Name namedCel4 = wb.createName();
    namedCel4.setNameName("my_sum");
    namedCel4.setRefersToFormula("SUM(" + sname + "!$I$2:$I$6)");
            </source>
            <p>
            Reading from Named Range / Named Cell
            </p>
            <source>
    // setup code
    String cname = "TestName";
    Workbook wb = getMyWorkbook(); // retrieve workbook

    // retrieve the named range
    int namedCellIdx = wb.getNameIndex(cellName);
    Name aNamedCell = wb.getNameAt(namedCellIdx);

    // retrieve the cell at the named range and test its contents
    AreaReference aref = new AreaReference(aNamedCell.getRefersToFormula());
    CellReference[] crefs = aref.getAllReferencedCells();
    for (int i=0; i&lt;crefs.length; i++) {
        Sheet s = wb.getSheet(crefs[i].getSheetName());
        Row r = sheet.getRow(crefs[i].getRow());
        Cell c = r.getCell(crefs[i].getCol());
        // extract the cell contents based on cell type etc.
    }
            </source>
            <p>
            Reading from non-contiguous Named Ranges
            </p>
            <source>
    // Setup code
    String cname = "TestName";
    Workbook wb = getMyWorkbook(); // retrieve workbook

    // Retrieve the named range
    // Will be something like "$C$10,$D$12:$D$14";
    int namedCellIdx = wb.getNameIndex(cellName);
    Name aNamedCell = wb.getNameAt(namedCellIdx);

    // Retrieve the cell at the named range and test its contents
    // Will get back one AreaReference for C10, and
    //  another for D12 to D14
    AreaReference[] arefs = AreaReference.generateContiguous(aNamedCell.getRefersToFormula());
    for (int i=0; i&lt;arefs.length; i++) {
        // Only get the corners of the Area
        // (use arefs[i].getAllReferencedCells() to get all cells)
        CellReference[] crefs = arefs[i].getCells();
        for (int j=0; j&lt;crefs.length; j++) {
            // Check it turns into real stuff
            Sheet s = wb.getSheet(crefs[j].getSheetName());
            Row r = s.getRow(crefs[j].getRow());
            Cell c = r.getCell(crefs[j].getCol());
            // Do something with this corner cell
        }
    }
            </source>
            <p>
            Note, when a cell is deleted, Excel does not delete the 
            attached named range. As result, workbook can contain 
            named ranges that point to cells that no longer exist.
            You should check the validity of a reference before 
            constructing AreaReference  
            </p>
            <source>
    if(name.isDeleted()){
      //named range points to a deleted cell. 
    } else {
      AreaReference ref = new AreaReference(name.getRefersToFormula());
    }
            </source>
        </section>
        <anchor id="CellComments"/>
        <section><title>Cell Comments - HSSF and XSSF</title>
        <p>
          A comment is a rich text note that is attached to &amp;
          associated with a cell, separate from other cell content.
          Comment content is stored separate from the cell, and is displayed in a drawing object (like a text box)
          that is separate from, but associated with, a cell
        </p>
        <source>
    Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(); //or new HSSFWorkbook();

    CreationHelper factory = wb.getCreationHelper();

    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet();
    
    Row row   = sheet.createRow(3);
    Cell cell = row.createCell(5);
    cell.setCellValue("F4");
    
    Drawing drawing = sheet.createDrawingPatriarch();

    // When the comment box is visible, have it show in a 1x3 space
    ClientAnchor anchor = factory.createClientAnchor();
    anchor.setCol1(cell.getColumnIndex());
    anchor.setCol2(cell.getColumnIndex()+1);
    anchor.setRow1(row.getRowNum());
    anchor.setRow2(row.getRowNum()+3);

    // Create the comment and set the text+author
    Comment comment = drawing.createCellComment(anchor);
    RichTextString str = factory.createRichTextString("Hello, World!");
    comment.setString(str);
    comment.setAuthor("Apache POI");

    // Assign the comment to the cell
    cell.setCellComment(comment);

    String fname = "comment-xssf.xls";
    if(wb instanceof XSSFWorkbook) fname += "x";
    try (OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(fname)) {
        wb.write(out);
    }

    wb.close();
        </source>
         <p>
  Reading cell comments
        </p>
  <source>
    Cell cell = sheet.get(3).getColumn(1);
    Comment comment = cell.getCellComment();
    if (comment != null) {
      RichTextString str = comment.getString();
      String author = comment.getAuthor();
    }
    //  alternatively you can retrieve cell comments by (row, column)
    comment = sheet.getCellComment(3, 1);
  </source>

  <p>To get all the comments on a sheet:</p>
  <source>
    Map&lt;CellAddress, Comment&gt; comments = sheet.getCellComments();
    Comment commentA1 = comments.get(new CellAddress(0, 0));
    Comment commentB1 = comments.get(new CellAddress(0, 1));
    for (Entry&lt;CellAddress, ? extends Comment&gt; e : comments.entrySet()) {
      CellAddress loc = e.getKey();
      Comment comment = e.getValue();
      System.out.println("Comment at " + loc + ": " +
          "[" + comment.getAuthor() + "] " + comment.getString().getString());
    }
  </source>
     </section>

     <anchor id="Autofit"/>
     <section><title>Adjust column width to fit the contents</title>
        <source>
    Sheet sheet = workbook.getSheetAt(0);
    sheet.autoSizeColumn(0); //adjust width of the first column
    sheet.autoSizeColumn(1); //adjust width of the second column
        </source>
    <p>
      For SXSSFWorkbooks only, because the random access window is likely to exclude most of the rows
      in the worksheet, which are needed for computing the best-fit width of a column, the columns must
      be tracked for auto-sizing prior to flushing any rows.
    </p>
    <source>
    SXSSFWorkbook workbook = new SXSSFWorkbook();
    SXSSFSheet sheet = workbook.createSheet();
    sheet.trackColumnForAutoSizing(0);
    sheet.trackColumnForAutoSizing(1);
    // If you have a Collection of column indices, see SXSSFSheet#trackColumnForAutoSizing(Collection&lt;Integer&gt;)
    // or roll your own for-loop.
    // Alternatively, use SXSSFSheet#trackAllColumnsForAutoSizing() if the columns that will be auto-sized aren't
    // known in advance or you are upgrading existing code and are trying to minimize changes. Keep in mind
    // that tracking all columns will require more memory and CPU cycles, as the best-fit width is calculated
    // on all tracked columns on every row that is flushed.

    // create some cells
    for (int r=0; r &lt; 10; r++) {
        Row row = sheet.createRow(r);
        for (int c; c &lt; 10; c++) {
            Cell cell = row.createCell(c);
            cell.setCellValue("Cell " + c.getAddress().formatAsString());
        }
    }

    // Auto-size the columns.
    sheet.autoSizeColumn(0);
    sheet.autoSizeColumn(1);
    </source> 
    <p>
      Note, that Sheet#autoSizeColumn() does not evaluate formula cells, 
      the width of formula cells is calculated based on the cached formula result.
      If your workbook has many formulas then it is a good idea to evaluate them before auto-sizing.
    </p>
        <warning>
    To calculate column width Sheet.autoSizeColumn uses Java2D classes
    that throw exception if graphical environment is not available. In case if graphical environment
    is not available, you must tell Java that you are running in headless mode and
    set the following system property: <code> java.awt.headless=true </code>.
    You should also ensure that the fonts you use in your workbook are 
    available to Java.
        </warning>
     </section>
     <anchor id="Hyperlinks"/>
     <section><title>How to read hyperlinks</title>
        <source>
    Sheet sheet = workbook.getSheetAt(0);

    Cell cell = sheet.getRow(0).getCell(0);
    Hyperlink link = cell.getHyperlink();
    if(link != null){
        System.out.println(link.getAddress());
    }
      </source>
     </section>
     <section><title>How to create hyperlinks</title>
        <source>
    Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(); //or new HSSFWorkbook();
    CreationHelper createHelper = wb.getCreationHelper();

    //cell style for hyperlinks
    //by default hyperlinks are blue and underlined
    CellStyle hlink_style = wb.createCellStyle();
    Font hlink_font = wb.createFont();
    hlink_font.setUnderline(Font.U_SINGLE);
    hlink_font.setColor(IndexedColors.BLUE.getIndex());
    hlink_style.setFont(hlink_font);

    Cell cell;
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("Hyperlinks");
    //URL
    cell = sheet.createRow(0).createCell(0);
    cell.setCellValue("URL Link");

    Hyperlink link = createHelper.createHyperlink(Hyperlink.LINK_URL);
    link.setAddress("http://poi.apache.org/");
    cell.setHyperlink(link);
    cell.setCellStyle(hlink_style);

    //link to a file in the current directory
    cell = sheet.createRow(1).createCell(0);
    cell.setCellValue("File Link");
    link = createHelper.createHyperlink(Hyperlink.LINK_FILE);
    link.setAddress("link1.xls");
    cell.setHyperlink(link);
    cell.setCellStyle(hlink_style);

    //e-mail link
    cell = sheet.createRow(2).createCell(0);
    cell.setCellValue("Email Link");
    link = createHelper.createHyperlink(Hyperlink.LINK_EMAIL);
    //note, if subject contains white spaces, make sure they are url-encoded
    link.setAddress("mailto:poi@apache.org?subject=Hyperlinks");
    cell.setHyperlink(link);
    cell.setCellStyle(hlink_style);

    //link to a place in this workbook

    //create a target sheet and cell
    Sheet sheet2 = wb.createSheet("Target Sheet");
    sheet2.createRow(0).createCell(0).setCellValue("Target Cell");

    cell = sheet.createRow(3).createCell(0);
    cell.setCellValue("Worksheet Link");
    Hyperlink link2 = createHelper.createHyperlink(Hyperlink.LINK_DOCUMENT);
    link2.setAddress("'Target Sheet'!A1");
    cell.setHyperlink(link2);
    cell.setCellStyle(hlink_style);

    try (OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("hyperinks.xlsx")) {
        wb.write(out);
    }

    wb.close();
        </source>
     </section>
     <anchor id="Validation"/>
     <section><title>Data Validations</title>
      <p>
       As of version 3.8, POI has slightly different syntax to work with data validations with .xls and .xlsx formats.
      </p>
      <section>
        <title>hssf.usermodel (binary .xls format)</title>
        <p><strong>Check the value a user enters into a cell against one or more predefined value(s).</strong></p>
        <p>The following code will limit the value the user can enter into cell A1 to one of three integer values, 10, 20 or 30.</p>
        <source>
  HSSFWorkbook workbook = new HSSFWorkbook();
  HSSFSheet sheet = workbook.createSheet("Data Validation");
  CellRangeAddressList addressList = new CellRangeAddressList(
    0, 0, 0, 0);
  DVConstraint dvConstraint = DVConstraint.createExplicitListConstraint(
    new String[]{"10", "20", "30"});
  DataValidation dataValidation = new HSSFDataValidation
    (addressList, dvConstraint);
  dataValidation.setSuppressDropDownArrow(true);
  sheet.addValidationData(dataValidation);
        </source>
        <p><strong> Drop Down Lists:</strong></p>
        <p>This code will do the same but offer the user a drop down list to select a value from.</p>
        <source>
  HSSFWorkbook workbook = new HSSFWorkbook();
  HSSFSheet sheet = workbook.createSheet("Data Validation");
  CellRangeAddressList addressList = new CellRangeAddressList(
    0, 0, 0, 0);
  DVConstraint dvConstraint = DVConstraint.createExplicitListConstraint(
    new String[]{"10", "20", "30"});
  DataValidation dataValidation = new HSSFDataValidation
    (addressList, dvConstraint);
  dataValidation.setSuppressDropDownArrow(false);
  sheet.addValidationData(dataValidation);
         </source>
        <p><strong>Messages On Error:</strong></p>
        <p>To create a message box that will be shown to the user if the value they enter is invalid.</p>
        <source>
  dataValidation.setErrorStyle(DataValidation.ErrorStyle.STOP);
  dataValidation.createErrorBox("Box Title", "Message Text");
       </source>
        <p>Replace 'Box Title' with the text you wish to display in the message box's title bar 
          and 'Message Text' with the text of your error message.</p>
        <p><strong>Prompts:</strong></p>
        <p>To create a prompt that the user will see when the cell containing the data validation receives focus</p>
        <source>
  dataValidation.createPromptBox("Title", "Message Text");
  dataValidation.setShowPromptBox(true);
        </source>
        <p>The text encapsulated in the first parameter passed to the createPromptBox() method will appear emboldened 
          and as a title to the prompt whilst the second will be displayed as the text of the message.
          The createExplicitListConstraint() method can be passed and array of String(s) containing interger, floating point, dates or text values.</p>

        <p><strong>Further Data Validations:</strong></p>
        <p>To obtain a validation that would check the value entered was, for example, an integer between 10 and 100, 
          use the DVConstraint.createNumericConstraint(int, int, String, String) factory method.</p>
        <source>
  dvConstraint = DVConstraint.createNumericConstraint(
    DVConstraint.ValidationType.INTEGER,
    DVConstraint.OperatorType.BETWEEN, "10", "100");
        </source>
        <p>Look at the javadoc for the other validation and operator types; also note that not all validation 
          types are supported for this method. The values passed to the two String parameters can be formulas; the '=' symbol is used to denote a formula</p>
        <source>
  dvConstraint = DVConstraint.createNumericConstraint(
    DVConstraint.ValidationType.INTEGER,
    DVConstraint.OperatorType.BETWEEN, "=SUM(A1:A3)", "100");
        </source>
      <p>It is not possible to create a drop down list if the createNumericConstraint() method is called, 
        the setSuppressDropDownArrow(false) method call will simply be ignored.</p>
      <p>Date and time constraints can be created by calling the createDateConstraint(int, String, String, String) 
        or the createTimeConstraint(int, String, String). Both are very similar to the above and are explained in the javadoc. </p>
      <p><strong>Creating Data Validations From Spreadsheet Cells.</strong></p>
      <p>The contents of specific cells can be used to provide the values for the data validation 
        and the DVConstraint.createFormulaListConstraint(String) method supports this.
        To specify that the values come from a contiguous range of cells do either of the following:</p>
      <source>
  dvConstraint = DVConstraint.createFormulaListConstraint("$A$1:$A$3");
      </source>
      <p>or</p>
      <source>
  Name namedRange = workbook.createName();
  namedRange.setNameName("list1");
  namedRange.setRefersToFormula("$A$1:$A$3");
  dvConstraint = DVConstraint.createFormulaListConstraint("list1");
      </source>
      <p>and in both cases the user will be able to select from a drop down list containing the values from cells A1, A2 and A3.</p>
      <p>The data does not have to be as the data validation. To select the data from a different sheet however, the sheet 
        must be given a name when created and that name should be used in the formula. So assuming the existence of a sheet named 'Data Sheet' this will work:</p>        
      <source>
  Name namedRange = workbook.createName();
  namedRange.setNameName("list1");
  namedRange.setRefersToFormula("'Data Sheet'!$A$1:$A$3");
  dvConstraint = DVConstraint.createFormulaListConstraint("list1");
      </source>
      <p>as will this:</p>
      <source>
  dvConstraint = DVConstraint.createFormulaListConstraint("'Data Sheet'!$A$1:$A$3");
      </source>
      <p>whilst this will not:</p>
      <source>
  Name namedRange = workbook.createName();
  namedRange.setNameName("list1");
  namedRange.setRefersToFormula("'Sheet1'!$A$1:$A$3");
  dvConstraint = DVConstraint.createFormulaListConstraint("list1");
      </source><p>and nor will this:</p><source>
  dvConstraint = DVConstraint.createFormulaListConstraint("'Sheet1'!$A$1:$A$3");
      </source>
      </section>
      <section>
      <title>xssf.usermodel (.xlsx format)</title>
<p>
Data validations work similarly when you are creating an xml based, SpreadsheetML, 
workbook file; but there are differences. Explicit casts are required, for example, 
in a few places as much of the support for data validations in the xssf stream was 
built into the unifying ss stream, of which more later. Other differences are 
noted with comments in the code.
</p>

<p><strong>Check the value the user enters into a cell against one or more predefined value(s).</strong></p>
<source>
  XSSFWorkbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook();
  XSSFSheet sheet = workbook.createSheet("Data Validation");
  XSSFDataValidationHelper dvHelper = new XSSFDataValidationHelper(sheet);
  XSSFDataValidationConstraint dvConstraint = (XSSFDataValidationConstraint)
    dvHelper.createExplicitListConstraint(new String[]{"11", "21", "31"});
  CellRangeAddressList addressList = new CellRangeAddressList(0, 0, 0, 0);
  XSSFDataValidation validation =(XSSFDataValidation)dvHelper.createValidation(
    dvConstraint, addressList);

  // Here the boolean value false is passed to the setSuppressDropDownArrow()
  // method. In the hssf.usermodel examples above, the value passed to this
  // method is true.            
  validation.setSuppressDropDownArrow(false);

  // Note this extra method call. If this method call is omitted, or if the
  // boolean value false is passed, then Excel will not validate the value the
  // user enters into the cell.
  validation.setShowErrorBox(true);
  sheet.addValidationData(validation);
</source>

<p><strong>Drop Down Lists:</strong></p>
<p>This code will do the same but offer the user a drop down list to select a value from.</p>
<source>
  XSSFWorkbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook();
  XSSFSheet sheet = workbook.createSheet("Data Validation");
  XSSFDataValidationHelper dvHelper = new XSSFDataValidationHelper(sheet);
  XSSFDataValidationConstraint dvConstraint = (XSSFDataValidationConstraint)
    dvHelper.createExplicitListConstraint(new String[]{"11", "21", "31"});
  CellRangeAddressList addressList = new CellRangeAddressList(0, 0, 0, 0);
  XSSFDataValidation validation = (XSSFDataValidation)dvHelper.createValidation(
    dvConstraint, addressList);
  validation.setShowErrorBox(true);
  sheet.addValidationData(validation);
</source>
<p>Note that the call to the setSuppressDropDowmArrow() method can either be simply excluded or replaced with:</p>
<source>
  validation.setSuppressDropDownArrow(true);
</source>

<p><strong>Prompts and Error Messages:</strong></p>
<p>
These both exactly mirror the hssf.usermodel so please refer to the 'Messages On Error:' and 'Prompts:' sections above.
</p>

<p><strong>Further Data Validations:</strong></p>
<p>
To obtain a validation that would check the value entered was, for example, 
an integer between 10 and 100, use the XSSFDataValidationHelper(s) createNumericConstraint(int, int, String, String) factory method.
</p>
<source>

  XSSFDataValidationConstraint dvConstraint = (XSSFDataValidationConstraint)
    dvHelper.createNumericConstraint(
      XSSFDataValidationConstraint.ValidationType.INTEGER,
      XSSFDataValidationConstraint.OperatorType.BETWEEN,
      "10", "100");
</source>
<p>
The values passed to the final two String parameters can be formulas; the '=' symbol is used to denote a formula.
Thus, the following would create a validation the allows values only if they fall between the results of summing two cell ranges
</p>
<source>
  XSSFDataValidationConstraint dvConstraint = (XSSFDataValidationConstraint)
    dvHelper.createNumericConstraint(
      XSSFDataValidationConstraint.ValidationType.INTEGER,
      XSSFDataValidationConstraint.OperatorType.BETWEEN,
      "=SUM(A1:A10)", "=SUM(B24:B27)");
</source>
<p>
It is not possible to create a drop down list if the createNumericConstraint() method is called, 
the setSuppressDropDownArrow(true) method call will simply be ignored.
</p>
<p>
Please check the javadoc for other constraint types as examples for those will not be included here.
There are, for example, methods defined on the XSSFDataValidationHelper class allowing you to create
the following types of constraint; date, time, decimal, integer, numeric, formula, text length and custom constraints.
</p>
<p><strong>Creating Data Validations From Spread Sheet Cells:</strong></p>
<p>
One other type of constraint not mentioned above is the formula list constraint. 
It allows you to create a validation that takes it value(s) from a range of cells. This code
</p>
<source>
XSSFDataValidationConstraint dvConstraint = (XSSFDataValidationConstraint)
    dvHelper.createFormulaListConstraint("$A$1:$F$1");
</source>

<p>
would create a validation that took it's values from cells in the range A1 to F1.
</p>
<p>
The usefulness of this technique can be extended if you use named ranges like this;
</p>

<source>
  XSSFName name = workbook.createName();
  name.setNameName("data");
  name.setRefersToFormula("$B$1:$F$1");
  XSSFDataValidationHelper dvHelper = new XSSFDataValidationHelper(sheet);
  XSSFDataValidationConstraint dvConstraint = (XSSFDataValidationConstraint)
    dvHelper.createFormulaListConstraint("data");
  CellRangeAddressList addressList = new CellRangeAddressList(
    0, 0, 0, 0);
  XSSFDataValidation validation = (XSSFDataValidation)
    dvHelper.createValidation(dvConstraint, addressList);
  validation.setSuppressDropDownArrow(true);
  validation.setShowErrorBox(true);
  sheet.addValidationData(validation);
</source>
<p>
OpenOffice Calc has slightly different rules with regard to the scope of names. 
Excel supports both Workbook and Sheet scope for a name but Calc does not, it seems only to support Sheet scope for a name. 
Thus it is often best to fully qualify the name for the region or area something like this;
</p>
<source>
  XSSFName name = workbook.createName();
  name.setNameName("data");
  name.setRefersToFormula("'Data Validation'!$B$1:$F$1");
  ....
</source>
<p>
This does open a further, interesting opportunity however and that is to place all of the data for the validation(s) into named ranges of cells on a hidden sheet within the workbook. These ranges can then be explicitly identified in the setRefersToFormula() method argument.
</p>
      </section>
      <section><title>ss.usermodel</title>
<p>
The classes within the ss.usermodel package allow developers to create code that can be used 
to generate both binary (.xls) and SpreadsheetML (.xlsx) workbooks.
</p>
<p>
The techniques used to create data validations share much in common with the xssf.usermodel examples above. 
As a result just one or two examples will be presented here.
</p>
<p><strong>Check the value the user enters into a cell against one or more predefined value(s).</strong></p>
<source>
  Workbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook();  // or new HSSFWorkbook
  Sheet sheet = workbook.createSheet("Data Validation");
  DataValidationHelper dvHelper = sheet.getDataValidationHelper();
  DataValidationConstraint dvConstraint = dvHelper.createExplicitListConstraint(
    new String[]{"13", "23", "33"});
  CellRangeAddressList addressList = new CellRangeAddressList(0, 0, 0, 0);            
  DataValidation validation = dvHelper.createValidation(
    dvConstraint, addressList);
  // Note the check on the actual type of the DataValidation object.
  // If it is an instance of the XSSFDataValidation class then the
  // boolean value 'false' must be passed to the setSuppressDropDownArrow()
  // method and an explicit call made to the setShowErrorBox() method.
  if(validation instanceof XSSFDataValidation) {
    validation.setSuppressDropDownArrow(false);
    validation.setShowErrorBox(true);
  }
  else {
    // If the Datavalidation contains an instance of the HSSFDataValidation
    // class then 'true' should be passed to the setSuppressDropDownArrow()
    // method and the call to setShowErrorBox() is not necessary.
    validation.setSuppressDropDownArrow(true);
  }
  sheet.addValidationData(validation);
</source>

<p><strong>Drop Down Lists:</strong></p>

<p>This code will do the same but offer the user a drop down list to select a value from.</p>

<source>
  Workbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook();  // or new HSSFWorkbook
  Sheet sheet = workbook.createSheet("Data Validation");
  DataValidationHelper dvHelper = sheet.getDataValidationHelper();
  DataValidationConstraint dvConstraint = dvHelper.createExplicitListConstraint(
    new String[]{"13", "23", "33"});
  CellRangeAddressList addressList = new CellRangeAddressList(0, 0, 0, 0);            
  DataValidation validation = dvHelper.createValidation(
    dvConstraint, addressList);
  // Note the check on the actual type of the DataValidation object.
  // If it is an instance of the XSSFDataValidation class then the
  // boolean value 'false' must be passed to the setSuppressDropDownArrow()
  // method and an explicit call made to the setShowErrorBox() method.
  if(validation instanceof XSSFDataValidation) {
    validation.setSuppressDropDownArrow(true);
    validation.setShowErrorBox(true);
  }
  else {
    // If the Datavalidation contains an instance of the HSSFDataValidation
    // class then 'true' should be passed to the setSuppressDropDownArrow()
    // method and the call to setShowErrorBox() is not necessary.
    validation.setSuppressDropDownArrow(false);
  }
  sheet.addValidationData(validation);
</source>

<p><strong>Prompts and Error Messages:</strong></p>
<p>
These both exactly mirror the hssf.usermodel so please refer to the 'Messages On Error:' and 'Prompts:' sections above.
</p>
<p>
As the differences between the ss.usermodel and xssf.usermodel examples are small -
restricted largely to the way the DataValidationHelper is obtained, the lack of any 
need to explicitly cast data types and the small difference in behaviour between 
the hssf and xssf interpretation of the setSuppressDropDowmArrow() method, 
no further examples will be included in this section.
</p>
<p><strong>Advanced Data Validations.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Dependent Drop Down Lists.</strong></p>
<p>
In some cases, it may be necessary to present to the user a sheet which contains more than one drop down list.
Further, the choice the user makes in one drop down list may affect the options that are presented to them in
the second or subsequent drop down lists. One technique that may be used to implement this behaviour will now be explained.
</p>
<p>
There are two keys to the technique; one is to use named areas or regions of cells to hold the data for the drop down lists, 
the second is to use the INDIRECT() function to convert between the name and the actual addresses of the cells.
In the example section  there is a complete working example- called LinkedDropDownLists.java - 
that demonstrates how to create linked or dependent drop down lists. Only the more relevant points are explained here.
</p>
<p>
To create two drop down lists where the options shown in the second depend upon the selection made in the first,
begin by creating a named region of cells to hold all of the data for populating the first drop down list. 
Next, create a data validation that will look to this named area for its data, something like this;
</p>
<source>
  CellRangeAddressList addressList = new CellRangeAddressList(0, 0, 0, 0);
  DataValidationHelper dvHelper = sheet.getDataValidationHelper();
  DataValidationConstraint dvConstraint = dvHelper.createFormulaListConstraint(
    "CHOICES");
  DataValidation validation = dvHelper.createValidation(
    dvConstraint, addressList);
  sheet.addValidationData(validation);
</source>
<p>
Note that the name of the area - in the example above it is 'CHOICES' -
is simply passed to the createFormulaListConstraint() method. This is sufficient 
to cause Excel to populate the drop down list with data from that named region.
</p>
<p>
Next, for each of the options the user could select in the first drop down list,
create a matching named region of cells. The name of that region should match the 
text the user could select in the first drop down list. Note, in the example,
all upper case letters are used in the names of the regions of cells.
</p>

<p>
Now, very similar code can be used to create a second, linked, drop down list;
</p>

<source>
  CellRangeAddressList addressList = new CellRangeAddressList(0, 0, 1, 1);
  DataValidationConstraint dvConstraint = dvHelper.createFormulaListConstraint(
    "INDIRECT(UPPER($A$1))");
  DataValidation validation = dvHelper.createValidation(
    dvConstraint, addressList);
  sheet.addValidationData(validation);
</source>

<p>
The key here is in the following Excel function - INDIRECT(UPPER($A$1)) - which is used to populate the second,
linked, drop down list. Working from the inner-most pair of brackets, it instructs Excel to look 
at the contents of cell A1, to convert what it reads there into upper case – as upper case letters are used 
in the names of each region - and then convert this name into the addresses of those cells that contain
the data to populate another drop down list.
</p>
      </section>
    </section>
     <anchor id="Embedded"/>
     <section><title>Embedded Objects</title>
       <p>It is possible to perform more detailed processing of an embedded Excel, Word or PowerPoint document, 
         or to work with any other type of embedded object.</p>
       <p><strong>HSSF:</strong></p>
       <source>
  POIFSFileSystem fs = new POIFSFileSystem(new File("excel_with_embeded.xls"));
  HSSFWorkbook workbook = new HSSFWorkbook(fs);
  for (HSSFObjectData obj : workbook.getAllEmbeddedObjects()) {
      //the OLE2 Class Name of the object
      String oleName = obj.getOLE2ClassName();
      if (oleName.equals("Worksheet")) {
          DirectoryNode dn = (DirectoryNode) obj.getDirectory();
          HSSFWorkbook embeddedWorkbook = new HSSFWorkbook(dn, false);
          //System.out.println(entry.getName() + ": " + embeddedWorkbook.getNumberOfSheets());
      } else if (oleName.equals("Document")) {
          DirectoryNode dn = (DirectoryNode) obj.getDirectory();
          HWPFDocument embeddedWordDocument = new HWPFDocument(dn);
          //System.out.println(entry.getName() + ": " + embeddedWordDocument.getRange().text());
      }  else if (oleName.equals("Presentation")) {
          DirectoryNode dn = (DirectoryNode) obj.getDirectory();
          SlideShow&lt;?,?&gt; embeddedPowerPointDocument = new HSLFSlideShow(dn);
          //System.out.println(entry.getName() + ": " + embeddedPowerPointDocument.getSlides().length);
      } else {
          if(obj.hasDirectoryEntry()){
              // The DirectoryEntry is a DocumentNode. Examine its entries to find out what it is
              DirectoryNode dn = (DirectoryNode) obj.getDirectory();
              for (Entry entry : dn) {
                  //System.out.println(oleName + "." + entry.getName());
              }
          } else {
              // There is no DirectoryEntry
              // Recover the object's data from the HSSFObjectData instance.
              byte[] objectData = obj.getObjectData();
          }
      }
  }
       </source>  
       <p><strong>XSSF:</strong></p>
       <source>
  XSSFWorkbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook("excel_with_embeded.xlsx");
  for (PackagePart pPart : workbook.getAllEmbeddedParts()) {
      String contentType = pPart.getContentType();
      // Excel Workbook - either binary or OpenXML
      if (contentType.equals("application/vnd.ms-excel")) {
          HSSFWorkbook embeddedWorkbook = new HSSFWorkbook(pPart.getInputStream());
      }
      // Excel Workbook - OpenXML file format
      else if (contentType.equals("application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet")) {
          OPCPackage docPackage = OPCPackage.open(pPart.getInputStream());
          XSSFWorkbook embeddedWorkbook = new XSSFWorkbook(docPackage);
      }
      // Word Document - binary (OLE2CDF) file format
      else if (contentType.equals("application/msword")) {
          HWPFDocument document = new HWPFDocument(pPart.getInputStream());
      }
      // Word Document - OpenXML file format
      else if (contentType.equals("application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document")) {
          OPCPackage docPackage = OPCPackage.open(pPart.getInputStream());
          XWPFDocument document = new XWPFDocument(docPackage);
      }
      // PowerPoint Document - binary file format
      else if (contentType.equals("application/vnd.ms-powerpoint")) {
          HSLFSlideShow slideShow = new HSLFSlideShow(pPart.getInputStream());
      }
      // PowerPoint Document - OpenXML file format
      else if (contentType.equals("application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation")) {
          OPCPackage docPackage = OPCPackage.open(pPart.getInputStream());
          XSLFSlideShow slideShow = new XSLFSlideShow(docPackage);
      }
      // Any other type of embedded object.
      else {
          System.out.println("Unknown Embedded Document: " + contentType);
          InputStream inputStream = pPart.getInputStream();
      }
  }
       </source>  
     </section>  
     <anchor id="Autofilter"/>
     <p>(Since POI-3.7)</p>
     <section><title>Autofilters</title>
       <source>
    Workbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook(); //or new XSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet();
    sheet.setAutoFilter(CellRangeAddress.valueOf("C5:F200"));
       </source>
     </section>  
     <anchor id="ConditionalFormatting"/>
     <section><title>Conditional Formatting</title>
       <source>
    Workbook workbook = new HSSFWorkbook(); // or new XSSFWorkbook();
    Sheet sheet = workbook.createSheet();

    SheetConditionalFormatting sheetCF = sheet.getSheetConditionalFormatting();

    ConditionalFormattingRule rule1 = sheetCF.createConditionalFormattingRule(ComparisonOperator.EQUAL, "0");
    FontFormatting fontFmt = rule1.createFontFormatting();
    fontFmt.setFontStyle(true, false);
    fontFmt.setFontColorIndex(IndexedColors.DARK_RED.index);
    
    BorderFormatting bordFmt = rule1.createBorderFormatting();
    bordFmt.setBorderBottom(BorderStyle.THIN);
    bordFmt.setBorderTop(BorderStyle.THICK);
    bordFmt.setBorderLeft(BorderStyle.DASHED);
    bordFmt.setBorderRight(BorderStyle.DOTTED);

    PatternFormatting patternFmt = rule1.createPatternFormatting();
    patternFmt.setFillBackgroundColor(IndexedColors.YELLOW.index);

    ConditionalFormattingRule rule2 = sheetCF.createConditionalFormattingRule(ComparisonOperator.BETWEEN, "-10", "10");
    ConditionalFormattingRule [] cfRules =
    {
        rule1, rule2
    };

    CellRangeAddress[] regions = {
        CellRangeAddress.valueOf("A3:A5")
    };

    sheetCF.addConditionalFormatting(regions, cfRules);
       </source>
     <p> See more examples on Excel conditional formatting in
     <a href="http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/poi/trunk/src/examples/src/org/apache/poi/ss/examples/ConditionalFormats.java">ConditionalFormats.java</a>     
      </p>
       
     </section>  
     <anchor id="Hiding"/>
     <section><title>Hiding and Un-Hiding Rows</title>
     <p>
     Using Excel, it is possible to hide a row on a worksheet by selecting that row (or rows), 
     right clicking once on the right hand mouse button and selecting 'Hide' from the pop-up menu that appears.
     </p>
     <p>
     To emulate this using POI, simply call the setZeroHeight() method on an instance of either 
     XSSFRow or HSSFRow (the method is defined on the ss.usermodel.Row interface that both classes implement), like this:
     </p> 
       <source>
  Workbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook();  // OR new HSSFWorkbook()
  Sheet sheet = workbook.createSheet(0);
  Row row = workbook.createRow(0);
  row.setZeroHeight();
       </source>
       <p>
       If the file were saved away to disc now, then the first row on the first sheet would not be visible.
       </p>
       <p>
      Using Excel, it is possible to unhide previously hidden rows by selecting the row above and the row below
      the one that is hidden and then pressing and holding down the Ctrl key, the Shift and the pressing 
      the number 9 before releasing them all.
      </p>
      <p>
      To emulate this behaviour using POI do something like this:
      </p>
       <source>
  Workbook workbook = WorkbookFactory.create(new File(.......));
  Sheet = workbook.getSheetAt(0);
  Iterator&lt;Row&gt; row Iter = sheet.iterator();
  while(rowIter.hasNext()) {
    Row row = rowIter.next();
    if(row.getZeroHeight()) {
      row.setZeroHeight(false);
    }
  }
       </source>
       <p>
       If the file were saved away to disc now, any previously hidden rows on the first sheet of the workbook would now be visible.
       </p>
       <p>
      The example illustrates two features. Firstly, that it is possible to unhide a row simply by calling the setZeroHeight()
      method and passing the boolean value 'false'. Secondly, it illustrates how to test whether a row is hidden or not.
      Simply call the getZeroHeight() method and it will return 'true' if the row is hidden, 'false' otherwise.
       </p>
     </section>
      <anchor id="CellProperties"/>
      <section><title>Setting Cell Properties</title>
        <p>
        Sometimes it is easier or more efficient to create a spreadsheet with basic styles and then apply special styles to certain cells
        such as drawing borders around a range of cells or setting fills for a region. CellUtil.setCellProperties lets you do that without creating
        a bunch of unnecessary intermediate styles in your spreadsheet.
        </p>
        <p>
        Properties are created as a Map and applied to a cell in the following manner.
        </p>
        <source>
  Workbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook();  // OR new HSSFWorkbook()
  Sheet sheet = workbook.createSheet("Sheet1");
  Map&lt;String, Object&gt; properties = new HashMap&lt;String, Object&gt;();
		  
  // border around a cell
  properties.put(CellUtil.BORDER_TOP, BorderStyle.MEDIUM);
  properties.put(CellUtil.BORDER_BOTTOM, BorderStyle.MEDIUM);
  properties.put(CellUtil.BORDER_LEFT, BorderStyle.MEDIUM);
  properties.put(CellUtil.BORDER_RIGHT, BorderStyle.MEDIUM);
  
  // Give it a color (RED)
  properties.put(CellUtil.TOP_BORDER_COLOR, IndexedColors.RED.getIndex());
  properties.put(CellUtil.BOTTOM_BORDER_COLOR, IndexedColors.RED.getIndex());
  properties.put(CellUtil.LEFT_BORDER_COLOR, IndexedColors.RED.getIndex());
  properties.put(CellUtil.RIGHT_BORDER_COLOR, IndexedColors.RED.getIndex());
		  
  // Apply the borders to the cell at B2
  Row row = sheet.createRow(1);
  Cell cell = row.createCell(1);
  CellUtil.setCellStyleProperties(cell, properties);
   		  
  // Apply the borders to a 3x3 region starting at D4
  for (int ix=3; ix &lt;= 5; ix++) {
    row = sheet.createRow(ix);
    for (int iy = 3; iy &lt;= 5; iy++) {
      cell = row.createCell(iy);
      CellUtil.setCellStyleProperties(cell, properties);
    }
  }
        </source>

        <p>
        NOTE: This does not replace the properties of the cell, it merges the properties you have put into the Map with the
        cell's existing style properties. If a property already exists, it is replaced with the new property. If a property does not
        exist, it is added. This method will not remove CellStyle properties.
        </p>
      </section>
    <anchor id="DrawingBorders"/>
    <section>
      <title>Drawing Borders</title>
      <p>
      In Excel, you can apply a set of borders on an entire workbook region at the press of a button. The PropertyTemplate
      object simulates this with methods and constants defined to allow drawing top, bottom, left, right, horizontal,
      vertical, inside, outside, or all borders around a range of cells. Additional methods allow for applying colors
      to the borders. 
      </p>
      <p>
      It works like this: you create a PropertyTemplate object which is a container for the borders you wish to apply to a
      sheet. Then you add borders and colors to the PropertyTemplate, and finally apply it to whichever sheets you need
      that set of borders on. You can create multiple PropertyTemplate objects and apply them to a single sheet, or you can 
      apply the same PropertyTemplate object to multiple sheets. It is just like a preprinted form.
      </p>
      <p>
      Enums:
      </p>
	  <dl>
	  <dt>BorderStyle</dt>
	  <dd>
	  Defines the look of the border, is it thick or thin, solid or dashed, single or double.
	  This enum replaces the CellStyle.BORDER_XXXXX constants which have been deprecated. The PropertyTemplate will not
	  support the older style BORDER_XXXXX constants. A special value of BorderStyle.NONE will remove the border from
	  a Cell once it is applied.
	  </dd>
	  <dt>BorderExtent</dt>
	  <dd>
	  Describes the portion of the region that the BorderStyle will apply to. For example, TOP, BOTTOM, INSIDE, or OUTSIDE.
	  A special value of BorderExtent.NONE will remove the border from the PropertyTemplate. When the template is applied,
	  no change will be made to a cell border where no border properties exist in the PropertyTemplate.
	  </dd>
      </dl>
      <source>
  // draw borders (three 3x3 grids)
  PropertyTemplate pt = new PropertyTemplate();
  // #1) these borders will all be medium in default color
  pt.drawBorders(new CellRangeAddress(1, 3, 1, 3),
          BorderStyle.MEDIUM, BorderExtent.ALL);
  // #2) these cells will have medium outside borders and thin inside borders
  pt.drawBorders(new CellRangeAddress(5, 7, 1, 3),
          BorderStyle.MEDIUM, BorderExtent.OUTSIDE);
  pt.drawBorders(new CellRangeAddress(5, 7, 1, 3), BorderStyle.THIN,
          BorderExtent.INSIDE);
  // #3) these cells will all be medium weight with different colors for the
  //     outside, inside horizontal, and inside vertical borders. The center
  //     cell will have no borders.
  pt.drawBorders(new CellRangeAddress(9, 11, 1, 3),
          BorderStyle.MEDIUM, IndexedColors.RED.getIndex(),
          BorderExtent.OUTSIDE);
  pt.drawBorders(new CellRangeAddress(9, 11, 1, 3),
          BorderStyle.MEDIUM, IndexedColors.BLUE.getIndex(),
          BorderExtent.INSIDE_VERTICAL);
  pt.drawBorders(new CellRangeAddress(9, 11, 1, 3),
          BorderStyle.MEDIUM, IndexedColors.GREEN.getIndex(),
          BorderExtent.INSIDE_HORIZONTAL);
  pt.drawBorders(new CellRangeAddress(10, 10, 2, 2),
          BorderStyle.NONE, 
          BorderExtent.ALL);

  // apply borders to sheet
  Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook();
  Sheet sh = wb.createSheet("Sheet1");
  pt.applyBorders(sh);
      </source>
      <p>
      NOTE: The last pt.drawBorders() call removes the borders from the range by using BorderStyle.NONE. Like
      setCellStyleProperties, the applyBorders method merges the properties of a cell style, so existing borders
      are changed only if they are replaced by something else, or removed only if they are replaced by 
      BorderStyle.NONE. To remove a color from a border, use IndexedColor.AUTOMATIC.getIndex().
      </p>
      <p>Additionally, to remove a border or color from the PropertyTemplate object, use BorderExtent.NONE.</p>
      <p>
      This does not work with diagonal borders yet.
      </p>
      </section>
      <anchor id="PivotTable"/>
      <section><title>Creating a Pivot Table</title>
        <p>
          Pivot Tables are a powerful feature of spreadsheet files. You can create a pivot table with the following piece of code.
        </p>
        <source>
  XSSFWorkbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook();
  XSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet();

  //Create some data to build the pivot table on
  setCellData(sheet);

  XSSFPivotTable pivotTable = sheet.createPivotTable(new AreaReference("A1:D4"), new CellReference("H5"));
  //Configure the pivot table
  //Use first column as row label
  pivotTable.addRowLabel(0);
  //Sum up the second column
  pivotTable.addColumnLabel(DataConsolidateFunction.SUM, 1);
  //Set the third column as filter
  pivotTable.addColumnLabel(DataConsolidateFunction.AVERAGE, 2);
  //Add filter on forth column
  pivotTable.addReportFilter(3);
        </source>
      </section>
      <anchor id="RichText"/>
      <section><title>Cells with multiple styles (Rich Text Strings)</title>
        <p>
         To apply a single set of text formatting (colour, style, font etc)
         to a cell, you should create a 
         <a href="/../apidocs/dev/org/apache/poi/ss/usermodel/CellStyle.html">CellStyle</a>
         for the workbook, then apply to the cells.
        </p>
        <source>
  // HSSF Example
  HSSFCell hssfCell = row.createCell(idx);
  //rich text consists of two runs
  HSSFRichTextString richString = new HSSFRichTextString( "Hello, World!" );
  richString.applyFont( 0, 6, font1 );
  richString.applyFont( 6, 13, font2 );
  hssfCell.setCellValue( richString );


  // XSSF Example
  XSSFCell cell = row.createCell(1);
  XSSFRichTextString rt = new XSSFRichTextString("The quick brown fox");

  XSSFFont font1 = wb.createFont();
  font1.setBold(true);
  font1.setColor(new XSSFColor(new java.awt.Color(255, 0, 0)));
  rt.applyFont(0, 10, font1);

  XSSFFont font2 = wb.createFont();
  font2.setItalic(true);
  font2.setUnderline(XSSFFont.U_DOUBLE);
  font2.setColor(new XSSFColor(new java.awt.Color(0, 255, 0)));
  rt.applyFont(10, 19, font2);

  XSSFFont font3 = wb.createFont();
  font3.setColor(new XSSFColor(new java.awt.Color(0, 0, 255)));
  rt.append(" Jumped over the lazy dog", font3);

  cell.setCellValue(rt);
        </source>
        <p>
         To apply different formatting to different parts of a cell, you
         need to use 
         <a href="../../apidocs/dev/org/apache/poi/ss/usermodel/RichTextString.html">RichTextString</a>,
         which permits styling of parts of the text within the cell.
        </p>
        <p>
         There are some slight differences between HSSF and XSSF, especially
         around font colours (the two formats store colours quite differently
         internally), refer to the
         <a href="../../apidocs/dev/org/apache/poi/hssf/usermodel/HSSFRichTextString.html">HSSF Rich Text String</a>
         and
         <a href="../../apidocs/dev/org/apache/poi/xssf/usermodel/XSSFRichTextString.html">XSSF Rich Text String</a>
         javadocs for more details.
        </p>
      </section>
    </body>
</document>
