No Medium Found, 4.4

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# Permissions

No-one really understands permissions. `open(pathname = "/etc/passwd", flags = O_WRONLY) failed, Permission denied (13, EACCES) because the process does not have write permission to the "passwd" regular file in the pathname "/etc" directory, the process effective GID 1000 "pmiller" does not match the regular file owner 0 "root" so the owner permission mode "rw-" is ignored, the others permission mode is "r--", and the process is not privileged (does not have the DAC_OVERRIDE capability)` The modes do not “OR“ together.