//******************************************************************************
//
// File:    MandelbrotSetHyb.java
// Package: edu.rit.hyb.fractal
// Unit:    Class edu.rit.hyb.fractal.MandelbrotSetHyb
//
// This Java source file is copyright (C) 2012 by Alan Kaminsky. All rights
// reserved. For further information, contact the author, Alan Kaminsky, at
// ark@cs.rit.edu.
//
// This Java source file is part of the Parallel Java Library ("PJ"). PJ is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
// General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
// version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
//
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// WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// Linking this library statically or dynamically with other modules is making a
// combined work based on this library. Thus, the terms and conditions of the
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// permission to link this library with independent modules to produce an
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// A copy of the GNU General Public License is provided in the file gpl.txt. You
// may also obtain a copy of the GNU General Public License on the World Wide
// Web at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html.
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//******************************************************************************

package edu.rit.hyb.fractal;

import edu.rit.color.HSB;

import edu.rit.image.PJGColorImage;
import edu.rit.image.PJGImage;

import edu.rit.io.Files;

import edu.rit.pj.Comm;
import edu.rit.pj.HybridTeam;
import edu.rit.pj.WorkerIntegerForLoop;
import edu.rit.pj.WorkerRegion;

import edu.rit.util.Range;

import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;

/**
 * Class MandelbrotSetHyb is a hybrid parallel program that calculates the
 * Mandelbrot Set. The program runs with one process per node and multiple
 * threads per process. The program uses the master-worker pattern for load
 * balancing. Each thread in the program is an independent worker thread. Each
 * worker thread calculates a series of row slices of the Mandelbrot Set image,
 * as assigned by the master thread. Each worker writes its own slices to its
 * own (partial) PJG image file. The per-worker image files can be combined
 * offline into a single image file if desired.
 * <P>
 * The row slices are determined by the <TT>pj.schedule</TT> property specified
 * on the command line; the default is to divide the rows evenly among the
 * workers (i.e. no load balancing). For further information about the
 * <TT>pj.schedule</TT> property, see class {@linkplain edu.rit.pj.PJProperties
 * PJProperties}.
 * <P>
 * Usage: java -Dpj.np=<I>Kp</I> -Dpj.nt=<I>Kt</I> [
 * -Dpj.schedule=<I>schedule</I> ] edu.rit.hyb.fractal.MandelbrotSetHyb
 * <I>width</I> <I>height</I> <I>xcenter</I> <I>ycenter</I> <I>resolution</I>
 * <I>maxiter</I> <I>gamma</I> <I>filename</I>
 * <BR><I>Kp</I> = Number of parallel processes
 * <BR><I>Kt</I> = Number of parallel threads per process
 * <BR><I>schedule</I> = Load balancing schedule
 * <BR><I>width</I> = Image width (pixels)
 * <BR><I>height</I> = Image height (pixels)
 * <BR><I>xcenter</I> = X coordinate of center point
 * <BR><I>ycenter</I> = Y coordinate of center point
 * <BR><I>resolution</I> = Pixels per unit
 * <BR><I>maxiter</I> = Maximum number of iterations
 * <BR><I>gamma</I> = Used to calculate pixel hues
 * <BR><I>filename</I> = PJG image file name
 * <P>
 * If <I>filename</I> is specified as, for example, <TT>"image.pjg"</TT>, then
 * the per-worker image files are named <TT>"image_0.pjg"</TT>,
 * <TT>"image_1.pjg"</TT>, and so on through <I>Kp</I>*<I>Kt</I>-1.
 * <P>
 * The program considers a rectangular region of the complex plane centered at
 * (<I>xcenter,ycenter</I>) of <I>width</I> pixels by <I>height</I> pixels,
 * where the distance between adjacent pixels is 1/<I>resolution</I>. The
 * program takes each pixel's location as a complex number <I>c</I> and performs
 * the following iteration:
 * <P>
 * <I>z</I><SUB>0</SUB> = 0
 * <BR><I>z</I><SUB><I>i</I>+1</SUB> = <I>z</I><SUB><I>i</I></SUB><SUP>2</SUP> + <I>c</I>
 * <P>
 * until <I>z</I><SUB><I>i</I></SUB>'s magnitude becomes greater than or equal
 * to 2, or <I>i</I> reaches a limit of <I>maxiter</I>. The complex numbers
 * <I>c</I> where <I>i</I> reaches a limit of <I>maxiter</I> are considered to
 * be in the Mandelbrot Set. (Actually, a number is in the Mandelbrot Set only
 * if the iteration would continue forever without <I>z</I><SUB><I>i</I></SUB>
 * becoming infinite; the foregoing is just an approximation.) The program
 * creates an image with the pixels corresponding to the complex numbers
 * <I>c</I> and the pixels' colors corresponding to the value of <I>i</I>
 * achieved by the iteration. Following the traditional practice, points in the
 * Mandelbrot set are black, and the other points are brightly colored in a
 * range of colors depending on <I>i</I>. The exact hue of each pixel is
 * (<I>i</I>/<I>maxiter</I>)<SUP><I>gamma</I></SUP>. The image is stored in a
 * Parallel Java Graphics (PJG) file specified on the command line.
 * <P>
 * The computation is performed in parallel in multiple processors. The program
 * measures the computation's running time, including the time to write the
 * image file.
 *
 * @author  Alan Kaminsky
 * @version 14-Mar-2012
 */
public class MandelbrotSetHyb
	{

// Prevent construction.

	private MandelbrotSetHyb()
		{
		}

// Program shared variables.

	// Communicator.
	static Comm world;
	static int rank;

	// Command line arguments.
	static int width;
	static int height;
	static double xcenter;
	static double ycenter;
	static double resolution;
	static int maxiter;
	static double gamma;
	static File filename;

	// Initial pixel offsets from center.
	static int xoffset;
	static int yoffset;

	// Table of hues.
	static int[] huetable;

// Main program.

	/**
	 * Mandelbrot Set main program.
	 */
	public static void main
		(String[] args)
		throws Exception
		{
		// Start timing.
		long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();

		// Initialize middleware.
		Comm.init (args);
		world = Comm.world();
		rank = world.rank();

		// Parse command line arguments.
		if (args.length != 8) usage();
		width = Integer.parseInt (args[0]);
		height = Integer.parseInt (args[1]);
		xcenter = Double.parseDouble (args[2]);
		ycenter = Double.parseDouble (args[3]);
		resolution = Double.parseDouble (args[4]);
		maxiter = Integer.parseInt (args[5]);
		gamma = Double.parseDouble (args[6]);
		filename = new File (args[7]);

		// Initial pixel offsets from center.
		xoffset = -(width - 1) / 2;
		yoffset = (height - 1) / 2;

		// Create table of hues for different iteration counts.
		huetable = new int [maxiter+1];
		for (int i = 0; i < maxiter; ++ i)
			{
			huetable[i] = HSB.pack
				(/*hue*/ (float) Math.pow (((double)i)/((double)maxiter),gamma),
				 /*sat*/ 1.0f,
				 /*bri*/ 1.0f);
			}
		huetable[maxiter] = HSB.pack (1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);

		long t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();

		// Compute pixels in parallel.
		new HybridTeam().execute (new WorkerRegion()
			{
			public void run() throws Exception
				{
				execute (0, height - 1, new WorkerIntegerForLoop()
					{
					// Image matrix, and one row slice of it.
					int[][] matrix;
					int[][] slice;

					// For writing per-worker PJG image file.
					PJGColorImage image;
					PJGImage.Writer writer;

					public void start() throws Exception
						{
						// Allocate storage for pixel matrix row references
						// only.
						matrix = new int [height] [];

						// Prepare to write image row slices to per-worker PJG
						// image file.
						image = new PJGColorImage (height, width, matrix);
						writer = image.prepareToWrite
							(new BufferedOutputStream
								(new FileOutputStream
									(Files.fileForRank
										(filename, getThreadIndex()))));
						}

					public void run (int lb, int ub) throws Exception
						{
						// Allocate storage for matrix row slice if necessary.
						Range range = new Range (lb, ub);
						int len = range.length();
						if (slice == null || slice.length < len)
							{
							slice = new int [len] [width];
							}

						// Compute all rows and columns in slice.
						for (int r = lb; r <= ub; ++ r)
							{
							int[] slice_r = slice[r-lb];
							double y = ycenter + (yoffset - r) / resolution;

							for (int c = 0; c < width; ++ c)
								{
								double x = xcenter + (xoffset + c) / resolution;

								// Iterate until convergence.
								int i = 0;
								double aold = 0.0;
								double bold = 0.0;
								double a = 0.0;
								double b = 0.0;
								double zmagsqr = 0.0;
								while (i < maxiter && zmagsqr <= 4.0)
									{
									++ i;
									a = aold*aold - bold*bold + x;
									b = 2.0*aold*bold + y;
									zmagsqr = a*a + b*b;
									aold = a;
									bold = b;
									}

								// Record number of iterations for pixel.
								slice_r[c] = huetable[i];
								}
							}

						// Set full pixel matrix rows to refer to slice rows.
						System.arraycopy (slice, 0, matrix, lb, len);

						// Write row slice of full pixel matrix to image file.
						writer.writeRowSlice (range);
						}

					public void finish() throws Exception
						{
						// Close image file.
						writer.close();
						}
					});
				}
			});

		long t3 = System.currentTimeMillis();

		// Stop timing.
		long t4 = System.currentTimeMillis();
		System.out.println ((t2-t1) + " msec pre " + rank);
		System.out.println ((t3-t2) + " msec calc " + rank);
		System.out.println ((t4-t3) + " msec post " + rank);
		System.out.println ((t4-t1) + " msec total " + rank);
		}

// Hidden operations.

	/**
	 * Print a usage message and exit.
	 */
	private static void usage()
		{
		System.err.println ("Usage: java -Dpj.np=<Kp> -Dpj.nt=<Kt> [-Dpj.schedule=<schedule>] edu.rit.hyb.fractal.MandelbrotSetHyb <width> <height> <xcenter> <ycenter> <resolution> <maxiter> <gamma> <filename>");
		System.err.println ("<Kp> = Number of parallel processes");
		System.err.println ("<Kt> = Number of parallel threads per process");
		System.err.println ("<schedule> = Load balancing schedule");
		System.err.println ("<width> = Image width (pixels)");
		System.err.println ("<height> = Image height (pixels)");
		System.err.println ("<xcenter> = X coordinate of center point");
		System.err.println ("<ycenter> = Y coordinate of center point");
		System.err.println ("<resolution> = Pixels per unit");
		System.err.println ("<maxiter> = Maximum number of iterations");
		System.err.println ("<gamma> = Used to calculate pixel hues");
		System.err.println ("<filename> = PJG image file name");
		System.exit (1);
		}

	}
