mod_qos
Author: Pascal Buchbinder
Keywords: Quality of Service, Apache Web Server, Web application security, WAF, Open Source Software, AdNovum Informatik, Nevis Security Suite, Secure Reverse Proxy, Denial of Service (DoS) Prevention

| # mod_qos
| In computer networking, the term quality of service (QoS) describes resource management rather than the quality of a service. Quality of service implements control mechanisms to provide different priority to different users, applications, and data connections. It is used to guarantee a certain level of performance to data resources. The term quality of service is often used in the field of wide area network protocols (e.g. ATM) and telephony (e.g. VoIP), but rarely in conjunction with web applications. mod_qos is a quality of service module for the Apache web server implementing control mechanisms that can provide different levels of priority to different HTTP requests. But why do you need quality of service for a web application? Well, web servers require threads and processes to serve HTTP requests. Each TCP connection to the web server occupies one of these threads respectively processes. Sometimes a server gets too busy to serve every request due to the lack of free processes or threads. Another parameter requiring control by mod_qos is the available bandwidth: all clients communicate to the server over a network link with limited bandwidth. Overfilling the link results in network congestion and poor performance. Example situations where web applications require QoS: More resources are consumed if request processing by an application takes a long time, e.g. when request processing includes time consuming database queries. Oversubscription of link capabilities due to many concurrent clients uploading or downloading data. Penetration of the web server by attackers (DDoS). mod_qos may be used to determine which requests should be served and which shouldn't in order to avoid resource oversubscription. The module collects different attributes such as the request URL, HTTP request and response headers, the IP source address, country codes, the HTTP response code, history data (based on user session and source IP address), the number of concurrent requests to the server (total or requests having similar attributes), the number of concurrent TCP connections (total or from a single source IP), and so forth. The rules you want to configure are defined by the module's directives, each reading attributes from different sources and using its own counters to store their status. Counteractive measures to enforce the defined rules are: request blocking, dynamic timeout adjustment, request delay, response throttling, and dropping of TCP connections. The current release of the mod_qos module implements control mechanisms to manage: The maximum number of concurrent requests to a location/resource (URL) or virtual host. Limitation of the bandwidth such as the maximum allowed number of requests per second to an URL or the maximum/minimum of downloaded kbytes per second. Limits the number of request events per second (special request conditions). Limits the number of request events within a defined period of time. It can also detect very important persons (VIP) which may access the web server without or with fewer restrictions. Generic request line and header filter to deny unauthorized operations. Request body data limitation and filtering (requires mod_parp ). Limits the number of request events for individual clients (IP). Limitations on the TCP connection level, e.g., the maximum number of allowed connections from a single IP source address or dynamic keep-alive control. Prefers known IP addresses when server runs out of free TCP connections. mod_qos is an open source software licensed under the GNU General Public License. Downloads are handled by SourceForge.net. More information about mod_qos: Build Source Code Changes Configuration Request Level Control Privileged Users Variables Conditional Rules Events Request Level, Generic Filter Connection Level Control Client Level Control Log Messages Error Log Access Log Request Statistics Status Viewer Web Console Utilities Sample Use Cases ## Build mod_qos requires OpenSSL, PCRE (don't use the version which comes with the Apache distribution), threading and shared memory support. mod_qos has been developed and fully tested for Apache version 2.2 MPM worker binaries and it is optimized to be used in a reverse proxy server. Just copy the module into the `modules` directory of the Apache server's source code and compile it using the following commands (all examples are using Apache 2.2.27 and mod_qos 11.21):
    tar xfz httpd-2.2.27.tar.gz
    tar xfz mod_qos-11.21-src.tar.gz
    ln -s httpd-2.2.27 httpd
    cd httpd
    mkdir modules/qos
    cp ../mod_qos-11.21/apache2/* modules/qos
    ./buildconf
    ./configure --with-mpm=worker --enable-so --enable-qos=shared --enable-ssl --enable-unique-id
    make
    cd ..
This creates a DSO module that can be loaded into the Apache server using the following directive:
    LoadModule qos_module <path to module>/mod_qos.so
You can also compile the module using `apxs` alternatively. Your httpd binary must support dynamically loaded objects (DSO). Verify this by checking the availability of mod_so: The command `httpd -l` must list the mod_so.c module. The following command compiles the module and installs mod_qos into the server's modules directory.
    cd mod_qos-11.21/apache2
    apxs -i -c mod_qos.c -lcrypto -lpcre
    cd ../..
If the necessary header files of OpenSSL, PCRE, etc. cannot be found, add the `-I` option to the `apxs` command to specify the directory where header files can be found and if any of the required libraries cannot be found (may happen if you use mod_qos without mod_ssl), add the `-L` option to specify the directory where libraries can be found. The support tools may be built (at least on some Linux platforms) using the GNU autotools. Some of these utilities require third-party libraries such as apr, apr-util, PCRE, libpng, and OpenSSL.
    cd mod_qos-11.21/tools
    ./configure
    make
Note: If you have a different version of `aclocal` or `automake` on your system (you get a message like "aclocal-1.11 is missing on your system"), try to execute `aclocal` manually and execute `make` again. ## Source Code mod_qos is available for Apache version 2.2 respectively 2.4. ## Configuration Configuration is done on a per-server basis (except the generic request filter). Commands within a virtual host are merged with the settings in the global configuration. The `QS_SrvMinDataRate`, `QS_SrvRequestRate`, `QS_RequestHeaderFilterRule` and all `QS_Client*` directives may be used outside of virtual host configurations only. The `QS_LogOnly on` directive may be used to put mod_qos into a permissive mode where rule violations are logged only but no actions are applied to requests or connections to enforce a rule. This may be used for test purposes. ### Request Level Control The module features the following directives to control server access on a per-URL level. Only one `QS_Loc*` rule (URL string or regular expression) of each type is evaluated per request where regular expression rules (*Match) have higher priority than the rules using a literal URL-string. A `QS_LocRequestLimit*` rule may be used in parallel to a `QS_LocRequestPerSecLimit*` and/or `QS_LocKBytesPerSecLimit*` rule if they use the very same URL string or regular expression. `QS_LocRequestLimitMatch <regex> <number>` Defines the number of concurrent requests for the specified request pattern (applied to the unparsed URL). The rule with the lowest number of allowed concurrent connections has the highest priority if multiple expressions match the request. By default, no limitations are active. `QS_LocRequestPerSecLimitMatch <regex> <number>` Defines the allowed number of requests per second to the URL (path and query) pattern. Requests are limited by adding a delay to each request (linear). The delay calculation is based on an average request rate measurement using a sampling rate of 10 seconds. By default, no limitation is active. This directive should be used in conjunction with `QS_LocRequestLimitMatch` only (you must use the very same regex pattern with the `QS_LocRequestPerSecLimitMatch` and `QS_LocRequestLimitMatch` directive) to avoid too many concurrent requests. `QS_LocKBytesPerSecLimitMatch <regex> <number>` Defines the allowed download bandwidth to the location matching the defined URL (path and query) pattern. Responses are slowed down by adding a delay to each response (every 8kbytes). Bandwidth calculation is based on measuring the transferred data. By default, no limitation is active. This directive should be used in conjunction with `QS_LocRequestLimitMatch` only (you must use the very same regex pattern with the `QS_LocKBytesPerSecLimitMatch` and `QS_LocRequestLimitMatch` directive) to avoid too many concurrent requests. `QS_LocRequestLimit <location> <number>` Defines the number of concurrent requests for the specified location (applied to the parsed path). By default, no limitations are active for locations. Has lower priority than `QS_LocRequestLimitMatch` directives. `QS_LocRequestLimitDefault <number>` Defines the default limitation for the maximum of concurrent requests per location for those locations not defined by any `QS_LocRequestLimit` directive. It could also be used to limit the number of concurrent requests to a virtual host. `QS_LocRequestPerSecLimit <location> <number>` Defines the allowed number of requests per second to a location, similar to the `QS_LocRequestPerSecLimitMatch` directive. The maximum number of requests is limited by adding a delay to each request (linear, each request gets the same delay). By default, no limitation is active. This directive should be used in conjunction with `QS_LocRequestLimit` only (you must use the same location for both directives). Has lower priority than `QS_LocRequestPerSecLimitMatch` to avoid too many concurrent requests. `QS_LocKBytesPerSecLimit <location> <number>` Throttles the download bandwidth to the defined kbytes per second. Works simlar as the `QS_LocKBytesPerSecLimitMatch` directive slowing down HTTP responses by adding a delay to each response. By default, no limitation is active. This directive should be used in conjunction with `QS_LocRequestLimit` only (you must use the same location for both directives). Has lower priority than `QS_LocKBytesPerSecLimitMatch` to avoid too many concurrent requests. `QS_ErrorPage <URL>` Defines an error page to be returned when a request is denied. The defined URL must be a (S)HTML document accessible by the client. You may enable server-side includes (SSI) in order to present detailed error messages based on the error codes provided by mod_qos. Alternatively, a HTTP redirect (302) to a dedicated error page may be defined using an absolute URL defining schema, hostname, and path. `QS_ErrorResponseCode <code>` Defines the HTTP response code which is used when a request is denied. Requests denied at connection level usually get a HTTP 500 response code (ignoring the settings of the `QS_ErrorResponseCode` and `QS_ErrorPage` directives). Default (no custom error code or page defined) codes are: 400: if a request has no valid URL. 403: for requests denied by a `QS_Deny*`, `QS_Permit*` or `QS_RequestHeaderFilter` directive. 413: when limiting the max. body data length by the `QS_LimitRequestBody` directive. 500: for requests denied by any other directive. ### Privileged Users Additional directives are used to identify VIPs (very important persons) and to control the session life time and its cookie format. VIP users have privileged access and less QoS restrictions than ordinary users. VIP information is stored and evaluated at different levels. Session: VIP identification is stored using a HTTP session cookie. mod_qos starts a new session when detecting a HTTP response header (the header name is defined by the `QS_VipHeaderName` directive). Alternatively, a new session is started when detecting an authenticated user, see `QS_VipUser`. The `QS_Session*` directives are used to set session attributes. Request: The `QS_VipRequest` process environment may be evaluated by mod_qos rules. This variable is set automatically when receiving a valid mod_qos session cookie. The `QS_VipRequest` variable may also be set by configuration using a `QS_SetEnvIf*` or `SetEnvIf` directive. VIP status lasts for the particular request only. Client IP address: VIP identification may be stored at the server side on a per-client IP address basis. The `QS_VipIPHeaderName`, `QS_VipHeaderName`, `QS_VipIPUser`, and `QS_VipUser` directives are used to define when an IP address should be marked as a VIP user. Directives: `QS_VipHeaderName <header name>[=<regex>] [drop]` Defines an HTTP response header which marks a user as a VIP. mod_qos creates a session for this user by setting a cookie, e.g., after successful user authentication. Tests optionally its value against the provided regular expression. Specify the action 'drop' if you want mod_qos to remove this control header from the HTTP response. `QS_VipIPHeaderName <header name>[=<regex>] [drop]` Defines an HTTP response header which marks a client source IP address as a VIP. Tests optionally its value against the provided regular expression. Specify the action 'drop' if you want mod_qos to remove this control header from the HTTP response. `QS_VipUser` Creates a VIP session for users which have been authenticated by the Apache server, e.g., by the standard mod_auth* modules. It works similar to the `QS_VipHeaderName` directive. `QS_VipIPUser` Marks a source IP address as a VIP if the user has been authenticated by the Apache server, e.g. by the standard mod_auth* modules. It works similar to the `QS_VipIPHeaderName` directive. `QS_SessionTimeout <seconds>` Defines the session life time for a VIP. It is only used for session based (cookie) VIP identification (not for IP based). Default is 3600 seconds. `QS_SessionCookieName <name>` A cookie is used to identify requests coming from a user which has been identified as a VIP. This directive defines a custom cookie name for the mod_qos session cookie. Default is MODQOS. `QS_SessionCookiePath <path>` Defines the cookie path. Default is "/". `QS_SessionKey <string>` Secret key used for cookie encryption. Used when using the same session cookie for multiple web servers (load balancing) or sessions should survive a server restart. By default, a random key is used which changes every server restart.
Sample configuration:
    QS_ErrorPage                  /error-docs/qs_error.html

    # restricts max concurrent requests for any location which has no
    # individual rule:
    QS_LocRequestLimitDefault                              200

    # limits access to *.gif files to 100 concurrent requests:
    QS_LocRequestLimitMatch       "^.*\.gif$"              100

    # limits concurrent requests to the locations /images and /app/a:
    QS_LocRequestLimit            /images                  100
    QS_LocRequestLimit            /app/a                   300
    # limits download bandwidth to 5Mbit/sec:
    QS_LocKBytesPerSecLimit       /app/a                   640

    # two locations (/app/b and /app/c) representing a single application:
    QS_LocRequestLimitMatch       "^(/app/b/|/app/c/).*$"  300

    # allows the application to nominate VIP users by sending a
    # "mod-qos-vip" HTTP response header:
    QS_VipHeaderName              mod-qos-vip
    QS_SessionKey                 na&5san-sB.F4_0a=%D200ahLK1
The following table shows if a rules may be deactivated for VIPs:
QS_ClientEventBlockCount | no
QS_ClientEventLimitCount | no
QS_ClientEventPerSecLimit | no
QS_ClientEventRequestLimit | no
QS_ClientPrefer | yes
QS_ClientSerialize | no
QS_ClientGeoCountryPriv | no
QS_CondLocRequestLimitMatch | yes
QS_CondClientEventLimitCount | no
QS_DenyQueryBody | no
QS_PermitUriBody | no
QS_DenyEvent | no
QS_DenyPath | no
QS_DenyQuery | no
QS_DenyRequestLine | no
QS_EventKBytesPerSecLimit | yes
QS_EventPerSecLimit | yes
QS_EventRequestLimit | no
QS_EventLimitCount | no
QS_InvalidUrlEncoding | no
QS_LimitRequestBody | no
QS_LocKBytesPerSecLimit* | yes
QS_LocRequestLimit* | yes
QS_LocRequestPerSecLimit* | yes
QS_MileStone | no
QS_RedirectIf | no
QS_PermitUri | no
QS_RequestHeaderFilter | no
QS_ResponseHeaderFilter | no
QS_SrvMaxConn | yes
QS_SrvMaxConnClose | no
QS_SrvMaxConnPerIP | yes
QS_SrvMinDataRate | yes
QS_SrvSerialize | no
Note: Event based rules (e.g., QS_ClientEventLimitCount) may evaluate the QS_VipRequest and QS_IsVipRequest variables to decide if the rule should be applied. ### Variables Environment variables are used on a per request level and implement additional control mechanisms. Variables may be set using the standard Apache module mod_setenvif or mod_setenvifplus. See also the `QS_SetEnvIf*` directives in order to combine multiple variables to form new variables interpreted by mod_qos rules. These are the variables recognized by mod_qos: `QS_VipRequest=yes` Disables the per location restrictions for this request. Requires the definition of a VIP header using the `QS_VipHeaderName` directive (this activates VIP verification). However, such an event does not create a VIP session. The user has the VIP status only for a single request. The variable is set by mod_qos when receiving a valid VIP session cookie. `QS_KeepAliveTimeout=<seconds>` Applies dynamic connection keep-alive settings overriding the Apache `KeepAliveTimeout` directive settings. `QS_MaxKeepAliveRequests=<number>` Applies dynamic connection keep-alive settings overriding the Apache `MaxKeepAliveRequests` directive settings. `QS_Timeout=<seconds>` Alters the I/O timeout (while reading the request body / writing the response) of the current request overriding the Apache `TimeOut` directive settings. `QS_ErrorPage=<URL>` Defines the error page overriding the setting made by the `QS_ErrorPage` directive. `QS_Delay=<milliseconds>` Defines a number of milliseconds to delay the request processing. `QS_Event` The variable processed by the `QS_ClientEventPerSecLimit` directive. `QS_Block[=<number>]` Variable processed by the `QS_ClientEventBlockCount` directive. The optional `number` value defines the penalty points to increase the counter (default is 1). `QS_Limit[=<number>]` (Default) variable processed by the `QS_ClientEventLimitCount` directive. The optional `number` value defines the penalty points to increase the counter (default is 1). `*_Clear` The counter of the variable processed by the `QS_ClientEventLimitCount` directive are reset if you set the same variable suffixed by `_Clear`, e.g. `QS_Limit_Clear`. `QS_Serialize` Variable processed by the `QS_ClientSerialize` directive. `QS_SrvSerialize` Variable processed by the `QS_SrvSerialize` directive. `QS_Cond` Variable processed by the `QS_CondLocRequestLimitMatch` directive. `QS_EventRequest` Variable processed by the `QS_ClientEventRequestLimit` directive. Variables set by mod_qos which may be processed by conditional or event based rules, e.g., `QS_CondLocRequestLimitMatch`: `QS_SrvConn` Number of concurrent connections for this server/virtual host. Value is set when using either the `QS_SrvMaxConn`, `QS_SrvMinDataRate`, `QS_SrvMaxConnClose`, or `QS_ClientGeoCountryDB` directive. Note: value is calulcated when the client establishes the connection and remains the same for all HTTP requests performed on this connection. `QS_AllConn` Number of all concurrent connections for this Apache instance. Value is set when using either the `QS_SrvMaxConn`, `QS_SrvMinDataRate`, `QS_SrvMaxConnClose`, or `QS_ClientGeoCountryDB` directive. Note: value is calulcated when the client establishes the connection and remains the same for all HTTP requests performed on this connection. `QS_IPConn` Number of IP connections open from the current IP address. Variable is available when using the `QS_SrvMaxConnPerIP` directive. Note: value is calulcated when the client establishes the connection and remains the same for all HTTP requests performed on this connection. `QS_ClientLowPrio` The variable is set for requests by clients which have been marked to be processed with low priority, see `QS_ClientPrefer`. `QS_IsVipRequest` Variable is set when detecting a VIP request (either by cookie, IP address status, valid user, etc.). May be used by various event based directives. `*_Counter` The counter values of the variables used by the `QS_ClientEventLimitCount` and `QS_EventLimitCount` directive are stored within the variable whose name is suffixed by `_Counter`, e.g. `QS_Limit_Counter` when limiting `QS_Limit` events. `QS_ErrorNotes` The error code (number only) of a mod_qos log message that has occured during a request. `QS_Country` ISO 3166 country code of client IPv4 address. Only available if the geographical database file has been loaded. Note: You may use the `QS_ClientIpFromHeader <header>` directive to override the client's IP address based on the value within the defined HTTP request header (e.g., X-Forwarded-For) instead of taking the IP address of the client which has opened the TCP connection.
Sample of variable usage:
    # privileged access for curl clients:
    BrowserMatch             "curl"                   QS_VipRequest=yes

    # allows privileged access to a single resource:
    SetEnvIf     Request_URI /app/start.html          QS_VipRequest=yes

    # allows privileged access from a specified source address
    # or source address range:
    SetEnvIf     Remote_Addr 172.18.3.32              QS_VipRequest=yes
    SetEnvIf     Remote_Addr 192.168.10.              QS_VipRequest=yes

    # set keep-alive timeout for MSIE version 5.x browser to 65 seconds:
    BrowserMatch             "(MSIE 5\.)"             QS_KeepAliveTimeout=65

    # dynamic error page URL (per host error page):
    SetEnvIf     Host        (.*)                     QS_ErrorPage=/error-docs/$1.html
    # external redirect to a sever hosting the error page:
    SetEnvIf     Request_URI /app                     QS_ErrorPage=http://your.server.name/error.html
### Conditional Rules Conditional rules are only enforced if the `QS_Cond` variable matches the specified pattern. `QS_CondLocRequestLimitMatch <regex> <number> <condition>` Rule works similar to `QS_LocRequestLimitMatch` but it is only enforced for requests whose `QS_Cond` variable matches the specified condition (regular expression). Every request matching the defined pattern is counted, but the defined limitation is only enforced for those requests matching the specified condition. Only one `QS_CondLocRequestLimitMatch` rule is evaluated per request. `QS_CondClientEventLimitCount <number> <seconds> <variable> <pattern>` Defines the maximum number of the specified environment variable allowed within the defined time. Directive works similar as `QS_ClientEventLimitCount` but requests are only blocked if the value of the `QS_Cond` variable matches the defined pattern (regex). Directive is allowed in global server context only.
Sample of conditional rules:
    # set the conditional variable to spider if detecting a
    # "slurp" or "googlebot" search engine:
    BrowserMatch             "slurp"                  QS_Cond=spider
    BrowserMatch             "googlebot"              QS_Cond=spider

    # limits the number of concurrent requests to two applications
    # (/app/b and /app/c) to 300 but does not allow access by a "spider"
    # if the number of concurrent requests exceeds the limit of 10:
    QS_LocRequestLimitMatch       "^(/app/b/|/app/c/).*$"  300
    QS_CondLocRequestLimitMatch   "^(/app/b/|/app/c/).*$"  10   spider
### Events mod_qos may control the frequency of "events". An event may be any request attribute which can be represented by an environment variable. Such variables may be set by mod_setenvif , mod_setenvifplus, or by other Apache modules. Please adhere to the order of command execution to ensure that the necessary variables are set. `QS_EventRequestLimit <env-variable>[=<regex>] <number>` Defines the number of concurrent events. Directive works similar to `QS_LocRequestLimit`, but counts the requests having the same environment variable (and optionally matching its value, too) rather than those that have the same URL pattern. `QS_EventPerSecLimit [!]<env-variable> <number>` Defines how often requests may have the defined environment variable (literal string) set. It measures the occurrences of the defined environment variable on a request per seconds level and tries to limit this occurrence to the defined number. It works similar as `QS_LocRequestPerSecLimit`, but counts only the requests with the specified variable (or without it if the variable name is prefixed by a "!"). If a request matches multiple events, the rule with the lowest bandwidth is applied. Events are limited by adding a delay to each request causing an event. `QS_EventKBytesPerSecLimit [!]<env-variable> <number>` Throttles the download bandwidth of all requests having the defined variable set to the defined kbytes per second. Responses are slowed by adding a delay to each response (every 8kbytes). The delay calculation is based on an average request rate measurement. By default, no limitation is active. This directive should be used in conjunction with `QS_EventRequestLimit` only (you must use the same variable name for both directives) to avoid too many concurrent requests. `QS_EventLimitCount <env-variable> <number> <seconds>` Defines the maximum number of events allowed within the defined time. Requests are denied when reaching this limitation for the specified time (blocked at request level). Note: The current counter value is propagated to the process environment within the variable `<env-variable>_Counter`. `QS_SetEnvIf [!]<env-variable1> [!]<env-variable2> [!]<variable=value>` Sets (or unsets) the "variable=value" (literal string) if variable1 (literal string) AND variable2 (literal string) are set in the request environment variable list (not case sensitive). This is used to combine multiple variables to a new event type. `QS_SetEnv <env-variable> <value>` Sets the defined variable with the value where the value string may contain other environment variables surrounded by "${" and "}". The variable is only set if all defined variables within the value have been resolved. `QS_SetEnvIfQuery <regex> [!]<env-variable>[=<value>]` Directive works quite similar to the `SetEnvIf` directive of the Apache module mod_setenvif , but the specified regex is applied against the query string portion of the request line. The directive recognizes the occurrences of $1..$9 within value and replaces them by the sub-expressions of the defined regex pattern. `QS_SetEnvIfParp <regex> [!]<env-variable>[=<value>]` Directive parsing the request payload using the Apache module mod_parp . It matches the request URL query and the HTTP request message body data as well (`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`, `multipart/form-data`, and `multipart/mixed`) and sets the defined process variable (quite similar to the `QS_SetEnvIfQuery` directive). The directive recognizes the occurrences of $1..$9 within value and replaces them by the sub-expressions of the defined regex pattern. This directive activates mod_parp for every request to the virtual host. You may deactivate mod_parp for selected requests using the `SetEnvIf` or `SetEnvIfPlus` directive: unset the variable "parp" to do so. Important: request message body processing requires that the server loads the whole request into its memory (at least twice the length of the message). You should limit the allowed size of the HTTP request message body using the `QS_LimitRequestBody` directive when using `QS_SetEnvIfParp`! `QS_SetEnvIfBody <regex> [!]<env-variable>[=<value>]` Directive parsing the request body using the Apache module mod_parp . Specify the content types to process using the mod_parp directive `PARP_BodyData` and ensure that mod_parp is enabled using the `SetEnvIf` or `SetEnvIfPlus` directive. You should limit the allowed size of HTTP requests message body using the `QS_LimitRequestBody` directive when using mod_parp. The directive recognizes the occurrence of $1 within the variable value and replaces it by the sub-expressions of the defined regex pattern. The regular expressions is case insensitive. `QS_SetEnvIfStatus <code> <env-variable>[=<value>]` Sets the defined variable in the request environment if the HTTP response status code matches the defined code. Default value is the status code, but you might override this by any other value. Directive may be used on a per server or per location basis. A possible use case for this directive is the prevention of repetitive occurrence of unwanted response status codes in conjunction with the `QS_ClientEventBlockCount` or `QS_ClientEventLimitCount` directive. When using the special variable `QS_Block`, its value is set to "1" by default. There are also three "special codes" available to set the `QS_Block` event: `QS_SrvMinDataRate` may be used to set `QS_Block` events in order to limit the allowed number of `QS_SrvMinDataRate` rule violations. `QS_SrvMaxConnPerIP` may be used to increment the `QS_Block` event when closing connections due to the reach of the limitation configured by the `QS_SrvMaxConnPerIP` directive. The "special code" `NullConnection` detects connections which are closed even no HTTP request has been received. Note: The `NullConnection` event may happen silently (no log message) expect when using `LogLevel debug`. The parameter may be used to defend against SSL DoS attacks. Please pay attention to the fact that unused speculative TCP pre-connections of browsers may unintentionally cause this event as well. `QS_SetEnvIfResBody <string> <env-variable>` Adds the defined environment variable (e.g., `QS_Block`) if the response body contains the defined literal string. Used on a per- location level. Only one directive may be defined per location (one search string per response). `QS_SetEnvResHeader <header name> [drop]` Sets the defined HTTP response header to the request environment variables. Deletes the specified header if the action 'drop' has been specified. `QS_SetEnvResHeaderMatch <header name> <regex>` Sets the defined HTTP response header to the request environment variables if the specified regular expression (pcre, not case sensitive) matches the header value. `QS_SetEnvRes <env-variable> <regex> <env-variable2>[=<value>]` Sets the environmet variable (env-variable2) if the regular expression (regex) matches against the value of the environment variable (env-variable). Occurrences of $1..$9 within the value are replaced by parenthesized subexpressions of the regular expression. `QS_SetReqHeader <header name> <env-variable> [late]` Sets the defined HTTP request header to the request if the specified environment variable is set. `QS_UnsetResHeader <header name>` Removes the specified response header. `QS_RedirectIf <variable> <regex> [307:]<url>` Redirects the client to the configured url if the regular expression (case insensitive) matches the value of the the environment variable. Occurrences of $1..$9 within the url are replaced by parenthesized subexpressions of the regular expression. The default status code used by this directive is 302 but you may prefix the url parameter by 307: to change it to a 307 response. Directive may be used on a per server or per location basis.
Sample of event rules:
    # marks clients coming from the internal network:
    SetEnvIf    Remote_Addr      ^192\.168\.            QS_Intra

    # marks clients neither coming from the internal network
    # nor are VIP clients as low priority clients:
    QS_SetEnvIf !QS_VipRequest   !QS_Intra              QS_LowPrio=1

    # limits the request rate for low priority (neither VIP nor internal)
    # clients (and no more than 400 concurrent requests for them):
    QS_EventPerSecLimit          QS_LowPrio             100
    QS_EventRequestLimit         QS_LowPrio             400

    # detects the variable "file" within the query portion of the URL:
    QS_SetEnvIfQuery             file=([a-zA-Z]*)       QS_LowPrio=$1

    # combine variables and propagate them to the application via HTTP header:
    SetEnvIf    Content-Length   ([0-9]*)               QS_Length=$1
    QS_SetEnv   QS_Type          "length=${QS_Length}; file=${QS_LowPrio}"
    QS_SetReqHeader              X-File                 QS_Type

    # limit the max. body size since mod_parp loads the whole message into
    # the memory servers's:
    QS_LimitRequestBody          131072

    # body pattern detection, example limits the maximum number of concurrent
    # requests posting "id=1234" to ten:
    QS_SetEnvIfParp  id=([0-9]*) PARP_PATTERN=$1
    QS_EventRequestLimit         PARP_PATTERN=1234      10
    # but ignore requests to the location /main/ (any sub-locations):
    SetEnvIf    Request_URI      /main/.*               !parp
### Request Level, Generic Filter These filters are defined on a per- location level and are used to restrict access to resources in general, independent of server resource availability. New rules are added by defining a rule id prefixed by a '+'. Rules are merged to sub-locations. If a rule should not be active for a sub-location, the very same rule must be defined, but instead, the rule id must be prefixed with a '-'. The filter rules are implemented as Perl-compatible regular expressions (pcre) and are applied to the decoded URL components (un-escaped characters, e.g., %20 is a space). The generic request filter ignores the VIP status of a client. `QS_DenyRequestLine '+'|'-'<id> 'log'|'deny' <pcre>` Generic request line (method, path, query, and protocol) filter used to deny access for requests matching the defined expression (pcre, case insensitive). The action taken for matching rules is either 'log' (access is granted but the rule match is logged) or 'deny' (access is denied). `QS_DenyPath '+'|'-'<id> 'log'|'deny' <pcre>` Generic abs_path (see RFC 2616 section 3.2.2) filter used to deny access for requests matching the defined expression (pcre, case insensitive). The action taken for matching rules is either 'log' (access is granted but the rule match is logged) or 'deny' (access is denied). `QS_DenyQuery '+'|'-'<id> 'log'|'deny' <pcre>` Generic query (see RFC 2616 section 3.2.2) filter used to deny access for requests matching the defined expression (pcre, case insensitive). The action taken for matching rules is either 'log' (access is granted but the rule match is logged) or 'deny' (access is denied). `QS_InvalidUrlEncoding 'log'|'deny'|'off'` Enforces correct URL decoding in conjunction with the `QS_DenyRequestLine`, `QS_DenyPath`, and `QS_DenyQuery` directives. Default is "off" which means that incorrect encodings are ignored. `QS_Decoding 'uni'` Enables additional string decoding functions which are applied before matching `QS_Deny*` and `QS_Permit*` directives. Default is URL decoding (%xx, \\xHH, '+'). Available additional decodings: `uni`: unicode decoding for MS IIS (%uXXXX and \uXXXX) encoded characters. `QS_DenyEvent '+'|'-'<id> 'log'|'deny' [!]<env-variable>` Rule matching requests having the defined process environment variable set (or NOT set if prefixed by a '!'). The action taken for matching rules is either 'log' (access is granted but the rule match is logged) or 'deny' (access is denied). `QS_PermitUri '+'|'-'<id> 'log'|'deny' <pcre>` Generic URL (path and query) filter implementing a request pattern whitelist. Only requests matching at least one `QS_PermitUri` pattern are allowed. If a `QS_PermitUri` pattern has been defined and the request does not match any rule, the request is denied. All rules must define the same action. pcre is case sensitive. You may use the `qsfilter2` utility to generate rules based on access log files. `QS_DenyInheritanceOff` Disables inheritance of `QS_Deny*` and `QS_Permit*` directives (pattern definitions) to a location. `QS_RequestHeaderFilter 'on'|'off'|'size'` Filters request headers using validation rules provided by mod_qos. Suspicious headers (not matching the pattern or those which are too long) are normally dropped (removed from the request). Abnormal content-* headers cause request blocking. Only the defined headers are allowed. Custom rules (additional headers or different pattern/size definitions) may be added using the `QS_RequestHeaderFilterRule` directive. Filter is activated ('on') or deactivated ('off'). The mode 'size' does not verify the pattern but limits the maximum length of request header values (similar to the Apache directive `LimitRequestFieldsize` but with an individual rule for each header field). Header validation is also useful to avoid bypassing of `SetEnvIf` directive settings. `QS_RequestHeaderFilterRule <header name> 'drop'|'deny' <pcre> <size>` Used to add custom request header filter rules, e.g., to override the internal rules (different pcre or size) or to add additional headers which should be allowed. Definitions are made globally (outside VirtualHost). A list of all rules is shown at server startup when using `LogLevel debug`. pcre is case sensitive. The size parameter defines the maximum length of a header value. The action 'drop' removes a header not matching the pcre, the action 'deny' rejects a request including such a header not matching the pcre. `QS_ResponseHeaderFilter 'on'|'silent'|'off'` Filters response headers using validation rules provided by mod_qos. Suspicious headers (not matching the pattern or those which are too long) are removed from the response. Only the defined headers are allowed. Filter is activated ('on' or 'silent') or deactivated ('off'). `QS_ResponseHeaderFilterRule <header name> <pcre> <size>` Used to add custom response header filter rules, e.g., to override the internal rules (different pcre or size) or to add additional headers which should be allowed. Definitions are made globally (outside VirtualHost). A list of all rules is shown at server startup when using `LogLevel debug`. pcre is case sensitive. The size parameter defines the maximum length of a header value.
Sample configuration:
    QS_ErrorPage                     /error-docs/qs_error.html

    # add a custom request header rule:
    QS_RequestHeaderFilterRule       UA-CPU drop "^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$" 20

    # enable header validation:
    QS_RequestHeaderFilter           on

    <Location />
       # don't allow access to the path /app/admin.jsp:
       QS_DenyPath        +admin     deny "^/app/admin.jsp$"

       # allow printable characters only within the request line:
       QS_DenyRequestLine +printable deny ".*[\x00-\x19].*"
    </Location>
Body data filtering requires mod_parp which processes the request's message body of the following HTTP request content types: `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`, `multipart/form-data`, and `multipart/mixed`. The content type `application/json` may be processed by the built-in JSON parser of mod_qos. The body data is transformed into a request query and may be filtered using the `QS_DenyQuery` and `QS_PermitUri` directives. `QS_DenyQueryBody 'on|'off'` Enables request body data filtering for the `QS_DenyQuery` directive. `QS_PermitUriBody 'on|'off'` Enables request body data filtering for the `QS_PermitUri` directive. `QS_LimitRequestBody <bytes>` Limits the allowed size of an HTTP request message body. This directive may be placed anywhere in the configuration. Alternatively, the limitation may be set as an environment variable using mod_setenvif (overriding the directive settings). Set the `QS_DeflateReqBody` variable if the request body data has to be deflated (compressed data) using mod_deflate .
Sample configuration:
    # configure the audit log writing the request body data to a file
    # (use this log to generate whitelist rules using qsfilter2
    # when QS_PermitUriBody has been enabled)
    # format:
    #   %h:
    #   The remote host (used to filter by IP adress).
    #   %>s:
    #   The HTTP response status code.
    #   %{qos-loc}n
    #   The matching Location to generate the rules for.
    #   %{qos-path}n%{qos-query}n
    #   The request data required by qsfilter2 to generate rules.
    CustomLog             logs/qsaudit_log  "%h %>s %{qos-loc}n %{qos-path}n%{qos-query}n"

    # enable json parser
    PARP_BodyData               application/json

    QS_RequestHeaderFilter      on

    # limit the max. body size since mod_parp loads the whole message into the
    # servers's memory:
    SetEnvIfNoCase Content-Type application/x-www-form-urlencoded QS_LimitRequestBody=131072
    SetEnvIfNoCase Content-Type multipart/form-data               QS_LimitRequestBody=131072
    SetEnvIfNoCase Content-Type multipart/mixed                   QS_LimitRequestBody=131072
    SetEnvIfNoCase Content-Type application/json                  QS_LimitRequestBody=65536

    # enable mod_deflate input filter for compressed request body data:
    SetEnvIfNoCase Content-Encoding (gzip)|(compress)|(deflate)   QS_DeflateReqBody

    <Location /app>
       # don't allow a certain string pattern within the request query or
       # the request message body data:
       QS_DenyQueryBody              on
       QS_DenyQuery       +s01       deny "(EXEC|SELECT|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE)"
    </Location>
You may enable request body filtering for arbitrary content types: Register the mod_parp raw parser using the `PARP_BodyData` directive. Enable mod_parp for the content type using the `SetEnvIfNoCase` directive. Use `QS_SetEnvIfBody` to detect patterns within the HTTP request body. The `QS_DenyEvent` directive denies access for the request.
Sample configuration:
    # sample (using the raw body parser of mod_parp) which denies XML documents
    # containing the pattern "<code>delete</code>":
    PARP_BodyData               text/xml
    SetEnvIfNoCase Content-Type text/xml.*                        parp
    SetEnvIfNoCase Content-Type application/xml                   QS_LimitRequestBody=65536
    QS_SetEnvIfBody             <code>delete</code>               DENYACTION
    <Location /app/web>
       QS_DenyEvent             +BADCODE deny                     DENYACTION
    </Location>
Milestones: you may define a number of resources (request line patterns) as milestones. A client must access these resources in the correct order as they are defined within the server configuration. A client is not allowed to skip these milestones (but may access any other resource not covered by a milestone in between requests to milestones). `QS_MileStone 'log'|'deny' <pattern> [<thinktime>]` Defines request line patterns a client must access in the defined order as they are defined in the configuration file. The optional 'thinktime' parameter defines the minimal elapse time (in seconds) between two milestones. Milestones are defined on a per server basis, outside location . Access to milestones is tracked by a dedicated session cookie. `QS_MileStoneTimeout <seconds>` Defines the time in seconds within which a client must reach the next milestone. Default are 3600 seconds.
Sample configuration:
    # four milestones:
    # 1) client must start with /app/index.html
    # 2) and then read some images
    # 3) before posting data to /app/register
    # 4) afterwards, the user may download zip files
    QS_MileStone          deny       "^GET /app/index.html"
    QS_MileStone          deny       "^GET /app/images/.*"
    QS_MileStone          deny       "^POST /app/register*"
    QS_MileStone          deny       "^GET /app/.*\.zip HTTP/..."
### Connection Level Control The module features the following directives to control server access on a per-server (TCP connection) level. These directives must only be used in the global server context and for port based virtual hosts (don't use them for name based virtual hosts). `QS_SrvMaxConn <number>` Defines the maximum number of concurrent TCP connections for this server (virtual host). `QS_SrvMaxConnClose <number>[%]` Defines the maximum number of connections for this server (virtual host) supporting HTTP keep-alive. If the number of concurrent connections exceeds this threshold, the TCP connection gets closed after each request. You may specify the number of connections as a percentage of MaxClients if adding the suffix '%' to the specified value. `QS_SrvMaxConnPerIP <number> [<connections>]` Defines the maximum number of connections per source IP address for this server (virtual host). The "connections" argument defines the number of busy connections of the server (all virtual hosts) to enable this limitation, default is 0 (which means that the limitation is always enabled, even the server is idle). `QS_SrvMaxConnExcludeIP <address>` Defines an IP address or address range to be excluded from connection level control restrictions. An address range must end with a ".". `QS_SrvMinDataRate <bytes per second> [<max bytes per second> [<connections>]]` Defines the minimum upload/download throughput a client must generate (the bytes sent/received by the client per seconds). This bandwidth is measured while receiving request data (in: request line, header fields, or body), sending response data (out: header fields, body) and during keep-alive (enforce keep-alive). The client connection is closed if the client does not fulfill this required minimal data rate and the IP address of the causing client is marked in order to be handled with low priority (see the `QS_ClientPrefer` directive). The "max bytes per second" activates dynamic minimum throughput control: The required minimal throughput is increased in parallel to the number of concurrent clients sending/receiving data (starts increasing when reaching the "connections" threshold). The "max bytes per second" setting is reached when the number of sending/receiving clients is equal to the `MaxClients` setting. The "connections" argument is used to specify the number of busy TCP connections a server must have to enable this feature (0 by default). It is used to disable the `QS_SrvMinDataRate` rule enforcement on idle servers. This directives must only be used in the global server context. `QS_SrvRequestRate <bytes per second> [<max bytes per second>]` Same as `QS_SrvMinDataRate` but enforcing a minimal upload (reading request) throughput only. `QS_SrvDataRateOff` Disables the `QS_SrvMinDataRate` or `QS_SrvRequestRate` enforcement for a virtual host. `QS_SrvMinDataRateOffEvent '+'|'-'<env-variable>` Disables the `QS_SrvMinDataRate` or `QS_SrvRequestRate` enforcement for a connection when the defined process environment variable is set. The '+' prefix is used to add a variable to the configuration while the '-' prefix is used to remove a variable. Directive may be used on a per-location basis. `QS_SrvSampleRate <seconds>` Defines the sampling rate used to measure the data throughput. Default is 5 seconds or the value you have used for `QS_REQ_RATE_TM` while compiling the module. Increase this value if you want to compensate bandwidth variations. This directives must only be used in the global server context. `QS_SrvSerialize 'on'|'off' [<timeout>]` Ensures that not more than one request having the `QS_SrvSerialize` variable set is processed at the same time by serializing them (process one request after each other). Default is "off". Note: Maximum wait time for a request is defined by the optional timeout parameter (in seconds). The default is 300 seconds. Throttling the download bandwidth: mod_qos does not support bandwith limitation on a per connection basis but you might use the `RATE_LIMIT` filter provided by the Apache module mod_ratelimit to implement a bandwidth rate limitation for connections.
Sample configuration:
    # minimum request rate (bytes/sec at request reading):
    QS_SrvRequestRate                                 120

    # limits the connections for this virtual host:
    QS_SrvMaxConn                                     800

    # allows keep-alive support till the server reaches 600 connections:
    QS_SrvMaxConnClose                                600

    # allows max 50 connections from a single ip address:
    QS_SrvMaxConnPerIP                                 50

    # disables connection restrictions for certain clients:
    QS_SrvMaxConnExcludeIP                    172.18.3.32
    QS_SrvMaxConnExcludeIP                    192.168.10.
### Client Level Control Client level control rules are applied per client (IP source address). These directives must only be used in the global server context. `QS_ClientEntries <number>` Defines the number of individual clients managed by mod_qos. Default is 50'000 concurrent IP addresses. Each client requires about 150 bytes memory on a 64bit system (depending on how many `QS_ClientEventLimitCount` events you have configured). Client IP source address store survives graceful server restart. `QS_ClientEventRequestLimit <number>` Defines the allowed number of concurrent requests coming from the same client source IP address having the `QS_EventRequest` variable set. `QS_ClientEventPerSecLimit <number>` Defines how often a client may cause a `QS_Event` per second. Such events are requests having the `QS_Event` variable set, e.g., defined by using the `SetEnvIf` directive. The rule is enforced by adding a delay to requests causing the event (similar to the `QS_LocRequestPerSecLimit` directive). `QS_ClientEventBlockCount <number> [<seconds>]` Defines the maximum number of `QS_Block` events allowed within the defined time (default is 600 seconds). Client IP is blocked when reaching this counter for the specified time (blocked at connection level: user might not always get a user friendly error response). You may use `QS_ClientEventBlockExcludeIP <addr>` to exclude an IP address from being processed by this limitation (e.g. for trusted clients connecting via a proxy server). `QS_ClientEventLimitCount <number> [<seconds> [<variable>]]` Defines the maximum number of requests having the defined environment variables (`QS_Limit` by default) set allowed within the defined time (default is 600 seconds). Requests from client IP's reaching this limitation are denied for the specified time (blocked at request level). Notes: The value of the variable defines the penalty points by which the counters are increased. Default (empty or non-numeric value) is 1 (increment per request). You may use the `QS_ClientIpFromHeader <header>` directive to determine the client's IP address based on the defined HTTP request header (e.g., X-Forwarded-For) instead of taking the IP address of the client which has opened the TCP connection. The header must only contain a single IP address. You might even use the `SetHashHeaderPlus` directive to create a hash representing a client using arbitrary HTTP request attributes. The current value of this counter is stored within the variable suffixed by `_Counter`, e.g. `QS_Limit_Counter` for further processing by other rules. The remaining time (in seconds) is stored within the variabled suffixed by `_Remaining`, e.g. `QS_Limit_Remaining` to be used within SSI error pages. The counter can be reset by setting the environment variable which name is suffixed by `_Clear`, e.g. `QS_Limit_Clear`. Adding/removing events (configuration changes) require a server restart (graceful restart is not supported). Only the default rule (`QS_Limit`) is accessibly by the status viewer (you may use the console to view other variables alternatively). See also `QS_CondClientEventLimitCount` if you want to enforce a rule under certain conditions only. `QS_ClientSerialize` Serializes requests having the `QS_Serialize` variable set if they are comming from the same IP address. Notes: You may use the `QS_ClientIpFromHeader <header>` directive to override the client's IP address based on the value within the defined HTTP request header (e.g., X-Forwarded-For) instead of taking the IP address of the client which has opened the TCP connection. Maximum wait time for a request is 5 minutes. `QS_ClientPrefer [<percent>]` Accepts only VIP and high priority clients when the server has less than 80% (or the defined percentage) of free TCP connections. Use the `QS_VipHeaderName` or `QS_VipIPHeaderName` directive in order to identify VIP clients. The distinction between high and low priority clients is made based on the client data transfer behavior (clients sending slow, using small data packets, or accessing "unusual" content types (see `QS_ClientTolerance`), get marked as low priority clients, look for "r;" events within the access log or use the status viewer to determine which client addresses are identified as low priority clients). A low priority flag is cleared after 24h hours. Clients identified by `QS_SrvMaxConnExcludeIP` are excluded from connection restrictions. Filter is applied on connection level. `QS_ClientTolerance <percent>` Defines the allowed variation from a "normal" client (average) behavior. Default is 20%. `QS_ClientContentTypes <html> <css/js> <images> <other> <304>` Defines the distribution of HTTP response content types a client normaly receives when accessing the server. `QS_ClientTolerance` defines the allowed deviation from these values. mod_qos normally learns the average behavior automatically by default (you can see the learned values within the status viewer) but you may specify a static configuration using this directive in order to avoid influences by a high number of abnormal clients. Default is automatic self-learning. `QS_ClientGeoCountryDB <path>` Defines the path to the geographical database file. The file is a Comma Separated Value (CSV) format file (example). Each line contains the following fields: Double quoted beginning IPv4 number of the address range, e.g. "1052272128" for 62.184.102.0 Double quoted ending IPv4 number of the address range, e.g. "1052272543" for 62.184.103.159. Double quoted ISO 3166 country code, e.g. "FR" for France. The `QS_Country` variable contains the country code for the client's IP address. Note: You may use the `QS_ClientIpFromHeader <header>` directive to override the client's IP address based on the value within the defined HTTP request header (e.g., X-Forwarded-For) instead of taking the IP address of the client which has opened the TCP connection. `QS_ClientGeoCountryPriv <list> <connections>` Defines a comma separated list of country codes for origin client IPv4 address which are allowed to access the server even if the number of busy TCP connections reaches the defined number of connections.
Sample configuration:
    # allows not more than 20 events/penalty points per 10 minutes:
    QS_ClientEventBlockCount                          20

    # don't allow a client to access /app/start.html more than
    # 20 times within 10 minutes:
    SetEnvIf     Request_URI /app/start.html          QS_Block=1

    # don't allow more than 4 "403" status code responses
    # (forbidden) for a client within 10 minutes:
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        403                      QS_Block=5
## Log Messages ### Error Log mod_qos writes messages to Apache's error log when enforcing a rule. Each error messages is prefixed by an id: `mod_qos(<number>)`. These error codes (number only) are also written to the error notes in order to be processed within error pages using server-side includes (SSI).
    mod_qos(00x):  initialisation event
    mod_qos(01x):  request level control event
    mod_qos(08x):  request level control event
    mod_qos(02x):  vip session event
    mod_qos(03x):  connection level event
    mod_qos(04x):  generic filter event
    mod_qos(14x):  generic filter event
    mod_qos(05x):  bandwidth limitation event
    mod_qos(06x):  client control event
    mod_qos(07x):  console errors
    mod_qos(08x):  initialisation/resource errors
    mod_qos(10x):  geo errors
### Access Log mod_qos adds event variables to the request record which may be added to access log messages. `mod_qos_ev` Status event message of mod_qos. It's a single letter which is used to signalize an event: "D"=denied, "S"=pass due to an available VIP session, "V"=create VIP session, "K"=connection closed (no keep-alive), "T"=dynamic keep-alive, "r"=IP is marked as a slow/bad client, "L"=means a request slowdown, and "s" is used for serialized requests. `mod_qos_cr` The number of concurrent requests to a location matching the `QS_LocRequestLimit`, `QS_LocRequestLimitMatch`, `QS_LocRequestPerSecLimit`, `QS_LocRequestPerSecLimitMatch`, `QS_LocKBytesPerSecLimit`, `QS_LocKBytesPerSecLimitMatch`, `QS_CondLocRequestLimitMatch`, or `QS_EventRequestLimit` directive. `mod_qos_con` This event shows the number of concurrent connections to this server. Only available if the directive `QS_SrvMaxConn` is used. `mod_qos_user_id` The user id which is available when enabling the user tracking. User tracking is based on a unique identifier generated by mod_unique_id which is stored as a cookie. The user tracking feature is enabled by setting the `QS_UserTrackingCookieName <cookie name> [<path>] [<domain>] ['session']` directive. Options of the `QS_UserTrackingCookieName` directive are: The `cookie name` argument defines the name of the user tracking cookie. The `path` specifies a local error document which is shown if a user does not accept the cookie (enforcement). You may disable this enforcement for certain clients by setting the `DISABLE_UTC_ENFORCEMENT` environment variable at server level (outside Location), e.g., to allow crawlers not supporting cookies to access your site. `domain` defines the domain attribute for the Set-Cookie header. The `session` flag indicates that a short lived (per session) cookie shall be creaed which won't be stored by the browser. Note: `QS_UserTrackingCookieName` ignores the `QS_LogOnly` directive. `UNIQUE_ID` This is a unique request id generated by mod_unique_id. mod_qos uses this id to mark messages written to the error log. So it might be useful to log the `UNIQUE_ID` environment variable as well, in order to correlate errors to access log messages. `QS_ConnectionId` Connecton correlation id used to mark all messages belonging to the same TCP connection.
Sample configuration:
    LogFormat "%h %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b %T \"%{content-length}i\" %k \"%{User-Agent}i\" \
               %{mod_qos_cr}e %{mod_qos_ev}e %{mod_qos_con}e %{QS_SrvConn}e %{QS_AllConn}e \
               id=%{UNIQUE_ID}e %{QS_ConnectionId}e %{mod_qos_user_id}e %{QS_Country}e #%P"
### Request Statistics The `qslog` tool, which is part of the support utilities of mod_qos, may be used to gather request statistics from Apache's access log data. This includes data such as the number of denied requests or new VIP session creations per minute but also total requests per second and other data. Refer to the usage text of the `qslog` utility for further details.
    CustomLog "|/usr/bin/qslog -o logs/qslog.csv -x -f ISBTQkU" "%h %>s %b %T %{mod_qos_ev}e %k %{mod_qos_user_id}e"
Instead of using the standard Apache log `CustomLog` directive, you may use the `QSLog` directive of mod_qos alternatively. This allows you to configure a single log file for your Apache instance (globally, not per virtal host) and you don't have to specify the format (-f) option.
    QSLog "|/usr/bin/qslog -o /var/log/apache/qslog.csv"
### Status Viewer mod_qos features a handler showing the current connection and request status.
    <Location /qos>
       SetHandler qos-viewer
    </Location>
A machine-readable version of the status information is available when using the request query string `auto`, e.g., `http://your.server.name/qos?auto`. The page updates itself automatically every 10 seconds if you add the request query string `refresh`, e.g., `http://your.server.name/qos?refresh`. The status information is also provided on the server status page of mod_status . Note: compile mod_qos with the preprocessor definition `-DQS_NO_STATUS_HOOK` to disable its regisration to the status page rendered by mod_status. Use the directive `QS_DisableHandler on` to disable the qos-viewer and qos-console for a virtual host in order to prevent accidental activation of these functions, includng by configuration settings of per-directory files (e.g., .htaccess). The directive `QS_Status 'on'|'off'` may be used to enable a status log message (mod_qos(200)) written to the Apache server's `ErrorLog`. This message contains information about the server's scoreboard. The message is written once every minute. ### Web Console mod_qos implements an Apache handler which acts as a web console for setting attributes via HTTP requests.
    <Location /qos/console>
       SetHandler qos-console
    </Location>
Access a location where you have enabled the `qos-console` handler with a web client and use the following request query parameter to modify the status of a client (may only be used if client level control has been enabled). `address=<IP address>` Specifies the IP address of the client to modify. `action='block'|'unblock'|'limit'|'unlimit'|'inclimit'|'setvip'|'unsetvip'|'setlowprio'|'unsetlowprio'|'search'` Defines the command to be executed, or the attribute to be changed. `block`: blocks the client for the configured period of time, see also `QS_ClientEventBlockCount`. `unblock`: clears the block attribute of the client. `limit`: blocks (friendly) the client for the configured period of time, see also `QS_ClientEventLimitCount`. `unlimit`: clears the limit attribute of the client. `inclimit`: increments the client's limit counter. `setvip`: sets the client status to VIP. `unsetvip`: clears the VIP status for a client. `setlowprio`: sets the client's priority to 'low'. `unsetlowprio`: clears the 'low' priority attribute of the client. `search`: verifies the availability of a client IP address. Set '*' for the address parameter in order to get a list of all available clients. `event=<name>` Specifies the event name of the `QS_ClientEventLimitCount` directive which shall be shown or modified. Default is `QS_Limit`. Example to access the console: `http://your.server.name/qos/console?action=setvip&address=194.31.217.21` You may use the status viewer to verify the status of the client. Example: `http://your.server.name/qos?action=search&address=194.31.217.21` The console may be used to manually update the status of a client (IP) or for automated actions. Examples: To unlock a client which got blocked by mistake. To synchronize events within multiple Apache instances. An example using `qsexec` is available within the source code repository. Download/upload client status from one Apache instance to another (or to the same, e.g. when restarting an instance). ### Utilities mod_qos provides optional tools for log data processing and analysis: `qsexec` Command execution triggered by patterns within log files. `qsfilter2` Rule generator. Creates `QS_Permit*` directives and rule patterns from audit log files. `qsgeo` Adds the country code for the client IP address within a log file. `qsgrep` Searches a file for a pattern and prints the data in a new format. `qslog` A real time `TransferLog/CustomLog` data analyzer. It reads the per request log data from stdin and generates statistic records every minute. `qslogger` Shell command interface to the syslog(3) system log module. `qspng` Creates graphics (png images) from the output of `qslog`. `qsrotate` Log rotation tool similar to Apache's `rotatelogs`. `qssign` A log data integrity check tool. It reads log data from stdin (pipe) and writes the signed data to stdout adding a sequence number and signatur to ever log line. `qssign.rb` is a Logstash filter plugin which may be used to verify the signatures of log messages in real time. `qstail` Shows the end of a log file beginning at a defined pattern. ## Sample Use Cases The following use cases may give you an idea about how to use mod_qos. ### Slow Application In case of a very slow application (e.g., at location /ccc), requests wait until a timeout occurs. Due to many waiting requests, there are no free TCP connections left and the web sever is not able to process other requests to applications still working fine, e.g., to /aaa, /bbb /dd1, and /dd2. mod_qos limits the number of concurrent requests to an application in order to assure the availability of other resources. Example:
    # maximum number of active TCP connections is limited to 256 (limited
    # by the available memory, adjust the settings according to the
    # used hardware):
    MaxClients              256

    # limits the maximum of concurrent requests per application to 100:
    QS_LocRequestLimit      /aaa                100
    QS_LocRequestLimit      /bbb                100
    QS_LocRequestLimit      /ccc                100
    QS_LocRequestLimitMatch "^(/dd1/|/dd2/).*$" 100
The `qslog` tool may be used to analyze your log files in order to idenitify "slow" resources by using the `-pu` or `-puc` option. ### HTTP Keep-Alive The keep-alive extension of HTTP 1.1 allows persistent TCP connections for multiple requests/responses. This accelerates access to the web server due to less and optimized network traffic. The disadvantage of these persistent connections is that server resources are blocked even when no data is exchanged between client and server. mod_qos allows a server to support keep-alive as long as sufficient connections are available, but stops the keep-alive support when it reaches a defined connection threshold. Example:
    # maximum number of active TCP connections is limited to 256 (limited
    # by the available memory, adjust the settings according to the
    # used hardware):
    MaxClients              256

    # disables keep-alive when 70% of the TCP connections are occupied:
    QS_SrvMaxConnClose      70%
### Client Opens Many Concurrent Connections A single client may open many TCP connections simultaneously in order to download different content from the web server. So the client gets many connections while other users may not be able to access the server because no free connections remain for them. mod_qos can limit the number of concurrent connections for a singe IP source address. Example:
    # maximum number of active TCP connections is limited to 896
    # (limited by the available memory, adjust the settings according to the
    # used hardware):
    MaxClients              896

    # don't allow a single client to open more than 50 TCP connections if
    # the server has not more than 196 free connections:
    QS_SrvMaxConnPerIP      50 700
### Many Requests to a Single URL If you have to limit the number of requests to an URL, mod_qos can help with that, too. You may limit the number of requests per second to an URL. mod_qos will then calculate the necessary delay time to be added to each requests accessing this resource in order to achive the defined limitation. Example:
    # does not allow more than 150 requests/sec:
    QS_LocRequestPerSecLimit /download/mod_qos.so.gz 150

    # but do not allow more than 600 concurrent requests:
    QS_LocRequestLimit       /download/mod_qos.so.gz 600
Alernatively, if you need to reduce the number of processed requests per time to a very low value, you might add a constant delay to each request and process only one of them at the same time. However, this will delay ever request to the defined URI, even the server is idle. Example:
    # does not allow more than 4 requests/sec by adding a wait time of 250ms
    # to each request and process only one request at once:
    SetEnvIf                 Request_URI ^/download/mod_qos.so.gz QS_SrvSerialize=1
    SetEnvIf                 Request_URI ^/download/mod_qos.so.gz QS_Delay=250
    QS_SrvSerialize          on

    # but do not allow more than 600 concurrent requests:
    QS_EventRequestLimit     QS_SrvSerialize 600
### Bandwidth Restriction It's sometimes necessary to restrict the bandwidth consumed by clients downloading certain type of data in order to avoid that the entire bandwidth of your Internet connection is exploited by less important data traffic, e.g. if your web server hosts large files to be downloaded. mod_qos allows you to defined the bandwidth which may be used when accessing a defined URL or when the server returns a certain content-type. Example:
    # Limits the download bandwidth when accessing ISO images to 1 megabyte/sec
    # and does not allow more then 300 clients to download such file type in
    # parallel:
    QS_LocKBytesPerSecLimitMatch \.iso 1024
    QS_LocRequestLimitMatch      \.iso  300
### Too Many Client Connections mod_qos may prefer "known" client IP addresses in the case that too many clients access the server. "Known" clients are those which has once been identified by the application by setting the corresponding HTTP response header. Such identification may happen at successful user login. Connections from clients which are not known to mod_qos (never marked by the corresponding response header) are denied if the server runs on low TCP connection resources (20% or fewer free connections in this example). mod_qos prefers also those clients which communicate with the server instantaneously and fast, and denies access to slow clients sending data irregularly, in case the server has not enough resources. A minimal request bandwidth should be enforced, in order to close the connections coming from idle clients. The `QS_SrvMinDataRate` does this. You may want to combine this with the `QS_SrvMaxConnPerIP` directive as shown above in the "Client Opens Many Concurrent Connections" example. This could even be extened by the Apache module mod_reqtimeout (available since Apache 2.2.15) which may be used to set various timeouts for receiving the request headers and the request body from the client. The `QS_ClientEventBlockCount` directive is used in this example to block clients for a certain amount of time if they cause errors because they send invalid HTTP requests. Example:
    # maximum number of active TCP connections is limited to 896 (limited
    # by the available memory, adjust the settings according to the used
    # hardware):
    MaxClients               896

    # idle timeout:
    Timeout                  10

    # keep alive (for up to 85% of all connections):
    KeepAlive                on
    MaxKeepAliveRequests     60
    KeepAliveTimeout         3
    QS_SrvMaxConnClose       85%

    # name of the HTTP response header which marks preferred clients (this
    # may be used to let the application decide which clients are "good" and
    # have higher privileges, e.g. authenticated users. you may also use
    # the QS_VipUser directive when using an Apache authentication module such
    # as mod_auth_basic or mod_auth_oid ):
    QS_VipIPHeaderName       mod-qos-login

    # enables the known client prefer mode (server allows new TCP connections
    # from known/good clients only if there are more than 716 open TCP connections):
    QS_ClientPrefer          80

    # minimum request/response speed (deny slow clients blocking the server,
    # e.g. defending slowloris) if the server has 500 or more open connections:
    QS_SrvMinDataRate        120 1500 500

    # and limit request line, header and body:
    LimitRequestLine         7168
    LimitRequestFields       30
    QS_LimitRequestBody      102400

    # don't allow more than 30 TCP connections per client source address being
    # processed if the server has 500 or more open connections:
    QS_SrvMaxConnPerIP       30 500

    # block clients violating some basic rules frequently (don't allows more than 20
    # violations within 5 minutes):
    QS_ClientEventBlockCount 20 300
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        400                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        401                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        403                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        404                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        405                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        406                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        408                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        411                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        413                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        414                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        417                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        500                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        503                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        505                QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        QS_SrvMinDataRate  QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        QS_SrvMaxConnPerIP QS_Block
    QS_SetEnvIfStatus        NullConnection     QS_Block

© 2007-2016, Pascal Buchbinder