(* (c) Copyright Microsoft Corporation and Inria.                       *)
(* You may distribute this file under the terms of the CeCILL-B license *)
Require Import ssreflect ssrbool ssrfun eqtype ssrnat seq div choice fintype.
Require Import finfun bigop prime binomial ssralg finset fingroup finalg.
Require Import perm zmodp.

(******************************************************************************)
(* Basic concrete linear algebra : definition of type for matrices, and all   *)
(* basic matrix operations including determinant, trace and support for block *)
(* decomposition. Matrices are represented by a row-major list of their       *)
(* coefficients but this implementation is hidden by three levels of wrappers *)
(* (Matrix/Finfun/Tuple) so the matrix type should be treated as abstract and *)
(* handled using only the operations described below:                         *)
(*   'M[R]_(m, n) == the type of m rows by n columns matrices with            *)
(*   'M_(m, n)       coefficients in R; the [R] is optional and is usually    *)
(*                   omitted.                                                 *)
(*  'M[R]_n, 'M_n == the type of n x n square matrices.                       *)
(* 'rV[R]_n, 'rV_n == the type of 1 x n row vectors.                          *)
(* 'cV[R]_n, 'cV_n == the type of n x 1 column vectors.                       *)
(*  \matrix_(i < m, j < n) Expr(i, j) ==                                      *)
(*                   the m x n matrix with general coefficient Expr(i, j),    *)
(*                   with i : 'I_m and j : 'I_n. the < m bound can be omitted *)
(*                   if it is equal to n, though usually both bounds are      *)
(*                   omitted as they can be inferred from the context.        *)
(*  \row_(j < n) Expr(j), \col_(i < m) Expr(i)                                *)
(*                   the row / column vectors with general term Expr; the     *)
(*                   parentheses can be omitted along with the bound.         *)
(* \matrix_(i < m) RowExpr(i) ==                                              *)
(*                   the m x n matrix with row i given by RowExpr(i) : 'rV_n. *)
(*          A i j == the coefficient of matrix A : 'M_(m, n) in column j of   *)
(*                   row i, where i : 'I_m, and j : 'I_n (via the coercion    *)
(*                   fun_of_matrix : matrix >-> Funclass).                    *)
(*     const_mx a == the constant matrix whose entries are all a (dimensions  *)
(*                   should be determined by context).                        *)
(*     map_mx f A == the pointwise image of A by f, i.e., the matrix Af       *)
(*                   congruent to A with Af i j = f (A i j) for all i and j.  *)
(*            A^T == the matrix transpose of A.                               *)
(*        row i A == the i'th row of A (this is a row vector).                *)
(*        col j A == the j'th column of A (a column vector).                  *)
(*       row' i A == A with the i'th row spliced out.                         *)
(*       col' i A == A with the j'th column spliced out.                      *)
(*   xrow i1 i2 A == A with rows i1 and i2 interchanged.                      *)
(*   xcol j1 j2 A == A with columns j1 and j2 interchanged.                   *)
(*   row_perm s A == A : 'M_(m, n) with rows permuted by s : 'S_m.            *)
(*   col_perm s A == A : 'M_(m, n) with columns permuted by s : 'S_n.         *)
(*   row_mx Al Ar == the row block matrix <Al Ar> obtained by contatenating   *)
(*                   two matrices Al and Ar of the same height.               *)
(*   col_mx Au Ad == the column block matrix / Au \ (Au and Ad must have the  *)
(*                   same width).            \ Ad /                           *)
(* block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr == the block matrix / Aul Aur \                   *)
(*                                              \ Adl Adr /                   *)
(*   [l|r]submx A == the left/right submatrices of a row block matrix A.      *)
(*                   Note that the type of A, 'M_(m, n1 + n2) indicates how A *)
(*                   should be decomposed.                                    *)
(*   [u|d]submx A == the up/down submatrices of a column block matrix A.      *)
(* [u|d][l|r]submx A == the upper left, etc submatrices of a block matrix A.  *)
(* castmx eq_mn A == A : 'M_(m, n) cast to 'M_(m', n') using the equation     *)
(*                   pair eq_mn : (m = m') * (n = n'). This is the usual      *)
(*                   workaround for the syntactic limitations of dependent    *)
(*                   types in Coq, and can be used to introduce a block       *)
(*                   decomposition. It simplifies to A when eq_mn is the      *)
(*                   pair (erefl m, erefl n) (using rewrite /castmx /=).      *)
(* conform_mx B A == A if A and B have the same dimensions, else B.           *)
(*        mxvec A == a row vector of width m * n holding all the entries of   *)
(*                   the m x n matrix A.                                      *)
(* mxvec_index i j == the index of A i j in mxvec A.                          *)
(*       vec_mx v == the inverse of mxvec, reshaping a vector of width m * n  *)
(*                   back into into an m x n rectangular matrix.              *)
(* In 'M[R]_(m, n), R can be any type, but 'M[R]_(m, n) inherits the eqType,  *)
(* choiceType, countType, finType, zmodType structures of R; 'M[R]_(m, n)     *)
(* also has a natural lmodType R structure when R has a ringType structure.   *)
(* Because the type of matrices specifies their dimension, only non-trivial   *)
(* square matrices (of type 'M[R]_n.+1) can inherit the ring structure of R;  *)
(* indeed they then have an algebra structure (lalgType R, or algType R if R  *)
(* is a comRingType, or even unitAlgType if R is a comUnitRingType).          *)
(*   We thus provide separate syntax for the general matrix multiplication,   *)
(* and other operations for matrices over a ringType R:                       *)
(*         A *m B == the matrix product of A and B; the width of A must be    *)
(*                   equal to the height of B.                                *)
(*           a%:M == the scalar matrix with a's on the main diagonal; in      *)
(*                   particular 1%:M denotes the identity matrix, and is is   *)
(*                   equal to 1%R when n is of the form n'.+1 (e.g., n >= 1). *)
(* is_scalar_mx A <=> A is a scalar matrix (A = a%:M for some A).             *)
(*      diag_mx d == the diagonal matrix whose main diagonal is d : 'rV_n.    *)
(*   delta_mx i j == the matrix with a 1 in row i, column j and 0 elsewhere.  *)
(*       pid_mx r == the partial identity matrix with 1s only on the r first  *)
(*                   coefficients of the main diagonal; the dimensions of     *)
(*                   pid_mx r are determined by the context, and pid_mx r can *)
(*                   be rectangular.                                          *)
(*     copid_mx r == the complement to 1%:M of pid_mx r: a square diagonal    *)
(*                   matrix with 1s on all but the first r coefficients on    *)
(*                   its main diagonal.                                       *)
(*      perm_mx s == the n x n permutation matrix for s : 'S_n.               *)
(* tperm_mx i1 i2 == the permutation matrix that exchanges i1 i2 : 'I_n.      *)
(*   is_perm_mx A == A is a permutation matrix.                               *)
(*     lift0_mx A == the 1 + n square matrix block_mx 1 0 0 A when A : 'M_n.  *)
(*          \tr A == the trace of a square matrix A.                          *)
(*         \det A == the determinant of A, using the Leibnitz formula.        *)
(* cofactor i j A == the i, j cofactor of A (the signed i, j minor of A),     *)
(*         \adj A == the adjugate matrix of A (\adj A i j = cofactor j i A).  *)
(*   A \in unitmx == A is invertible (R must be a comUnitRingType).           *)
(*        invmx A == the inverse matrix of A if A \in unitmx A, otherwise A.  *)
(* The following operations provide a correspondance between linear functions *)
(* and matrices:                                                              *)
(*     lin1_mx f == the m x n matrix that emulates via right product          *)
(*                  a (linear) function f : 'rV_m -> 'rV_n on ROW VECTORS     *)
(*      lin_mx f == the (m1 * n1) x (m2 * n2) matrix that emulates, via the   *)
(*                  right multiplication on the mxvec encodings, a linear     *)
(*                  function f : 'M_(m1, n1) -> 'M_(m2, n2)                   *)
(* lin_mul_row u := lin1_mx (mulmx u \o vec_mx) (applies a row-encoded        *)
(*                  function to the row-vector u).                            *)
(*       mulmx A == partially applied matrix multiplication (mulmx A B is     *)
(*                  displayed as A *m B), with, for A : 'M_(m, n), a          *)
(*                  canonical {linear 'M_(n, p) -> 'M(m, p}} structure.       *)
(*      mulmxr A == self-simplifying right-hand matrix multiplication, i.e.,  *)
(*                  mulmxr A B simplifies to B *m A, with, for A : 'M_(n, p), *)
(*                  a canonical {linear 'M_(m, n) -> 'M(m, p}} structure.     *)
(*   lin_mulmx A := lin_mx (mulmx A).                                         *)
(*  lin_mulmxr A := lin_mx (mulmxr A).                                        *)
(* We also extend any finType structure of R to 'M[R]_(m, n), and define:     *)
(*     {'GL_n[R]} == the finGroupType of units of 'M[R]_n.-1.+1.              *)
(*      'GL_n[R]  == the general linear group of all matrices in {'GL_n(R)}.  *)
(*      'GL_n(p)  == 'GL_n['F_p], the general linear group of a prime field.  *)
(*       GLval u  == the coercion of u : {'GL_n(R)} to a matrix.              *)
(*   In addition to the lemmas relevant to these definitions, this file also  *)
(* proves several classic results, including :                                *)
(* - The determinant is a multilinear alternate form.                         *)
(* - The Laplace determinant expansion formulas: expand_det_[row|col].        *)
(* - The Cramer rule : mul_mx_adj & mul_adj_mx.                               *)
(* Finally, as an example of the use of block products, we program and prove  *)
(* the correctness of a classical linear algebra algorithm:                   *)
(*    cormenLUP A == the triangular decomposition (L, U, P) of a nontrivial   *)
(*                   square matrix A into a lower triagular matrix L with 1s  *)
(*                   on the main diagonal, an upper matrix U, and a           *)
(*                   permutation matrix P, such that P * A = L * U.           *)
(* This is example only; we use a different, more precise algorithm to        *)
(* develop the theory of matrix ranks and row spaces in mxalgebra.v           *)
(******************************************************************************)

Set Implicit Arguments.
Unset Strict Implicit.
Unset Printing Implicit Defensive.

Import GroupScope.
Import GRing.Theory.
Open Local Scope ring_scope.

Reserved Notation "''M_' n"     (at level 8, n at level 2, format "''M_' n").
Reserved Notation "''rV_' n"    (at level 8, n at level 2, format "''rV_' n").
Reserved Notation "''cV_' n"    (at level 8, n at level 2, format "''cV_' n").
Reserved Notation "''M_' ( n )" (at level 8, only parsing).
Reserved Notation "''M_' ( m , n )" (at level 8, format "''M_' ( m ,  n )").
Reserved Notation "''M[' R ]_ n"    (at level 8, n at level 2, only parsing).
Reserved Notation "''rV[' R ]_ n"   (at level 8, n at level 2, only parsing).
Reserved Notation "''cV[' R ]_ n"   (at level 8, n at level 2, only parsing).
Reserved Notation "''M[' R ]_ ( n )"     (at level 8, only parsing).
Reserved Notation "''M[' R ]_ ( m , n )" (at level 8, only parsing).

Reserved Notation "\matrix_ i E" 
  (at level 36, E at level 36, i at level 2,
   format "\matrix_ i  E").
Reserved Notation "\matrix_ ( i < n ) E"
  (at level 36, E at level 36, i, n at level 50, only parsing).
Reserved Notation "\matrix_ ( i , j ) E"
  (at level 36, E at level 36, i, j at level 50,
   format "\matrix_ ( i ,  j )  E").
Reserved Notation "\matrix[ k ]_ ( i , j ) E"
  (at level 36, E at level 36, i, j at level 50,
   format "\matrix[ k ]_ ( i ,  j )  E").
Reserved Notation "\matrix_ ( i < m , j < n ) E"
  (at level 36, E at level 36, i, m, j, n at level 50, only parsing).
Reserved Notation "\matrix_ ( i , j < n ) E"
  (at level 36, E at level 36, i, j, n at level 50, only parsing).
Reserved Notation "\row_ j E"
  (at level 36, E at level 36, j at level 2,
   format "\row_ j  E").
Reserved Notation "\row_ ( j < n ) E"
  (at level 36, E at level 36, j, n at level 50, only parsing).
Reserved Notation "\col_ j E"
  (at level 36, E at level 36, j at level 2,
   format "\col_ j  E").
Reserved Notation "\col_ ( j < n ) E"
  (at level 36, E at level 36, j, n at level 50, only parsing).

Reserved Notation "x %:M"   (at level 8, format "x %:M").
Reserved Notation "A *m B" (at level 40, left associativity, format "A  *m  B").
Reserved Notation "A ^T"    (at level 8, format "A ^T").
Reserved Notation "\tr A"   (at level 10, A at level 8, format "\tr  A").
Reserved Notation "\det A"  (at level 10, A at level 8, format "\det  A").
Reserved Notation "\adj A"  (at level 10, A at level 8, format "\adj  A").

Notation Local simp := (Monoid.Theory.simpm, oppr0).

(*****************************************************************************)
(****************************Type Definition**********************************)
(*****************************************************************************)

Section MatrixDef.

Variable R : Type.
Variables m n : nat.

(* Basic linear algebra (matrices).                                       *)
(* We use dependent types (ordinals) for the indices so that ranges are   *)
(* mostly inferred automatically                                          *)

Inductive matrix : predArgType := Matrix of {ffun 'I_m * 'I_n -> R}.

Definition mx_val A := let: Matrix g := A in g.

Canonical matrix_subType := Eval hnf in [newType for mx_val].

Fact matrix_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition matrix_of_fun_def F := Matrix [ffun ij => F ij.1 ij.2].
Definition matrix_of_fun k := locked_with k matrix_of_fun_def.
Canonical matrix_unlockable k := [unlockable fun matrix_of_fun k].

Definition fun_of_matrix A (i : 'I_m) (j : 'I_n) := mx_val A (i, j).

Coercion fun_of_matrix : matrix >-> Funclass.

Lemma mxE k F : matrix_of_fun k F =2 F.
Proof. by move=> i j; rewrite unlock /fun_of_matrix /= ffunE. Qed.

Lemma matrixP (A B : matrix) : A =2 B <-> A = B.
Proof.
rewrite /fun_of_matrix; split=> [/= eqAB | -> //].
by apply/val_inj/ffunP=> [[i j]]; exact: eqAB.
Qed.

End MatrixDef.

Bind Scope ring_scope with matrix.

Notation "''M[' R ]_ ( m , n )" := (matrix R m n) (only parsing): type_scope.
Notation "''rV[' R ]_ n" := 'M[R]_(1, n) (only parsing) : type_scope.
Notation "''cV[' R ]_ n" := 'M[R]_(n, 1) (only parsing) : type_scope.
Notation "''M[' R ]_ n" := 'M[R]_(n, n) (only parsing) : type_scope.
Notation "''M[' R ]_ ( n )" := 'M[R]_n (only parsing) : type_scope.
Notation "''M_' ( m , n )" := 'M[_]_(m, n) : type_scope.
Notation "''rV_' n" := 'M_(1, n) : type_scope.
Notation "''cV_' n" := 'M_(n, 1) : type_scope.
Notation "''M_' n" := 'M_(n, n) : type_scope.
Notation "''M_' ( n )" := 'M_n (only parsing) : type_scope.

Notation "\matrix[ k ]_ ( i , j ) E" := (matrix_of_fun k (fun i j => E))
  (at level 36, E at level 36, i, j at level 50): ring_scope.

Notation "\matrix_ ( i < m , j < n ) E" :=
  (@matrix_of_fun _ m n matrix_key (fun i j => E)) (only parsing) : ring_scope.

Notation "\matrix_ ( i , j < n ) E" :=
  (\matrix_(i < n, j < n) E) (only parsing) : ring_scope.

Notation "\matrix_ ( i , j ) E" := (\matrix_(i < _, j < _) E) : ring_scope.

Notation "\matrix_ ( i < m ) E" :=
  (\matrix_(i < m, j < _) @fun_of_matrix _ 1 _ E 0 j)
  (only parsing) : ring_scope.
Notation "\matrix_ i E" := (\matrix_(i < _) E) : ring_scope.

Notation "\col_ ( i < n ) E" := (@matrix_of_fun _ n 1 matrix_key (fun i _ => E))
  (only parsing) : ring_scope.
Notation "\col_ i E" := (\col_(i < _) E) : ring_scope.

Notation "\row_ ( j < n ) E" := (@matrix_of_fun _ 1 n matrix_key (fun _ j => E))
  (only parsing) : ring_scope.
Notation "\row_ j E" := (\row_(j < _) E) : ring_scope.

Definition matrix_eqMixin (R : eqType) m n :=
  Eval hnf in [eqMixin of 'M[R]_(m, n) by <:].
Canonical matrix_eqType (R : eqType) m n:=
  Eval hnf in EqType 'M[R]_(m, n) (matrix_eqMixin R m n).
Definition matrix_choiceMixin (R : choiceType) m n :=
  [choiceMixin of 'M[R]_(m, n) by <:].
Canonical matrix_choiceType (R : choiceType) m n :=
  Eval hnf in ChoiceType 'M[R]_(m, n) (matrix_choiceMixin R m n).
Definition matrix_countMixin (R : countType) m n :=
  [countMixin of 'M[R]_(m, n) by <:].
Canonical matrix_countType (R : countType) m n :=
  Eval hnf in CountType 'M[R]_(m, n) (matrix_countMixin R m n).
Canonical matrix_subCountType (R : countType) m n :=
  Eval hnf in [subCountType of 'M[R]_(m, n)].
Definition matrix_finMixin (R : finType) m n :=
  [finMixin of 'M[R]_(m, n) by <:].
Canonical matrix_finType (R : finType) m n :=
  Eval hnf in FinType 'M[R]_(m, n) (matrix_finMixin R m n).
Canonical matrix_subFinType (R : finType) m n :=
  Eval hnf in [subFinType of 'M[R]_(m, n)].

Lemma card_matrix (F : finType) m n : (#|{: 'M[F]_(m, n)}| = #|F| ^ (m * n))%N.
Proof. by rewrite card_sub card_ffun card_prod !card_ord. Qed.

(*****************************************************************************)
(****** Matrix structural operations (transpose, permutation, blocks) ********)
(*****************************************************************************)

Section MatrixStructural.

Variable R : Type.

(* Constant matrix *)
Fact const_mx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition const_mx m n a : 'M[R]_(m, n) := \matrix[const_mx_key]_(i, j) a.
Implicit Arguments const_mx [[m] [n]].

Section FixedDim.
(* Definitions and properties for which we can work with fixed dimensions. *)

Variables m n : nat.
Implicit Type A : 'M[R]_(m, n).

(* Reshape a matrix, to accomodate the block functions for instance. *)
Definition castmx m' n' (eq_mn : (m = m') * (n = n')) A : 'M_(m', n') :=
  let: erefl in _ = m' := eq_mn.1 return 'M_(m', n') in
  let: erefl in _ = n' := eq_mn.2 return 'M_(m, n') in A.

Definition conform_mx m' n' B A :=
  match m =P m', n =P n' with
  | ReflectT eq_m, ReflectT eq_n => castmx (eq_m, eq_n) A
  | _, _ => B
  end.

(* Transpose a matrix *)
Fact trmx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition trmx A := \matrix[trmx_key]_(i, j) A j i.

(* Permute a matrix vertically (rows) or horizontally (columns) *)
Fact row_perm_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition row_perm (s : 'S_m) A := \matrix[row_perm_key]_(i, j) A (s i) j.
Fact col_perm_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition col_perm (s : 'S_n) A := \matrix[col_perm_key]_(i, j) A i (s j).

(* Exchange two rows/columns of a matrix *)
Definition xrow i1 i2 := row_perm (tperm i1 i2).
Definition xcol j1 j2 := col_perm (tperm j1 j2).

(* Row/Column sub matrices of a matrix *)
Definition row i0 A := \row_j A i0 j.
Definition col j0 A := \col_i A i j0.

(* Removing a row/column from a matrix *)
Definition row' i0 A := \matrix_(i, j) A (lift i0 i) j.
Definition col' j0 A := \matrix_(i, j) A i (lift j0 j).

Lemma castmx_const m' n' (eq_mn : (m = m') * (n = n')) a :
  castmx eq_mn (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. by case: eq_mn; case: m' /; case: n' /. Qed.

Lemma trmx_const a : trmx (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma row_perm_const s a : row_perm s (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma col_perm_const s a : col_perm s (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma xrow_const i1 i2 a : xrow i1 i2 (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. exact: row_perm_const. Qed.

Lemma xcol_const j1 j2 a : xcol j1 j2 (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. exact: col_perm_const. Qed.

Lemma rowP (u v : 'rV[R]_n) : u 0 =1 v 0 <-> u = v.
Proof. by split=> [eq_uv | -> //]; apply/matrixP=> i; rewrite ord1. Qed.

Lemma rowK u_ i0 : row i0 (\matrix_i u_ i) = u_ i0.
Proof. by apply/rowP=> i'; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma row_matrixP A B : (forall i, row i A = row i B) <-> A = B.
Proof.
split=> [eqAB | -> //]; apply/matrixP=> i j.
by move/rowP/(_ j): (eqAB i); rewrite !mxE.
Qed.

Lemma colP (u v : 'cV[R]_m) : u^~ 0 =1 v^~ 0 <-> u = v.
Proof. by split=> [eq_uv | -> //]; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite ord1. Qed.

Lemma row_const i0 a : row i0 (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. by apply/rowP=> j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma col_const j0 a : col j0 (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. by apply/colP=> i; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma row'_const i0 a : row' i0 (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma col'_const j0 a : col' j0 (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma col_perm1 A : col_perm 1 A = A.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite mxE perm1. Qed.

Lemma row_perm1 A : row_perm 1 A = A.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite mxE perm1. Qed.

Lemma col_permM s t A : col_perm (s * t) A = col_perm s (col_perm t A).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE permM. Qed.

Lemma row_permM s t A : row_perm (s * t) A = row_perm s (row_perm t A).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE permM. Qed.

Lemma col_row_permC s t A :
  col_perm s (row_perm t A) = row_perm t (col_perm s A).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

End FixedDim.

Local Notation "A ^T" := (trmx A) : ring_scope.

Lemma castmx_id m n erefl_mn (A : 'M_(m, n)) : castmx erefl_mn A = A.
Proof. by case: erefl_mn => e_m e_n; rewrite [e_m]eq_axiomK [e_n]eq_axiomK. Qed.

Lemma castmx_comp m1 n1 m2 n2 m3 n3 (eq_m1 : m1 = m2) (eq_n1 : n1 = n2)
                                    (eq_m2 : m2 = m3) (eq_n2 : n2 = n3) A :
  castmx (eq_m2, eq_n2) (castmx (eq_m1, eq_n1) A)
    = castmx (etrans eq_m1 eq_m2, etrans eq_n1 eq_n2) A.
Proof.
by case: m2 / eq_m1 eq_m2; case: m3 /; case: n2 / eq_n1 eq_n2; case: n3 /.
Qed.

Lemma castmxK m1 n1 m2 n2 (eq_m : m1 = m2) (eq_n : n1 = n2) :
  cancel (castmx (eq_m, eq_n)) (castmx (esym eq_m, esym eq_n)).
Proof. by case: m2 / eq_m; case: n2 / eq_n. Qed.

Lemma castmxKV m1 n1 m2 n2 (eq_m : m1 = m2) (eq_n : n1 = n2) :
  cancel (castmx (esym eq_m, esym eq_n)) (castmx (eq_m, eq_n)).
Proof. by case: m2 / eq_m; case: n2 / eq_n. Qed.

(* This can be use to reverse an equation that involves a cast. *)
Lemma castmx_sym m1 n1 m2 n2 (eq_m : m1 = m2) (eq_n : n1 = n2) A1 A2 :
  A1 = castmx (eq_m, eq_n) A2 -> A2 = castmx (esym eq_m, esym eq_n) A1.
Proof. by move/(canLR (castmxK _ _)). Qed.

Lemma castmxE m1 n1 m2 n2 (eq_mn : (m1 = m2) * (n1 = n2)) A i j :
  castmx eq_mn A i j =
     A (cast_ord (esym eq_mn.1) i) (cast_ord (esym eq_mn.2) j).
Proof.
by do [case: eq_mn; case: m2 /; case: n2 /] in A i j *; rewrite !cast_ord_id.
Qed.

Lemma conform_mx_id m n (B A : 'M_(m, n)) : conform_mx B A = A.
Proof. by rewrite /conform_mx; do 2!case: eqP => // *; rewrite castmx_id. Qed.

Lemma nonconform_mx m m' n n' (B : 'M_(m', n')) (A : 'M_(m, n)) :
  (m != m') || (n != n') -> conform_mx B A = B.
Proof. by rewrite /conform_mx; do 2!case: eqP. Qed.

Lemma conform_castmx m1 n1 m2 n2 m3 n3
                     (e_mn : (m2 = m3) * (n2 = n3)) (B : 'M_(m1, n1)) A :
  conform_mx B (castmx e_mn A) = conform_mx B A.
Proof. by do [case: e_mn; case: m3 /; case: n3 /] in A *. Qed.

Lemma trmxK m n : cancel (@trmx m n) (@trmx n m).
Proof. by move=> A; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma trmx_inj m n : injective (@trmx m n).
Proof. exact: can_inj (@trmxK m n). Qed.

Lemma trmx_cast m1 n1 m2 n2 (eq_mn : (m1 = m2) * (n1 = n2)) A :
  (castmx eq_mn A)^T = castmx (eq_mn.2, eq_mn.1) A^T.
Proof.
by case: eq_mn => eq_m eq_n; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !(mxE, castmxE).
Qed.

Lemma tr_row_perm m n s (A : 'M_(m, n)) : (row_perm s A)^T = col_perm s A^T.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma tr_col_perm m n s (A : 'M_(m, n)) : (col_perm s A)^T = row_perm s A^T.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma tr_xrow m n i1 i2 (A : 'M_(m, n)) : (xrow i1 i2 A)^T = xcol i1 i2 A^T.
Proof. exact: tr_row_perm. Qed.

Lemma tr_xcol m n j1 j2 (A : 'M_(m, n)) : (xcol j1 j2 A)^T = xrow j1 j2 A^T.
Proof. exact: tr_col_perm. Qed.

Lemma row_id n i (V : 'rV_n) : row i V = V.
Proof. by apply/rowP=> j; rewrite mxE [i]ord1. Qed.

Lemma col_id n j (V : 'cV_n) : col j V = V.
Proof. by apply/colP=> i; rewrite mxE [j]ord1. Qed.

Lemma row_eq m1 m2 n i1 i2 (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) :
  row i1 A1 = row i2 A2 -> A1 i1 =1 A2 i2.
Proof. by move/rowP=> eqA12 j; have:= eqA12 j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma col_eq m n1 n2 j1 j2 (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) :
  col j1 A1 = col j2 A2 -> A1^~ j1 =1 A2^~ j2.
Proof. by move/colP=> eqA12 i; have:= eqA12 i; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma row'_eq m n i0 (A B : 'M_(m, n)) :
  row' i0 A = row' i0 B -> {in predC1 i0, A =2 B}.
Proof.
move/matrixP=> eqAB' i; rewrite !inE eq_sym; case/unlift_some=> i' -> _ j.
by have:= eqAB' i' j; rewrite !mxE.
Qed.

Lemma col'_eq m n j0 (A B : 'M_(m, n)) :
  col' j0 A = col' j0 B -> forall i, {in predC1 j0, A i =1 B i}.
Proof.
move/matrixP=> eqAB' i j; rewrite !inE eq_sym; case/unlift_some=> j' -> _.
by have:= eqAB' i j'; rewrite !mxE.
Qed.

Lemma tr_row m n i0 (A : 'M_(m, n)) : (row i0 A)^T = col i0 A^T.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma tr_row' m n i0 (A : 'M_(m, n)) : (row' i0 A)^T = col' i0 A^T.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma tr_col m n j0 (A : 'M_(m, n)) : (col j0 A)^T = row j0 A^T.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma tr_col' m n j0 (A : 'M_(m, n)) : (col' j0 A)^T = row' j0 A^T.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Ltac split_mxE := apply/matrixP=> i j; do ![rewrite mxE | case: split => ?].

Section CutPaste.

Variables m m1 m2 n n1 n2 : nat.

(* Concatenating two matrices, in either direction. *)

Fact row_mx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition row_mx (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) : 'M[R]_(m, n1 + n2) :=
  \matrix[row_mx_key]_(i, j)
     match split j with inl j1 => A1 i j1 | inr j2 => A2 i j2 end.

Fact col_mx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition col_mx (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) : 'M[R]_(m1 + m2, n) :=
  \matrix[col_mx_key]_(i, j)
     match split i with inl i1 => A1 i1 j | inr i2 => A2 i2 j end.

(* Left/Right | Up/Down submatrices of a rows | columns matrix.   *)
(* The shape of the (dependent) width parameters of the type of A *)
(* determines which submatrix is selected.                        *)

Fact lsubmx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition lsubmx (A : 'M[R]_(m, n1 + n2)) :=
  \matrix[lsubmx_key]_(i, j) A i (lshift n2 j).

Fact rsubmx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition rsubmx (A : 'M[R]_(m, n1 + n2)) :=
  \matrix[rsubmx_key]_(i, j) A i (rshift n1 j).

Fact usubmx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition usubmx (A : 'M[R]_(m1 + m2, n)) :=
  \matrix[usubmx_key]_(i, j) A (lshift m2 i) j.

Fact dsubmx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition dsubmx (A : 'M[R]_(m1 + m2, n)) :=
  \matrix[dsubmx_key]_(i, j) A (rshift m1 i) j.

Lemma row_mxEl A1 A2 i j : row_mx A1 A2 i (lshift n2 j) = A1 i j.
Proof. by rewrite mxE (unsplitK (inl _ _)). Qed.

Lemma row_mxKl A1 A2 : lsubmx (row_mx A1 A2) = A1.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite mxE row_mxEl. Qed.

Lemma row_mxEr A1 A2 i j : row_mx A1 A2 i (rshift n1 j) = A2 i j.
Proof. by rewrite mxE (unsplitK (inr _ _)). Qed.

Lemma row_mxKr A1 A2 : rsubmx (row_mx A1 A2) = A2.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite mxE row_mxEr. Qed.

Lemma hsubmxK A : row_mx (lsubmx A) (rsubmx A) = A.
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE.
case: splitP => k Dk //=; rewrite !mxE //=; congr (A _ _); exact: val_inj.
Qed.

Lemma col_mxEu A1 A2 i j : col_mx A1 A2 (lshift m2 i) j = A1 i j.
Proof. by rewrite mxE (unsplitK (inl _ _)). Qed.

Lemma col_mxKu A1 A2 : usubmx (col_mx A1 A2) = A1.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite mxE col_mxEu. Qed.

Lemma col_mxEd A1 A2 i j : col_mx A1 A2 (rshift m1 i) j = A2 i j.
Proof. by rewrite mxE (unsplitK (inr _ _)). Qed.

Lemma col_mxKd A1 A2 : dsubmx (col_mx A1 A2) = A2.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite mxE col_mxEd. Qed.

Lemma eq_row_mx A1 A2 B1 B2 : row_mx A1 A2 = row_mx B1 B2 -> A1 = B1 /\ A2 = B2.
Proof.
move=> eqAB; move: (congr1 lsubmx eqAB) (congr1 rsubmx eqAB).
by rewrite !(row_mxKl, row_mxKr).
Qed.

Lemma eq_col_mx A1 A2 B1 B2 : col_mx A1 A2 = col_mx B1 B2 -> A1 = B1 /\ A2 = B2.
Proof.
move=> eqAB; move: (congr1 usubmx eqAB) (congr1 dsubmx eqAB).
by rewrite !(col_mxKu, col_mxKd).
Qed.

Lemma row_mx_const a : row_mx (const_mx a) (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma col_mx_const a : col_mx (const_mx a) (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

End CutPaste.

Lemma trmx_lsub m n1 n2 (A : 'M_(m, n1 + n2)) : (lsubmx A)^T = usubmx A^T.
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma trmx_rsub m n1 n2 (A : 'M_(m, n1 + n2)) : (rsubmx A)^T = dsubmx A^T.
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma tr_row_mx m n1 n2 (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) :
  (row_mx A1 A2)^T = col_mx A1^T A2^T.
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma tr_col_mx m1 m2 n (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) :
  (col_mx A1 A2)^T = row_mx A1^T A2^T.
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma trmx_usub m1 m2 n (A : 'M_(m1 + m2, n)) : (usubmx A)^T = lsubmx A^T.
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma trmx_dsub m1 m2 n (A : 'M_(m1 + m2, n)) : (dsubmx A)^T = rsubmx A^T.
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma vsubmxK m1 m2 n (A : 'M_(m1 + m2, n)) : col_mx (usubmx A) (dsubmx A) = A.
Proof. by apply: trmx_inj; rewrite tr_col_mx trmx_usub trmx_dsub hsubmxK. Qed.

Lemma cast_row_mx m m' n1 n2 (eq_m : m = m') A1 A2 :
  castmx (eq_m, erefl _) (row_mx A1 A2)
    = row_mx (castmx (eq_m, erefl n1) A1) (castmx (eq_m, erefl n2) A2).
Proof. by case: m' / eq_m. Qed.

Lemma cast_col_mx m1 m2 n n' (eq_n : n = n') A1 A2 :
  castmx (erefl _, eq_n) (col_mx A1 A2)
    = col_mx (castmx (erefl m1, eq_n) A1) (castmx (erefl m2, eq_n) A2).
Proof. by case: n' / eq_n. Qed.

(* This lemma has Prenex Implicits to help RL rewrititng with castmx_sym. *)
Lemma row_mxA m n1 n2 n3 (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) (A3 : 'M_(m, n3)) :
  let cast := (erefl m, esym (addnA n1 n2 n3)) in
  row_mx A1 (row_mx A2 A3) = castmx cast (row_mx (row_mx A1 A2) A3).
Proof.
apply: (canRL (castmxKV _ _)); apply/matrixP=> i j.
rewrite castmxE !mxE cast_ord_id; case: splitP => j1 /= def_j.
  have: (j < n1 + n2) && (j < n1) by rewrite def_j lshift_subproof /=.
  by move: def_j; do 2![case: splitP => // ? ->; rewrite ?mxE] => /ord_inj->.
case: splitP def_j => j2 ->{j} def_j; rewrite !mxE.
  have: ~~ (j2 < n1) by rewrite -leqNgt def_j leq_addr.
  have: j1 < n2 by rewrite -(ltn_add2l n1) -def_j.
  by move: def_j; do 2![case: splitP => // ? ->] => /addnI/val_inj->.
have: ~~ (j1 < n2) by rewrite -leqNgt -(leq_add2l n1) -def_j leq_addr.
by case: splitP def_j => // ? ->; rewrite addnA => /addnI/val_inj->.
Qed.
Definition row_mxAx := row_mxA. (* bypass Prenex Implicits. *)

(* This lemma has Prenex Implicits to help RL rewrititng with castmx_sym. *)
Lemma col_mxA m1 m2 m3 n (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) (A3 : 'M_(m3, n)) :
  let cast := (esym (addnA m1 m2 m3), erefl n) in
  col_mx A1 (col_mx A2 A3) = castmx cast (col_mx (col_mx A1 A2) A3).
Proof. by apply: trmx_inj; rewrite trmx_cast !tr_col_mx -row_mxA. Qed.
Definition col_mxAx := col_mxA. (* bypass Prenex Implicits. *)

Lemma row_row_mx m n1 n2 i0 (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) :
  row i0 (row_mx A1 A2) = row_mx (row i0 A1) (row i0 A2).
Proof.
by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE; case: (split j) => j'; rewrite mxE.
Qed.

Lemma col_col_mx m1 m2 n j0 (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) :
  col j0 (col_mx A1 A2) = col_mx (col j0 A1) (col j0 A2).
Proof. by apply: trmx_inj; rewrite !(tr_col, tr_col_mx, row_row_mx). Qed.

Lemma row'_row_mx m n1 n2 i0 (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) :
  row' i0 (row_mx A1 A2) = row_mx (row' i0 A1) (row' i0 A2).
Proof.
by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE; case: (split j) => j'; rewrite mxE.
Qed.

Lemma col'_col_mx m1 m2 n j0 (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) :
  col' j0 (col_mx A1 A2) = col_mx (col' j0 A1) (col' j0 A2).
Proof. by apply: trmx_inj; rewrite !(tr_col', tr_col_mx, row'_row_mx). Qed.

Lemma colKl m n1 n2 j1 (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) :
  col (lshift n2 j1) (row_mx A1 A2) = col j1 A1.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !(row_mxEl, mxE). Qed.

Lemma colKr m n1 n2 j2 (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) :
  col (rshift n1 j2) (row_mx A1 A2) = col j2 A2.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !(row_mxEr, mxE). Qed.

Lemma rowKu m1 m2 n i1 (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) :
  row (lshift m2 i1) (col_mx A1 A2) = row i1 A1.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !(col_mxEu, mxE). Qed.

Lemma rowKd m1 m2 n i2 (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) :
  row (rshift m1 i2) (col_mx A1 A2) = row i2 A2.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !(col_mxEd, mxE). Qed.

Lemma col'Kl m n1 n2 j1 (A1 : 'M_(m, n1.+1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) :
  col' (lshift n2 j1) (row_mx A1 A2) = row_mx (col' j1 A1) A2.
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i /= j; symmetry; rewrite 2!mxE.
case: splitP => j' def_j'.
  rewrite mxE -(row_mxEl _ A2); congr (row_mx _ _ _); apply: ord_inj.
  by rewrite /= def_j'.
rewrite -(row_mxEr A1); congr (row_mx _ _ _); apply: ord_inj => /=.
by rewrite /bump def_j' -ltnS -addSn ltn_addr.
Qed.

Lemma row'Ku m1 m2 n i1 (A1 : 'M_(m1.+1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) :
  row' (lshift m2 i1) (@col_mx m1.+1 m2 n A1 A2) = col_mx (row' i1 A1) A2.
Proof.
by apply: trmx_inj; rewrite tr_col_mx !(@tr_row' _.+1) (@tr_col_mx _.+1) col'Kl.
Qed.

Lemma mx'_cast m n : 'I_n -> (m + n.-1)%N = (m + n).-1.
Proof. by case=> j /ltn_predK <-; rewrite addnS. Qed.

Lemma col'Kr m n1 n2 j2 (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) :
  col' (rshift n1 j2) (@row_mx m n1 n2 A1 A2)
    = castmx (erefl m, mx'_cast n1 j2) (row_mx A1 (col' j2 A2)).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i j; symmetry; rewrite castmxE mxE cast_ord_id.
case: splitP => j' /= def_j.
  rewrite mxE -(row_mxEl _ A2); congr (row_mx _ _ _); apply: ord_inj.
  by rewrite /= def_j /bump leqNgt ltn_addr.
rewrite 2!mxE -(row_mxEr A1); congr (row_mx _ _ _ _); apply: ord_inj.
by rewrite /= def_j /bump leq_add2l addnCA.
Qed.

Lemma row'Kd m1 m2 n i2 (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) :
  row' (rshift m1 i2) (col_mx A1 A2)
    = castmx (mx'_cast m1 i2, erefl n) (col_mx A1 (row' i2 A2)).
Proof. by apply: trmx_inj; rewrite trmx_cast !(tr_row', tr_col_mx) col'Kr. Qed.

Section Block.

Variables m1 m2 n1 n2 : nat.

(* Building a block matrix from 4 matrices :               *)
(*  up left, up right, down left and down right components *)

Definition block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr : 'M_(m1 + m2, n1 + n2) :=
  col_mx (row_mx Aul Aur) (row_mx Adl Adr).

Lemma eq_block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr Bul Bur Bdl Bdr :
 block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr = block_mx Bul Bur Bdl Bdr ->
  [/\ Aul = Bul, Aur = Bur, Adl = Bdl & Adr = Bdr].
Proof. by case/eq_col_mx; do 2!case/eq_row_mx=> -> ->. Qed.

Lemma block_mx_const a :
  block_mx (const_mx a) (const_mx a) (const_mx a) (const_mx a) = const_mx a.
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Section CutBlock.

Variable A : matrix R (m1 + m2) (n1 + n2).

Definition ulsubmx := lsubmx (usubmx A).
Definition ursubmx := rsubmx (usubmx A).
Definition dlsubmx := lsubmx (dsubmx A).
Definition drsubmx := rsubmx (dsubmx A).

Lemma submxK : block_mx ulsubmx ursubmx dlsubmx drsubmx = A.
Proof. by rewrite /block_mx !hsubmxK vsubmxK. Qed.

End CutBlock.

Section CatBlock.

Variables (Aul : 'M[R]_(m1, n1)) (Aur : 'M[R]_(m1, n2)).
Variables (Adl : 'M[R]_(m2, n1)) (Adr : 'M[R]_(m2, n2)).

Let A := block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr.

Lemma block_mxEul i j : A (lshift m2 i) (lshift n2 j) = Aul i j.
Proof. by rewrite col_mxEu row_mxEl. Qed.
Lemma block_mxKul : ulsubmx A = Aul.
Proof. by rewrite /ulsubmx col_mxKu row_mxKl. Qed.

Lemma block_mxEur i j : A (lshift m2 i) (rshift n1 j) = Aur i j.
Proof. by rewrite col_mxEu row_mxEr. Qed.
Lemma block_mxKur : ursubmx A = Aur.
Proof. by rewrite /ursubmx col_mxKu row_mxKr. Qed.

Lemma block_mxEdl i j : A (rshift m1 i) (lshift n2 j) = Adl i j.
Proof. by rewrite col_mxEd row_mxEl. Qed.
Lemma block_mxKdl : dlsubmx A = Adl.
Proof. by rewrite /dlsubmx col_mxKd row_mxKl. Qed.

Lemma block_mxEdr i j : A (rshift m1 i) (rshift n1 j) = Adr i j.
Proof. by rewrite col_mxEd row_mxEr. Qed.
Lemma block_mxKdr : drsubmx A = Adr.
Proof. by rewrite /drsubmx col_mxKd row_mxKr. Qed.

Lemma block_mxEv : A = col_mx (row_mx Aul Aur) (row_mx Adl Adr).
Proof. by []. Qed.

End CatBlock.

End Block.

Section TrCutBlock.

Variables m1 m2 n1 n2 : nat.
Variable A : 'M[R]_(m1 + m2, n1 + n2).

Lemma trmx_ulsub : (ulsubmx A)^T = ulsubmx A^T.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma trmx_ursub : (ursubmx A)^T = dlsubmx A^T.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma trmx_dlsub : (dlsubmx A)^T = ursubmx A^T.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma trmx_drsub : (drsubmx A)^T = drsubmx A^T.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

End TrCutBlock.

Section TrBlock.
Variables m1 m2 n1 n2 : nat.
Variables (Aul : 'M[R]_(m1, n1)) (Aur : 'M[R]_(m1, n2)).
Variables (Adl : 'M[R]_(m2, n1)) (Adr : 'M[R]_(m2, n2)).

Lemma tr_block_mx :
 (block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr)^T = block_mx Aul^T Adl^T Aur^T Adr^T.
Proof.
rewrite -[_^T]submxK -trmx_ulsub -trmx_ursub -trmx_dlsub -trmx_drsub.
by rewrite block_mxKul block_mxKur block_mxKdl block_mxKdr.
Qed.

Lemma block_mxEh :
  block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr = row_mx (col_mx Aul Adl) (col_mx Aur Adr).
Proof. by apply: trmx_inj; rewrite tr_block_mx tr_row_mx 2!tr_col_mx. Qed.
End TrBlock.

(* This lemma has Prenex Implicits to help RL rewrititng with castmx_sym. *)
Lemma block_mxA m1 m2 m3 n1 n2 n3
   (A11 : 'M_(m1, n1)) (A12 : 'M_(m1, n2)) (A13 : 'M_(m1, n3))
   (A21 : 'M_(m2, n1)) (A22 : 'M_(m2, n2)) (A23 : 'M_(m2, n3))
   (A31 : 'M_(m3, n1)) (A32 : 'M_(m3, n2)) (A33 : 'M_(m3, n3)) :
  let cast := (esym (addnA m1 m2 m3), esym (addnA n1 n2 n3)) in
  let row1 := row_mx A12 A13 in let col1 := col_mx A21 A31 in
  let row3 := row_mx A31 A32 in let col3 := col_mx A13 A23 in
  block_mx A11 row1 col1 (block_mx A22 A23 A32 A33)
    = castmx cast (block_mx (block_mx A11 A12 A21 A22) col3 row3 A33).
Proof.
rewrite /= block_mxEh !col_mxA -cast_row_mx -block_mxEv -block_mxEh.
rewrite block_mxEv block_mxEh !row_mxA -cast_col_mx -block_mxEh -block_mxEv.
by rewrite castmx_comp etrans_id.
Qed.
Definition block_mxAx := block_mxA. (* Bypass Prenex Implicits *)

(* Bijections mxvec : 'M_(m, n) <----> 'rV_(m * n) : vec_mx *)
Section VecMatrix.

Variables m n : nat.

Lemma mxvec_cast : #|{:'I_m * 'I_n}| = (m * n)%N. 
Proof. by rewrite card_prod !card_ord. Qed.

Definition mxvec_index (i : 'I_m) (j : 'I_n) :=
  cast_ord mxvec_cast (enum_rank (i, j)).

CoInductive is_mxvec_index : 'I_(m * n) -> Type :=
  IsMxvecIndex i j : is_mxvec_index (mxvec_index i j).

Lemma mxvec_indexP k : is_mxvec_index k.
Proof.
rewrite -[k](cast_ordK (esym mxvec_cast)) esymK.
by rewrite -[_ k]enum_valK; case: (enum_val _).
Qed.

Coercion pair_of_mxvec_index k (i_k : is_mxvec_index k) :=
  let: IsMxvecIndex i j := i_k in (i, j).

Definition mxvec (A : 'M[R]_(m, n)) :=
  castmx (erefl _, mxvec_cast) (\row_k A (enum_val k).1 (enum_val k).2).

Fact vec_mx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition vec_mx (u : 'rV[R]_(m * n)) :=
  \matrix[vec_mx_key]_(i, j) u 0 (mxvec_index i j).

Lemma mxvecE A i j : mxvec A 0 (mxvec_index i j) = A i j.
Proof. by rewrite castmxE mxE cast_ordK enum_rankK. Qed.

Lemma mxvecK : cancel mxvec vec_mx.
Proof. by move=> A; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite mxE mxvecE. Qed.

Lemma vec_mxK : cancel vec_mx mxvec.
Proof.
by move=> u; apply/rowP=> k; case/mxvec_indexP: k => i j; rewrite mxvecE mxE.
Qed.

Lemma curry_mxvec_bij : {on 'I_(m * n), bijective (prod_curry mxvec_index)}.
Proof.
exists (enum_val \o cast_ord (esym mxvec_cast)) => [[i j] _ | k _] /=.
  by rewrite cast_ordK enum_rankK.
by case/mxvec_indexP: k => i j /=; rewrite cast_ordK enum_rankK.
Qed.

End VecMatrix.

End MatrixStructural.

Implicit Arguments const_mx [R m n].
Implicit Arguments row_mxA [R m n1 n2 n3 A1 A2 A3].
Implicit Arguments col_mxA [R m1 m2 m3 n A1 A2 A3].
Implicit Arguments block_mxA
  [R m1 m2 m3 n1 n2 n3 A11 A12 A13 A21 A22 A23 A31 A32 A33].
Prenex Implicits const_mx castmx trmx lsubmx rsubmx usubmx dsubmx row_mx col_mx.
Prenex Implicits block_mx ulsubmx ursubmx dlsubmx drsubmx.
Prenex Implicits row_mxA col_mxA block_mxA.
Prenex Implicits mxvec vec_mx mxvec_indexP mxvecK vec_mxK.

Notation "A ^T" := (trmx A) : ring_scope.

(* Matrix parametricity. *)
Section MapMatrix.

Variables (aT rT : Type) (f : aT -> rT).

Fact map_mx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition map_mx m n (A : 'M_(m, n)) := \matrix[map_mx_key]_(i, j) f (A i j).

Notation "A ^f" := (map_mx A) : ring_scope.

Section OneMatrix.

Variables (m n : nat) (A : 'M[aT]_(m, n)).

Lemma map_trmx : A^f^T = A^T^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_const_mx a : (const_mx a)^f = const_mx (f a) :> 'M_(m, n).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_row i : (row i A)^f = row i A^f.
Proof. by apply/rowP=> j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_col j : (col j A)^f = col j A^f.
Proof. by apply/colP=> i; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_row' i0 : (row' i0 A)^f = row' i0 A^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_col' j0 : (col' j0 A)^f = col' j0 A^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_row_perm s : (row_perm s A)^f = row_perm s A^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_col_perm s : (col_perm s A)^f = col_perm s A^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_xrow i1 i2 : (xrow i1 i2 A)^f = xrow i1 i2 A^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_xcol j1 j2 : (xcol j1 j2 A)^f = xcol j1 j2 A^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_castmx m' n' c : (castmx c A)^f = castmx c A^f :> 'M_(m', n').
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !(castmxE, mxE). Qed.

Lemma map_conform_mx m' n' (B : 'M_(m', n')) :
  (conform_mx B A)^f = conform_mx B^f A^f.
Proof.
move: B; have [[<- <-] B|] := eqVneq (m, n) (m', n'). 
  by rewrite !conform_mx_id.
by rewrite negb_and => neq_mn B; rewrite !nonconform_mx.
Qed.

Lemma map_mxvec : (mxvec A)^f = mxvec A^f.
Proof. by apply/rowP=> i; rewrite !(castmxE, mxE). Qed.

Lemma map_vec_mx (v : 'rV_(m * n)) : (vec_mx v)^f = vec_mx v^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

End OneMatrix.

Section Block.

Variables m1 m2 n1 n2 : nat.
Variables (Aul : 'M[aT]_(m1, n1)) (Aur : 'M[aT]_(m1, n2)).
Variables (Adl : 'M[aT]_(m2, n1)) (Adr : 'M[aT]_(m2, n2)).
Variables (Bh : 'M[aT]_(m1, n1 + n2)) (Bv : 'M[aT]_(m1 + m2, n1)).
Variable B : 'M[aT]_(m1 + m2, n1 + n2).

Lemma map_row_mx : (row_mx Aul Aur)^f = row_mx Aul^f Aur^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; do 2![rewrite !mxE //; case: split => ?]. Qed.

Lemma map_col_mx : (col_mx Aul Adl)^f = col_mx Aul^f Adl^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; do 2![rewrite !mxE //; case: split => ?]. Qed.

Lemma map_block_mx :
  (block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr)^f = block_mx Aul^f Aur^f Adl^f Adr^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; do 3![rewrite !mxE //; case: split => ?]. Qed.

Lemma map_lsubmx : (lsubmx Bh)^f = lsubmx Bh^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_rsubmx : (rsubmx Bh)^f = rsubmx Bh^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_usubmx : (usubmx Bv)^f = usubmx Bv^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_dsubmx : (dsubmx Bv)^f = dsubmx Bv^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_ulsubmx : (ulsubmx B)^f = ulsubmx B^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_ursubmx : (ursubmx B)^f = ursubmx B^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_dlsubmx : (dlsubmx B)^f = dlsubmx B^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma map_drsubmx : (drsubmx B)^f = drsubmx B^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

End Block.

End MapMatrix.

(*****************************************************************************)
(********************* Matrix Zmodule (additive) structure *******************)
(*****************************************************************************)

Section MatrixZmodule.

Variable V : zmodType.

Section FixedDim.

Variables m n : nat.
Implicit Types A B : 'M[V]_(m, n).

Fact oppmx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Fact addmx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition oppmx A := \matrix[oppmx_key]_(i, j) (- A i j).
Definition addmx A B := \matrix[addmx_key]_(i, j) (A i j + B i j).
(* In principle, diag_mx and scalar_mx could be defined here, but since they *)
(* only make sense with the graded ring operations, we defer them to the     *)
(* next section.                                                             *)

Lemma addmxA : associative addmx.
Proof. by move=> A B C; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE addrA. Qed.

Lemma addmxC : commutative addmx.
Proof. by move=> A B; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE addrC. Qed.

Lemma add0mx : left_id (const_mx 0) addmx.
Proof. by move=> A; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE add0r. Qed.

Lemma addNmx : left_inverse (const_mx 0) oppmx addmx.
Proof. by move=> A; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE addNr. Qed.

Definition matrix_zmodMixin := ZmodMixin addmxA addmxC add0mx addNmx.

Canonical matrix_zmodType := Eval hnf in ZmodType 'M[V]_(m, n) matrix_zmodMixin.

Lemma mulmxnE A d i j : (A *+ d) i j = A i j *+ d.
Proof. by elim: d => [|d IHd]; rewrite ?mulrS mxE ?IHd. Qed.

Lemma summxE I r (P : pred I) (E : I -> 'M_(m, n)) i j :
  (\sum_(k <- r | P k) E k) i j = \sum_(k <- r | P k) E k i j.
Proof. by apply: (big_morph (fun A => A i j)) => [A B|]; rewrite mxE. Qed.

Lemma const_mx_is_additive : additive const_mx.
Proof. by move=> a b; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.
Canonical const_mx_additive := Additive const_mx_is_additive.

End FixedDim.

Section Additive.

Variables (m n p q : nat) (f : 'I_p -> 'I_q -> 'I_m) (g : 'I_p -> 'I_q -> 'I_n).

Definition swizzle_mx k (A : 'M[V]_(m, n)) :=
  \matrix[k]_(i, j) A (f i j) (g i j).

Lemma swizzle_mx_is_additive k : additive (swizzle_mx k).
Proof. by move=> A B; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.
Canonical swizzle_mx_additive k := Additive (swizzle_mx_is_additive k).

End Additive.

Local Notation SwizzleAdd op := [additive of op as swizzle_mx _ _ _].

Canonical trmx_additive m n := SwizzleAdd (@trmx V m n).
Canonical row_additive m n i := SwizzleAdd (@row V m n i).
Canonical col_additive m n j := SwizzleAdd (@col V m n j).
Canonical row'_additive m n i := SwizzleAdd (@row' V m n i).
Canonical col'_additive m n j := SwizzleAdd (@col' V m n j).
Canonical row_perm_additive m n s := SwizzleAdd (@row_perm V m n s).
Canonical col_perm_additive m n s := SwizzleAdd (@col_perm V m n s).
Canonical xrow_additive m n i1 i2 := SwizzleAdd (@xrow V m n i1 i2).
Canonical xcol_additive m n j1 j2 := SwizzleAdd (@xcol V m n j1 j2).
Canonical lsubmx_additive m n1 n2 := SwizzleAdd (@lsubmx V m n1 n2).
Canonical rsubmx_additive m n1 n2 := SwizzleAdd (@rsubmx V m n1 n2).
Canonical usubmx_additive m1 m2 n := SwizzleAdd (@usubmx V m1 m2 n).
Canonical dsubmx_additive m1 m2 n := SwizzleAdd (@dsubmx V m1 m2 n).
Canonical vec_mx_additive m n := SwizzleAdd (@vec_mx V m n).
Canonical mxvec_additive m n :=
  Additive (can2_additive (@vec_mxK V m n) mxvecK).

Lemma flatmx0 n : all_equal_to (0 : 'M_(0, n)).
Proof. by move=> A; apply/matrixP=> [] []. Qed.

Lemma thinmx0 n : all_equal_to (0 : 'M_(n, 0)).
Proof. by move=> A; apply/matrixP=> i []. Qed.

Lemma trmx0 m n : (0 : 'M_(m, n))^T = 0.
Proof. exact: trmx_const. Qed.

Lemma row0 m n i0 : row i0 (0 : 'M_(m, n)) = 0.
Proof. exact: row_const. Qed.

Lemma col0 m n j0 : col j0 (0 : 'M_(m, n)) = 0.
Proof. exact: col_const. Qed.

Lemma mxvec_eq0 m n (A : 'M_(m, n)) : (mxvec A == 0) = (A == 0).
Proof. by rewrite (can2_eq mxvecK vec_mxK) raddf0. Qed.

Lemma vec_mx_eq0 m n (v : 'rV_(m * n)) : (vec_mx v == 0) = (v == 0).
Proof. by rewrite (can2_eq vec_mxK mxvecK) raddf0. Qed.

Lemma row_mx0 m n1 n2 : row_mx 0 0 = 0 :> 'M_(m, n1 + n2).
Proof. exact: row_mx_const. Qed.

Lemma col_mx0 m1 m2 n : col_mx 0 0 = 0 :> 'M_(m1 + m2, n).
Proof. exact: col_mx_const. Qed.

Lemma block_mx0 m1 m2 n1 n2 : block_mx 0 0 0 0 = 0 :> 'M_(m1 + m2, n1 + n2).
Proof. exact: block_mx_const. Qed.

Ltac split_mxE := apply/matrixP=> i j; do ![rewrite mxE | case: split => ?].

Lemma opp_row_mx m n1 n2 (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) :
  - row_mx A1 A2 = row_mx (- A1) (- A2).
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma opp_col_mx m1 m2 n (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) :
  - col_mx A1 A2 = col_mx (- A1) (- A2).
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma opp_block_mx m1 m2 n1 n2 (Aul : 'M_(m1, n1)) Aur Adl (Adr : 'M_(m2, n2)) :
  - block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr = block_mx (- Aul) (- Aur) (- Adl) (- Adr).
Proof. by rewrite opp_col_mx !opp_row_mx. Qed.

Lemma add_row_mx m n1 n2 (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) B1 B2 :
  row_mx A1 A2 + row_mx B1 B2 = row_mx (A1 + B1) (A2 + B2).
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma add_col_mx m1 m2 n (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) B1 B2 :
  col_mx A1 A2 + col_mx B1 B2 = col_mx (A1 + B1) (A2 + B2).
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma add_block_mx m1 m2 n1 n2 (Aul : 'M_(m1, n1)) Aur Adl (Adr : 'M_(m2, n2))
                   Bul Bur Bdl Bdr :
  let A := block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr in let B := block_mx Bul Bur Bdl Bdr in
  A + B = block_mx (Aul + Bul) (Aur + Bur) (Adl + Bdl) (Adr + Bdr).
Proof. by rewrite /= add_col_mx !add_row_mx. Qed.

Definition nz_row m n (A : 'M_(m, n)) :=
  oapp (fun i => row i A) 0 [pick i | row i A != 0].

Lemma nz_row_eq0 m n (A : 'M_(m, n)) : (nz_row A == 0) = (A == 0).
Proof.
rewrite /nz_row; symmetry; case: pickP => [i /= nzAi | Ai0].
  by rewrite (negbTE nzAi); apply: contraTF nzAi => /eqP->; rewrite row0 eqxx.
by rewrite eqxx; apply/eqP/row_matrixP=> i; move/eqP: (Ai0 i) ->; rewrite row0. 
Qed.

End MatrixZmodule.

Section FinZmodMatrix.
Variables (V : finZmodType) (m n : nat).
Local Notation MV := 'M[V]_(m, n).

Canonical matrix_finZmodType := Eval hnf in [finZmodType of MV].
Canonical matrix_baseFinGroupType :=
  Eval hnf in [baseFinGroupType of MV for +%R].
Canonical matrix_finGroupType := Eval hnf in [finGroupType of MV for +%R].
End FinZmodMatrix.

(* Parametricity over the additive structure. *)
Section MapZmodMatrix.

Variables (aR rR : zmodType) (f : {additive aR -> rR}) (m n : nat).
Local Notation "A ^f" := (map_mx f A) : ring_scope.
Implicit Type A : 'M[aR]_(m, n).

Lemma map_mx0 : 0^f = 0 :> 'M_(m, n).
Proof. by rewrite map_const_mx raddf0. Qed.

Lemma map_mxN A : (- A)^f = - A^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE raddfN. Qed.

Lemma map_mxD A B : (A + B)^f = A^f + B^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE raddfD. Qed.

Lemma map_mx_sub A B : (A - B)^f = A^f - B^f.
Proof. by rewrite map_mxD map_mxN. Qed.

Definition map_mx_sum := big_morph _ map_mxD map_mx0.

Canonical map_mx_additive := Additive map_mx_sub.

End MapZmodMatrix.

(*****************************************************************************)
(*********** Matrix ring module, graded ring, and ring structures ************)
(*****************************************************************************)

Section MatrixAlgebra.

Variable R : ringType.

Section RingModule.

(* The ring module/vector space structure *)

Variables m n : nat.
Implicit Types A B : 'M[R]_(m, n).

Fact scalemx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition scalemx x A := \matrix[scalemx_key]_(i, j) (x * A i j).

(* Basis *)
Fact delta_mx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition delta_mx i0 j0 : 'M[R]_(m, n) :=
  \matrix[delta_mx_key]_(i, j) ((i == i0) && (j == j0))%:R.

Local Notation "x *m: A" := (scalemx x A) (at level 40) : ring_scope.

Lemma scale1mx A : 1 *m: A = A.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE mul1r. Qed.

Lemma scalemxDl A x y : (x + y) *m: A = x *m: A + y *m: A.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE mulrDl. Qed.

Lemma scalemxDr x A B : x *m: (A + B) = x *m: A + x *m: B.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE mulrDr. Qed.

Lemma scalemxA x y A : x *m: (y *m: A) = (x * y) *m: A.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE mulrA. Qed.

Definition matrix_lmodMixin := 
  LmodMixin scalemxA scale1mx scalemxDr scalemxDl.

Canonical matrix_lmodType :=
  Eval hnf in LmodType R 'M[R]_(m, n) matrix_lmodMixin.

Lemma scalemx_const a b : a *: const_mx b = const_mx (a * b).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma matrix_sum_delta A :
  A = \sum_(i < m) \sum_(j < n) A i j *: delta_mx i j.
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i j.
rewrite summxE (bigD1 i) // summxE (bigD1 j) //= !mxE !eqxx mulr1.
rewrite !big1 ?addr0 //= => [i' | j']; rewrite eq_sym => /negbTE diff.
  by rewrite summxE big1 // => j' _; rewrite !mxE diff mulr0.
by rewrite !mxE eqxx diff mulr0.
Qed.

End RingModule.

Section StructuralLinear.

Lemma swizzle_mx_is_scalable m n p q f g k :
  scalable (@swizzle_mx R m n p q f g k).
Proof. by move=> a A; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.
Canonical swizzle_mx_scalable m n p q f g k :=
  AddLinear (@swizzle_mx_is_scalable m n p q f g k).

Local Notation SwizzleLin op := [linear of op as swizzle_mx _ _ _].

Canonical trmx_linear m n := SwizzleLin (@trmx R m n).
Canonical row_linear m n i := SwizzleLin (@row R m n i).
Canonical col_linear m n j := SwizzleLin (@col R m n j).
Canonical row'_linear m n i := SwizzleLin (@row' R m n i).
Canonical col'_linear m n j := SwizzleLin (@col' R m n j).
Canonical row_perm_linear m n s := SwizzleLin (@row_perm R m n s).
Canonical col_perm_linear m n s := SwizzleLin (@col_perm R m n s).
Canonical xrow_linear m n i1 i2 := SwizzleLin (@xrow R m n i1 i2).
Canonical xcol_linear m n j1 j2 := SwizzleLin (@xcol R m n j1 j2).
Canonical lsubmx_linear m n1 n2 := SwizzleLin (@lsubmx R m n1 n2).
Canonical rsubmx_linear m n1 n2 := SwizzleLin (@rsubmx R m n1 n2).
Canonical usubmx_linear m1 m2 n := SwizzleLin (@usubmx R m1 m2 n).
Canonical dsubmx_linear m1 m2 n := SwizzleLin (@dsubmx R m1 m2 n).
Canonical vec_mx_linear m n := SwizzleLin (@vec_mx R m n).
Definition mxvec_is_linear m n := can2_linear (@vec_mxK R m n) mxvecK.
Canonical mxvec_linear m n := AddLinear (@mxvec_is_linear m n).

End StructuralLinear.

Lemma trmx_delta m n i j : (delta_mx i j)^T = delta_mx j i :> 'M[R]_(n, m).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i' j'; rewrite !mxE andbC. Qed.

Lemma row_sum_delta n (u : 'rV_n) : u = \sum_(j < n) u 0 j *: delta_mx 0 j.
Proof. by rewrite {1}[u]matrix_sum_delta big_ord1. Qed.

Lemma delta_mx_lshift m n1 n2 i j :
  delta_mx i (lshift n2 j) = row_mx (delta_mx i j) 0 :> 'M_(m, n1 + n2).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i' j'; rewrite !mxE -(can_eq (@splitK _ _)).
by rewrite (unsplitK (inl _ _)); case: split => ?; rewrite mxE ?andbF.
Qed.

Lemma delta_mx_rshift m n1 n2 i j :
  delta_mx i (rshift n1 j) = row_mx 0 (delta_mx i j) :> 'M_(m, n1 + n2).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i' j'; rewrite !mxE -(can_eq (@splitK _ _)).
by rewrite (unsplitK (inr _ _)); case: split => ?; rewrite mxE ?andbF.
Qed.

Lemma delta_mx_ushift m1 m2 n i j :
  delta_mx (lshift m2 i) j = col_mx (delta_mx i j) 0 :> 'M_(m1 + m2, n).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i' j'; rewrite !mxE -(can_eq (@splitK _ _)).
by rewrite (unsplitK (inl _ _)); case: split => ?; rewrite mxE.
Qed.

Lemma delta_mx_dshift m1 m2 n i j :
  delta_mx (rshift m1 i) j = col_mx 0 (delta_mx i j) :> 'M_(m1 + m2, n).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i' j'; rewrite !mxE -(can_eq (@splitK _ _)).
by rewrite (unsplitK (inr _ _)); case: split => ?; rewrite mxE.
Qed.

Lemma vec_mx_delta m n i j :
  vec_mx (delta_mx 0 (mxvec_index i j)) = delta_mx i j :> 'M_(m, n).
Proof.
by apply/matrixP=> i' j'; rewrite !mxE /= [_ == _](inj_eq enum_rank_inj).
Qed.

Lemma mxvec_delta m n i j :
  mxvec (delta_mx i j) = delta_mx 0 (mxvec_index i j) :> 'rV_(m * n).
Proof. by rewrite -vec_mx_delta vec_mxK. Qed.

Ltac split_mxE := apply/matrixP=> i j; do ![rewrite mxE | case: split => ?].

Lemma scale_row_mx m n1 n2 a (A1 : 'M_(m, n1)) (A2 : 'M_(m, n2)) :
  a *: row_mx A1 A2 = row_mx (a *: A1) (a *: A2).
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma scale_col_mx m1 m2 n a (A1 : 'M_(m1, n)) (A2 : 'M_(m2, n)) :
  a *: col_mx A1 A2 = col_mx (a *: A1) (a *: A2).
Proof. by split_mxE. Qed.

Lemma scale_block_mx m1 m2 n1 n2 a (Aul : 'M_(m1, n1)) (Aur : 'M_(m1, n2))
                                   (Adl : 'M_(m2, n1)) (Adr : 'M_(m2, n2)) :
  a *: block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr
     = block_mx (a *: Aul) (a *: Aur) (a *: Adl) (a *: Adr).
Proof. by rewrite scale_col_mx !scale_row_mx. Qed.

(* Diagonal matrices *)

Fact diag_mx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition diag_mx n (d : 'rV[R]_n) :=
  \matrix[diag_mx_key]_(i, j) (d 0 i *+ (i == j)).

Lemma tr_diag_mx n (d : 'rV_n) : (diag_mx d)^T = diag_mx d.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE eq_sym; case: eqP => // ->. Qed.

Lemma diag_mx_is_linear n : linear (@diag_mx n).
Proof.
by move=> a A B; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE mulrnAr mulrnDl.
Qed.
Canonical diag_mx_additive n := Additive (@diag_mx_is_linear n).
Canonical diag_mx_linear n := Linear (@diag_mx_is_linear n).

Lemma diag_mx_sum_delta n (d : 'rV_n) :
  diag_mx d = \sum_i d 0 i *: delta_mx i i.
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite summxE (bigD1 i) //= !mxE eqxx /=.
rewrite eq_sym mulr_natr big1 ?addr0 // => i' ne_i'i.
by rewrite !mxE eq_sym (negbTE ne_i'i) mulr0.
Qed.

(* Scalar matrix : a diagonal matrix with a constant on the diagonal *)
Section ScalarMx.

Variable n : nat.

Fact scalar_mx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition scalar_mx x : 'M[R]_n :=
  \matrix[scalar_mx_key]_(i , j) (x *+ (i == j)).
Notation "x %:M" := (scalar_mx x) : ring_scope.

Lemma diag_const_mx a : diag_mx (const_mx a) = a%:M :> 'M_n.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE. Qed.

Lemma tr_scalar_mx a : (a%:M)^T = a%:M.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE eq_sym. Qed.

Lemma trmx1 : (1%:M)^T = 1%:M. Proof. exact: tr_scalar_mx. Qed.

Lemma scalar_mx_is_additive : additive scalar_mx.
Proof. by move=> a b; rewrite -!diag_const_mx !raddfB. Qed.
Canonical scalar_mx_additive := Additive scalar_mx_is_additive.

Lemma scale_scalar_mx a1 a2 : a1 *: a2%:M = (a1 * a2)%:M :> 'M_n.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE mulrnAr. Qed.

Lemma scalemx1 a : a *: 1%:M = a%:M.
Proof. by rewrite scale_scalar_mx mulr1. Qed.

Lemma scalar_mx_sum_delta a : a%:M = \sum_i a *: delta_mx i i.
Proof.
by rewrite -diag_const_mx diag_mx_sum_delta; apply: eq_bigr => i _; rewrite mxE.
Qed.

Lemma mx1_sum_delta : 1%:M = \sum_i delta_mx i i.
Proof. by rewrite [1%:M]scalar_mx_sum_delta -scaler_sumr scale1r. Qed.

Lemma row1 i : row i 1%:M = delta_mx 0 i.
Proof. by apply/rowP=> j; rewrite !mxE eq_sym. Qed.

Definition is_scalar_mx (A : 'M[R]_n) :=
  if insub 0%N is Some i then A == (A i i)%:M else true.

Lemma is_scalar_mxP A : reflect (exists a, A = a%:M) (is_scalar_mx A).
Proof.
rewrite /is_scalar_mx; case: insubP => [i _ _ | ].
  by apply: (iffP eqP) => [|[a ->]]; [exists (A i i) | rewrite mxE eqxx].
rewrite -eqn0Ngt => /eqP n0; left; exists 0.
by rewrite raddf0; rewrite n0 in A *; rewrite [A]flatmx0.
Qed.

Lemma scalar_mx_is_scalar a : is_scalar_mx a%:M.
Proof. by apply/is_scalar_mxP; exists a. Qed.

Lemma mx0_is_scalar : is_scalar_mx 0.
Proof. by apply/is_scalar_mxP; exists 0; rewrite raddf0. Qed.

End ScalarMx.

Notation "x %:M" := (scalar_mx _ x) : ring_scope.

Lemma mx11_scalar (A : 'M_1) : A = (A 0 0)%:M.
Proof. by apply/rowP=> j; rewrite ord1 mxE. Qed.

Lemma scalar_mx_block n1 n2 a : a%:M = block_mx a%:M 0 0 a%:M :> 'M_(n1 + n2).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE -val_eqE /=.
by do 2![case: splitP => ? ->; rewrite !mxE];
  rewrite ?eqn_add2l // -?(eq_sym (n1 + _)%N) eqn_leq leqNgt lshift_subproof.
Qed.

(* Matrix multiplication using bigops. *)
Fact mulmx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition mulmx {m n p} (A : 'M_(m, n)) (B : 'M_(n, p)) : 'M[R]_(m, p) :=
  \matrix[mulmx_key]_(i, k) \sum_j (A i j * B j k).

Local Notation "A *m B" := (mulmx A B) : ring_scope.

Lemma mulmxA m n p q (A : 'M_(m, n)) (B : 'M_(n, p)) (C : 'M_(p, q)) :
  A *m (B *m C) = A *m B *m C.
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i l; rewrite !mxE.
transitivity (\sum_j (\sum_k (A i j * (B j k * C k l)))).
  by apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite mxE big_distrr.
rewrite exchange_big; apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite mxE big_distrl /=.
by apply: eq_bigr => k _; rewrite mulrA.
Qed.

Lemma mul0mx m n p (A : 'M_(n, p)) : 0 *m A = 0 :> 'M_(m, p).
Proof.
by apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE big1 //= => j _; rewrite mxE mul0r.
Qed.

Lemma mulmx0 m n p (A : 'M_(m, n)) : A *m 0 = 0 :> 'M_(m, p).
Proof.
by apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE big1 // => j _; rewrite mxE mulr0.
Qed.

Lemma mulmxN m n p (A : 'M_(m, n)) (B : 'M_(n, p)) : A *m (- B) = - (A *m B).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE -sumrN.
by apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite mxE mulrN.
Qed.

Lemma mulNmx m n p (A : 'M_(m, n)) (B : 'M_(n, p)) : - A *m B = - (A *m B).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE -sumrN.
by apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite mxE mulNr.
Qed.

Lemma mulmxDl m n p (A1 A2 : 'M_(m, n)) (B : 'M_(n, p)) :
  (A1 + A2) *m B = A1 *m B + A2 *m B.
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE -big_split /=.
by apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite !mxE -mulrDl.
Qed.

Lemma mulmxDr m n p (A : 'M_(m, n)) (B1 B2 : 'M_(n, p)) :
  A *m (B1 + B2) = A *m B1 + A *m B2.
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE -big_split /=.
by apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite mxE mulrDr.
Qed.

Lemma mulmxBl m n p (A1 A2 : 'M_(m, n)) (B : 'M_(n, p)) :
  (A1 - A2) *m B = A1 *m B - A2 *m B.
Proof. by rewrite mulmxDl mulNmx. Qed.

Lemma mulmxBr m n p (A : 'M_(m, n)) (B1 B2 : 'M_(n, p)) :
  A *m (B1 - B2) = A *m B1 - A *m B2.
Proof. by rewrite mulmxDr mulmxN. Qed.

Lemma mulmx_suml m n p (A : 'M_(n, p)) I r P (B_ : I -> 'M_(m, n)) :
   (\sum_(i <- r | P i) B_ i) *m A = \sum_(i <- r | P i) B_ i *m A.
Proof.
by apply: (big_morph (mulmx^~ A)) => [B C|]; rewrite ?mul0mx ?mulmxDl.
Qed.

Lemma mulmx_sumr m n p (A : 'M_(m, n)) I r P (B_ : I -> 'M_(n, p)) :
   A *m (\sum_(i <- r | P i) B_ i) = \sum_(i <- r | P i) A *m B_ i.
Proof.
by apply: (big_morph (mulmx A)) => [B C|]; rewrite ?mulmx0 ?mulmxDr.
Qed.

Lemma scalemxAl m n p a (A : 'M_(m, n)) (B : 'M_(n, p)) :
  a *: (A *m B) = (a *: A) *m B.
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE big_distrr /=.
by apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite mulrA mxE.
Qed.
(* Right scaling associativity requires a commutative ring *)

Lemma rowE m n i (A : 'M_(m, n)) : row i A = delta_mx 0 i *m A.
Proof.
apply/rowP=> j; rewrite !mxE (bigD1 i) //= mxE !eqxx mul1r.
by rewrite big1 ?addr0 // => i' ne_i'i; rewrite mxE /= (negbTE ne_i'i) mul0r.
Qed.

Lemma row_mul m n p (i : 'I_m) A (B : 'M_(n, p)) :
  row i (A *m B) = row i A *m B.
Proof. by rewrite !rowE mulmxA. Qed.

Lemma mulmx_sum_row m n (u : 'rV_m) (A : 'M_(m, n)) :
  u *m A = \sum_i u 0 i *: row i A.
Proof.
by apply/rowP=> j; rewrite mxE summxE; apply: eq_bigr => i _; rewrite !mxE.
Qed.

Lemma mul_delta_mx_cond m n p (j1 j2 : 'I_n) (i1 : 'I_m) (k2 : 'I_p) :
  delta_mx i1 j1 *m delta_mx j2 k2 = delta_mx i1 k2 *+ (j1 == j2).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE (bigD1 j1) //=.
rewrite mulmxnE !mxE !eqxx andbT -natrM -mulrnA !mulnb !andbA andbAC.
by rewrite big1 ?addr0 // => j; rewrite !mxE andbC -natrM; move/negbTE->.
Qed.

Lemma mul_delta_mx m n p (j : 'I_n) (i : 'I_m) (k : 'I_p) :
  delta_mx i j *m delta_mx j k = delta_mx i k.
Proof. by rewrite mul_delta_mx_cond eqxx. Qed.

Lemma mul_delta_mx_0 m n p (j1 j2 : 'I_n) (i1 : 'I_m) (k2 : 'I_p) :
  j1 != j2 -> delta_mx i1 j1 *m delta_mx j2 k2 = 0.
Proof. by rewrite mul_delta_mx_cond => /negbTE->. Qed.

Lemma mul_diag_mx m n d (A : 'M_(m, n)) :
  diag_mx d *m A = \matrix_(i, j) (d 0 i * A i j).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE (bigD1 i) //= mxE eqxx big1 ?addr0 // => i'.
by rewrite mxE eq_sym mulrnAl => /negbTE->.
Qed.

Lemma mul_mx_diag m n (A : 'M_(m, n)) d :
  A *m diag_mx d = \matrix_(i, j) (A i j * d 0 j).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE (bigD1 j) //= mxE eqxx big1 ?addr0 // => i'.
by rewrite mxE eq_sym mulrnAr; move/negbTE->.
Qed.

Lemma mulmx_diag n (d e : 'rV_n) :
  diag_mx d *m diag_mx e = diag_mx (\row_j (d 0 j * e 0 j)).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite mul_diag_mx !mxE mulrnAr. Qed.

Lemma mul_scalar_mx m n a (A : 'M_(m, n)) : a%:M *m A = a *: A.
Proof.
by rewrite -diag_const_mx mul_diag_mx; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE.
Qed.

Lemma scalar_mxM n a b : (a * b)%:M = a%:M *m b%:M :> 'M_n.
Proof. by rewrite mul_scalar_mx scale_scalar_mx. Qed.

Lemma mul1mx m n (A : 'M_(m, n)) : 1%:M *m A = A.
Proof. by rewrite mul_scalar_mx scale1r. Qed.

Lemma mulmx1 m n (A : 'M_(m, n)) : A *m 1%:M = A.
Proof.
rewrite -diag_const_mx mul_mx_diag.
by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE mulr1.
Qed.

Lemma mul_col_perm m n p s (A : 'M_(m, n)) (B : 'M_(n, p)) :
  col_perm s A *m B = A *m row_perm s^-1 B.
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE (reindex_inj (@perm_inj _ s^-1)).
by apply: eq_bigr => j _ /=; rewrite !mxE permKV.
Qed.

Lemma mul_row_perm m n p s (A : 'M_(m, n)) (B : 'M_(n, p)) :
  A *m row_perm s B = col_perm s^-1 A *m B.
Proof. by rewrite mul_col_perm invgK. Qed.

Lemma mul_xcol m n p j1 j2 (A : 'M_(m, n)) (B : 'M_(n, p)) :
  xcol j1 j2 A *m B = A *m xrow j1 j2 B.
Proof. by rewrite mul_col_perm tpermV. Qed.

(* Permutation matrix *)

Definition perm_mx n s : 'M_n := row_perm s 1%:M.

Definition tperm_mx n i1 i2 : 'M_n := perm_mx (tperm i1 i2).

Lemma col_permE m n s (A : 'M_(m, n)) : col_perm s A = A *m perm_mx s^-1.
Proof. by rewrite mul_row_perm mulmx1 invgK. Qed.

Lemma row_permE m n s (A : 'M_(m, n)) : row_perm s A = perm_mx s *m A.
Proof.
by rewrite -[perm_mx _]mul1mx mul_row_perm mulmx1 -mul_row_perm mul1mx.
Qed.

Lemma xcolE m n j1 j2 (A : 'M_(m, n)) : xcol j1 j2 A = A *m tperm_mx j1 j2.
Proof. by rewrite /xcol col_permE tpermV. Qed.

Lemma xrowE m n i1 i2 (A : 'M_(m, n)) : xrow i1 i2 A = tperm_mx i1 i2 *m A.
Proof. exact: row_permE. Qed.

Lemma tr_perm_mx n (s : 'S_n) : (perm_mx s)^T = perm_mx s^-1.
Proof. by rewrite -[_^T]mulmx1 tr_row_perm mul_col_perm trmx1 mul1mx. Qed.

Lemma tr_tperm_mx n i1 i2 : (tperm_mx i1 i2)^T = tperm_mx i1 i2 :> 'M_n.
Proof. by rewrite tr_perm_mx tpermV. Qed.

Lemma perm_mx1 n : perm_mx 1 = 1%:M :> 'M_n.
Proof. exact: row_perm1. Qed.

Lemma perm_mxM n (s t : 'S_n) : perm_mx (s * t) = perm_mx s *m perm_mx t.
Proof. by rewrite -row_permE -row_permM. Qed.

Definition is_perm_mx n (A : 'M_n) := [exists s, A == perm_mx s].

Lemma is_perm_mxP n (A : 'M_n) :
  reflect (exists s, A = perm_mx s) (is_perm_mx A).
Proof. by apply: (iffP existsP) => [] [s /eqP]; exists s. Qed.

Lemma perm_mx_is_perm n (s : 'S_n) : is_perm_mx (perm_mx s).
Proof. by apply/is_perm_mxP; exists s. Qed.

Lemma is_perm_mx1 n : is_perm_mx (1%:M : 'M_n).
Proof. by rewrite -perm_mx1 perm_mx_is_perm. Qed.

Lemma is_perm_mxMl n (A B : 'M_n) :
  is_perm_mx A -> is_perm_mx (A *m B) = is_perm_mx B.
Proof.
case/is_perm_mxP=> s ->.
apply/is_perm_mxP/is_perm_mxP=> [[t def_t] | [t ->]]; last first.
  by exists (s * t)%g; rewrite perm_mxM.
exists (s^-1 * t)%g.
by rewrite perm_mxM -def_t -!row_permE -row_permM mulVg row_perm1.
Qed.

Lemma is_perm_mx_tr n (A : 'M_n) : is_perm_mx A^T = is_perm_mx A.
Proof.
apply/is_perm_mxP/is_perm_mxP=> [[t def_t] | [t ->]]; exists t^-1%g.
  by rewrite -tr_perm_mx -def_t trmxK.
by rewrite tr_perm_mx.
Qed.

Lemma is_perm_mxMr n (A B : 'M_n) :
  is_perm_mx B -> is_perm_mx (A *m B) = is_perm_mx A.
Proof.
case/is_perm_mxP=> s ->.
rewrite -[s]invgK -col_permE -is_perm_mx_tr tr_col_perm row_permE.
by rewrite is_perm_mxMl (perm_mx_is_perm, is_perm_mx_tr).
Qed.

(* Partial identity matrix (used in rank decomposition). *)

Fact pid_mx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition pid_mx {m n} r : 'M[R]_(m, n) :=
  \matrix[pid_mx_key]_(i, j) ((i == j :> nat) && (i < r))%:R.

Lemma pid_mx_0 m n : pid_mx 0 = 0 :> 'M_(m, n).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE andbF. Qed.

Lemma pid_mx_1 r : pid_mx r = 1%:M :> 'M_r.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE ltn_ord andbT. Qed.

Lemma pid_mx_row n r : pid_mx r = row_mx 1%:M 0 :> 'M_(r, r + n).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE ltn_ord andbT.
case: splitP => j' ->; rewrite !mxE // .
by rewrite eqn_leq andbC leqNgt lshift_subproof.
Qed.

Lemma pid_mx_col m r : pid_mx r = col_mx 1%:M 0 :> 'M_(r + m, r).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE andbC.
by case: splitP => i' ->; rewrite !mxE // eq_sym.
Qed.

Lemma pid_mx_block m n r : pid_mx r = block_mx 1%:M 0 0 0 :> 'M_(r + m, r + n).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE row_mx0 andbC.
case: splitP => i' ->; rewrite !mxE //; case: splitP => j' ->; rewrite !mxE //=.
by rewrite eqn_leq andbC leqNgt lshift_subproof.
Qed.

Lemma tr_pid_mx m n r : (pid_mx r)^T = pid_mx r :> 'M_(n, m).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE eq_sym; case: eqP => // ->. Qed.

Lemma pid_mx_minv m n r : pid_mx (minn m r) = pid_mx r :> 'M_(m, n).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE leq_min ltn_ord. Qed.
 
Lemma pid_mx_minh m n r : pid_mx (minn n r) = pid_mx r :> 'M_(m, n).
Proof. by apply: trmx_inj; rewrite !tr_pid_mx pid_mx_minv. Qed.

Lemma mul_pid_mx m n p q r :
  (pid_mx q : 'M_(m, n)) *m (pid_mx r : 'M_(n, p)) = pid_mx (minn n (minn q r)).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE !leq_min.
have [le_n_i | lt_i_n] := leqP n i. 
  rewrite andbF big1 // => j _.
  by rewrite -pid_mx_minh !mxE leq_min ltnNge le_n_i andbF mul0r.
rewrite (bigD1 (Ordinal lt_i_n)) //= big1 ?addr0 => [|j].
  by rewrite !mxE eqxx /= -natrM mulnb andbCA.
by rewrite -val_eqE /= !mxE eq_sym -natrM => /negbTE->.
Qed.

Lemma pid_mx_id m n p r :
  r <= n -> (pid_mx r : 'M_(m, n)) *m (pid_mx r : 'M_(n, p)) = pid_mx r.
Proof. by move=> le_r_n; rewrite mul_pid_mx minnn (minn_idPr _). Qed.

Definition copid_mx {n} r : 'M_n := 1%:M - pid_mx r.

Lemma mul_copid_mx_pid m n r :
  r <= m -> copid_mx r *m pid_mx r = 0 :> 'M_(m, n).
Proof. by move=> le_r_m; rewrite mulmxBl mul1mx pid_mx_id ?subrr. Qed.

Lemma mul_pid_mx_copid m n r :
  r <= n -> pid_mx r *m copid_mx r = 0 :> 'M_(m, n).
Proof. by move=> le_r_n; rewrite mulmxBr mulmx1 pid_mx_id ?subrr. Qed.

Lemma copid_mx_id n r :
  r <= n -> copid_mx r *m copid_mx r = copid_mx r :> 'M_n.
Proof.
by move=> le_r_n; rewrite mulmxBl mul1mx mul_pid_mx_copid // oppr0 addr0.
Qed.

(* Block products; we cover all 1 x 2, 2 x 1, and 2 x 2 block products. *)
Lemma mul_mx_row m n p1 p2 (A : 'M_(m, n)) (Bl : 'M_(n, p1)) (Br : 'M_(n, p2)) :
  A *m row_mx Bl Br = row_mx (A *m Bl) (A *m Br).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE.
by case defk: (split k); rewrite mxE; apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite mxE defk.
Qed.

Lemma mul_col_mx m1 m2 n p (Au : 'M_(m1, n)) (Ad : 'M_(m2, n)) (B : 'M_(n, p)) :
  col_mx Au Ad *m B = col_mx (Au *m B) (Ad *m B).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE.
by case defi: (split i); rewrite mxE; apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite mxE defi.
Qed.

Lemma mul_row_col m n1 n2 p (Al : 'M_(m, n1)) (Ar : 'M_(m, n2))
                            (Bu : 'M_(n1, p)) (Bd : 'M_(n2, p)) :
  row_mx Al Ar *m col_mx Bu Bd = Al *m Bu + Ar *m Bd.
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE big_split_ord /=.
congr (_ + _); apply: eq_bigr => j _; first by rewrite row_mxEl col_mxEu.
by rewrite row_mxEr col_mxEd.
Qed.

Lemma mul_col_row m1 m2 n p1 p2 (Au : 'M_(m1, n)) (Ad : 'M_(m2, n))
                                (Bl : 'M_(n, p1)) (Br : 'M_(n, p2)) :
  col_mx Au Ad *m row_mx Bl Br
     = block_mx (Au *m Bl) (Au *m Br) (Ad *m Bl) (Ad *m Br).
Proof. by rewrite mul_col_mx !mul_mx_row. Qed.

Lemma mul_row_block m n1 n2 p1 p2 (Al : 'M_(m, n1)) (Ar : 'M_(m, n2))
                                  (Bul : 'M_(n1, p1)) (Bur : 'M_(n1, p2))
                                  (Bdl : 'M_(n2, p1)) (Bdr : 'M_(n2, p2)) :
  row_mx Al Ar *m block_mx Bul Bur Bdl Bdr
   = row_mx (Al *m Bul + Ar *m Bdl) (Al *m Bur + Ar *m Bdr).
Proof. by rewrite block_mxEh mul_mx_row !mul_row_col. Qed.

Lemma mul_block_col m1 m2 n1 n2 p (Aul : 'M_(m1, n1)) (Aur : 'M_(m1, n2))
                                  (Adl : 'M_(m2, n1)) (Adr : 'M_(m2, n2))
                                  (Bu : 'M_(n1, p)) (Bd : 'M_(n2, p)) :
  block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr *m col_mx Bu Bd
   = col_mx (Aul *m Bu + Aur *m Bd) (Adl *m Bu + Adr *m Bd).
Proof. by rewrite mul_col_mx !mul_row_col. Qed.

Lemma mulmx_block m1 m2 n1 n2 p1 p2 (Aul : 'M_(m1, n1)) (Aur : 'M_(m1, n2))
                                    (Adl : 'M_(m2, n1)) (Adr : 'M_(m2, n2))
                                    (Bul : 'M_(n1, p1)) (Bur : 'M_(n1, p2))
                                    (Bdl : 'M_(n2, p1)) (Bdr : 'M_(n2, p2)) :
  block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr *m block_mx Bul Bur Bdl Bdr
    = block_mx (Aul *m Bul + Aur *m Bdl) (Aul *m Bur + Aur *m Bdr)
               (Adl *m Bul + Adr *m Bdl) (Adl *m Bur + Adr *m Bdr).
Proof. by rewrite mul_col_mx !mul_row_block. Qed.

(* Correspondance between matrices and linear function on row vectors. *) 
Section LinRowVector.

Variables m n : nat.

Fact lin1_mx_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition lin1_mx (f : 'rV[R]_m -> 'rV[R]_n) :=
  \matrix[lin1_mx_key]_(i, j) f (delta_mx 0 i) 0 j.

Variable f : {linear 'rV[R]_m -> 'rV[R]_n}.

Lemma mul_rV_lin1 u : u *m lin1_mx f = f u.
Proof.
rewrite {2}[u]matrix_sum_delta big_ord1 linear_sum; apply/rowP=> i.
by rewrite mxE summxE; apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite linearZ !mxE.
Qed.

End LinRowVector.

(* Correspondance between matrices and linear function on matrices. *) 
Section LinMatrix.

Variables m1 n1 m2 n2 : nat.

Definition lin_mx (f : 'M[R]_(m1, n1) -> 'M[R]_(m2, n2)) :=
  lin1_mx (mxvec \o f \o vec_mx).

Variable f : {linear 'M[R]_(m1, n1) -> 'M[R]_(m2, n2)}.

Lemma mul_rV_lin u : u *m lin_mx f = mxvec (f (vec_mx u)).
Proof. exact: mul_rV_lin1. Qed.

Lemma mul_vec_lin A : mxvec A *m lin_mx f = mxvec (f A).
Proof. by rewrite mul_rV_lin mxvecK. Qed.

Lemma mx_rV_lin u : vec_mx (u *m lin_mx f) = f (vec_mx u).
Proof. by rewrite mul_rV_lin mxvecK. Qed.

Lemma mx_vec_lin A : vec_mx (mxvec A *m lin_mx f) = f A.
Proof. by rewrite mul_rV_lin !mxvecK. Qed.

End LinMatrix.

Canonical mulmx_additive m n p A := Additive (@mulmxBr m n p A).

Section Mulmxr.

Variables m n p : nat.
Implicit Type A : 'M[R]_(m, n).
Implicit Type B : 'M[R]_(n, p).

Definition mulmxr_head t B A := let: tt := t in A *m B.
Local Notation mulmxr := (mulmxr_head tt).

Definition lin_mulmxr B := lin_mx (mulmxr B).

Lemma mulmxr_is_linear B : linear (mulmxr B).
Proof. by move=> a A1 A2; rewrite /= mulmxDl scalemxAl. Qed.
Canonical mulmxr_additive B := Additive (mulmxr_is_linear B).
Canonical mulmxr_linear B := Linear (mulmxr_is_linear B).

Lemma lin_mulmxr_is_linear : linear lin_mulmxr.
Proof.
move=> a A B; apply/row_matrixP; case/mxvec_indexP=> i j.
rewrite linearP /= !rowE !mul_rV_lin /= vec_mx_delta -linearP mulmxDr.
congr (mxvec (_ + _)); apply/row_matrixP=> k.
rewrite linearZ /= !row_mul rowE mul_delta_mx_cond.
by case: (k == i); [rewrite -!rowE linearZ | rewrite !mul0mx raddf0]. 
Qed.
Canonical lin_mulmxr_additive := Additive lin_mulmxr_is_linear.
Canonical lin_mulmxr_linear := Linear lin_mulmxr_is_linear.

End Mulmxr.

(* The trace. *)
Section Trace.

Variable n : nat.

Definition mxtrace (A : 'M[R]_n) := \sum_i A i i.
Local Notation "'\tr' A" := (mxtrace A) : ring_scope.

Lemma mxtrace_tr A : \tr A^T = \tr A.
Proof. by apply: eq_bigr=> i _; rewrite mxE. Qed.

Lemma mxtrace_is_scalar : scalar mxtrace.
Proof.
move=> a A B; rewrite mulr_sumr -big_split /=; apply: eq_bigr=> i _.
by rewrite !mxE.
Qed.
Canonical mxtrace_additive := Additive mxtrace_is_scalar.
Canonical mxtrace_linear := Linear mxtrace_is_scalar.

Lemma mxtrace0 : \tr 0 = 0. Proof. exact: raddf0. Qed.
Lemma mxtraceD A B : \tr (A + B) = \tr A + \tr B. Proof. exact: raddfD. Qed.
Lemma mxtraceZ a A : \tr (a *: A) = a * \tr A. Proof. exact: scalarZ. Qed.

Lemma mxtrace_diag D : \tr (diag_mx D) = \sum_j D 0 j.
Proof. by apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite mxE eqxx. Qed.

Lemma mxtrace_scalar a : \tr a%:M = a *+ n.
Proof.
rewrite -diag_const_mx mxtrace_diag.
by rewrite (eq_bigr _ (fun j _ => mxE _ _ 0 j)) sumr_const card_ord.
Qed.

Lemma mxtrace1 : \tr 1%:M = n%:R. Proof. exact: mxtrace_scalar. Qed.

End Trace.
Local Notation "'\tr' A" := (mxtrace A) : ring_scope.

Lemma trace_mx11 (A : 'M_1) : \tr A = A 0 0.
Proof. by rewrite {1}[A]mx11_scalar mxtrace_scalar. Qed.

Lemma mxtrace_block n1 n2 (Aul : 'M_n1) Aur Adl (Adr : 'M_n2) :
  \tr (block_mx Aul Aur Adl Adr) = \tr Aul + \tr Adr.
Proof.
rewrite /(\tr _) big_split_ord /=.
by congr (_ + _); apply: eq_bigr => i _; rewrite (block_mxEul, block_mxEdr).
Qed.

(* The matrix ring structure requires a strutural condition (dimension of the *)
(* form n.+1) to statisfy the nontriviality condition we have imposed.        *)
Section MatrixRing.

Variable n' : nat.
Local Notation n := n'.+1.

Lemma matrix_nonzero1 : 1%:M != 0 :> 'M_n.
Proof. by apply/eqP=> /matrixP/(_ 0 0)/eqP; rewrite !mxE oner_eq0. Qed.

Definition matrix_ringMixin :=
  RingMixin (@mulmxA n n n n) (@mul1mx n n) (@mulmx1 n n)
            (@mulmxDl n n n) (@mulmxDr n n n) matrix_nonzero1.

Canonical matrix_ringType := Eval hnf in RingType 'M[R]_n matrix_ringMixin.
Canonical matrix_lAlgType := Eval hnf in LalgType R 'M[R]_n (@scalemxAl n n n).

Lemma mulmxE : mulmx = *%R. Proof. by []. Qed.
Lemma idmxE : 1%:M = 1 :> 'M_n. Proof. by []. Qed.

Lemma scalar_mx_is_multiplicative : multiplicative (@scalar_mx n).
Proof. by split=> //; exact: scalar_mxM. Qed.
Canonical scalar_mx_rmorphism := AddRMorphism scalar_mx_is_multiplicative.

End MatrixRing.

Section LiftPerm.

(* Block expresssion of a lifted permutation matrix, for the Cormen LUP. *)

Variable n : nat.

(* These could be in zmodp, but that would introduce a dependency on perm. *)

Definition lift0_perm s : 'S_n.+1 := lift_perm 0 0 s.

Lemma lift0_perm0 s : lift0_perm s 0 = 0.
Proof. exact: lift_perm_id. Qed.

Lemma lift0_perm_lift s k' :
  lift0_perm s (lift 0 k') = lift (0 : 'I_n.+1) (s k').
Proof. exact: lift_perm_lift. Qed.

Lemma lift0_permK s : cancel (lift0_perm s) (lift0_perm s^-1).
Proof. by move=> i; rewrite /lift0_perm -lift_permV permK. Qed.

Lemma lift0_perm_eq0 s i : (lift0_perm s i == 0) = (i == 0).
Proof. by rewrite (canF_eq (lift0_permK s)) lift0_perm0. Qed.

(* Block expresssion of a lifted permutation matrix *)

Definition lift0_mx A : 'M_(1 + n) := block_mx 1 0 0 A.

Lemma lift0_mx_perm s : lift0_mx (perm_mx s) = perm_mx (lift0_perm s).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> /= i j; rewrite !mxE split1 /=; case: unliftP => [i'|] -> /=.
  rewrite lift0_perm_lift !mxE split1 /=.
  by case: unliftP => [j'|] ->; rewrite ?(inj_eq (@lift_inj _ _)) /= !mxE.
rewrite lift0_perm0 !mxE split1 /=.
by case: unliftP => [j'|] ->; rewrite /= mxE.
Qed.

Lemma lift0_mx_is_perm s : is_perm_mx (lift0_mx (perm_mx s)).
Proof. by rewrite lift0_mx_perm perm_mx_is_perm. Qed.

End LiftPerm.

(* Determinants and adjugates are defined here, but most of their properties *)
(* only hold for matrices over a commutative ring, so their theory is        *)
(* deferred to that section.                                                 *)

(* The determinant, in one line with the Leibniz Formula *)
Definition determinant n (A : 'M_n) : R :=
  \sum_(s : 'S_n) (-1) ^+ s * \prod_i A i (s i).

(* The cofactor of a matrix on the indexes i and j *)
Definition cofactor n A (i j : 'I_n) : R :=
  (-1) ^+ (i + j) * determinant (row' i (col' j A)).

(* The adjugate matrix : defined as the transpose of the matrix of cofactors *)
Fact adjugate_key : unit. Proof. by []. Qed.
Definition adjugate n (A : 'M_n) := \matrix[adjugate_key]_(i, j) cofactor A j i.

End MatrixAlgebra.

Implicit Arguments delta_mx [R m n].
Implicit Arguments scalar_mx [R n].
Implicit Arguments perm_mx [R n].
Implicit Arguments tperm_mx [R n].
Implicit Arguments pid_mx [R m n].
Implicit Arguments copid_mx [R n].
Implicit Arguments lin_mulmxr [R m n p].
Prenex Implicits delta_mx diag_mx scalar_mx is_scalar_mx perm_mx tperm_mx.
Prenex Implicits pid_mx copid_mx mulmx lin_mulmxr.
Prenex Implicits mxtrace determinant cofactor adjugate.

Implicit Arguments is_scalar_mxP [R n A].
Implicit Arguments mul_delta_mx [R m n p].
Prenex Implicits mul_delta_mx.

Notation "a %:M" := (scalar_mx a) : ring_scope.
Notation "A *m B" := (mulmx A B) : ring_scope.
Notation mulmxr := (mulmxr_head tt).
Notation "\tr A" := (mxtrace A) : ring_scope.
Notation "'\det' A" := (determinant A) : ring_scope.
Notation "'\adj' A" := (adjugate A) : ring_scope.

(* Non-commutative transpose requires multiplication in the converse ring.   *)
Lemma trmx_mul_rev (R : ringType) m n p (A : 'M[R]_(m, n)) (B : 'M[R]_(n, p)) :
  (A *m B)^T = (B : 'M[R^c]_(n, p))^T *m (A : 'M[R^c]_(m, n))^T.
Proof.
by apply/matrixP=> k i; rewrite !mxE; apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite !mxE.
Qed.

Canonical matrix_finRingType (R : finRingType) n' :=
  Eval hnf in [finRingType of 'M[R]_n'.+1].

(* Parametricity over the algebra structure. *)
Section MapRingMatrix.

Variables (aR rR : ringType) (f : {rmorphism aR -> rR}).
Local Notation "A ^f" := (map_mx f A) : ring_scope.

Section FixedSize.

Variables m n p : nat.
Implicit Type A : 'M[aR]_(m, n).

Lemma map_mxZ a A : (a *: A)^f = f a *: A^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE rmorphM. Qed.

Lemma map_mxM A B : (A *m B)^f = A^f *m B^f :> 'M_(m, p).
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i k; rewrite !mxE rmorph_sum //.
by apply: eq_bigr => j; rewrite !mxE rmorphM.
Qed.

Lemma map_delta_mx i j : (delta_mx i j)^f = delta_mx i j :> 'M_(m, n).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i' j'; rewrite !mxE rmorph_nat. Qed.

Lemma map_diag_mx d : (diag_mx d)^f = diag_mx d^f :> 'M_n.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE rmorphMn. Qed.

Lemma map_scalar_mx a : a%:M^f = (f a)%:M :> 'M_n.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE rmorphMn. Qed.

Lemma map_mx1 : 1%:M^f = 1%:M :> 'M_n.
Proof. by rewrite map_scalar_mx rmorph1. Qed.

Lemma map_perm_mx (s : 'S_n) : (perm_mx s)^f = perm_mx s.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE rmorph_nat. Qed.

Lemma map_tperm_mx (i1 i2 : 'I_n) : (tperm_mx i1 i2)^f = tperm_mx i1 i2.
Proof. exact: map_perm_mx. Qed.

Lemma map_pid_mx r : (pid_mx r)^f = pid_mx r :> 'M_(m, n).
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE rmorph_nat. Qed.

Lemma trace_map_mx (A : 'M_n) : \tr A^f = f (\tr A).
Proof. by rewrite rmorph_sum; apply: eq_bigr => i _; rewrite mxE. Qed.

Lemma det_map_mx n' (A : 'M_n') : \det A^f = f (\det A).
Proof.
rewrite rmorph_sum //; apply: eq_bigr => s _.
rewrite rmorphM rmorph_sign rmorph_prod; congr (_ * _).
by apply: eq_bigr => i _; rewrite mxE.
Qed.

Lemma cofactor_map_mx (A : 'M_n) i j : cofactor A^f i j = f (cofactor A i j).
Proof. by rewrite rmorphM rmorph_sign -det_map_mx map_row' map_col'. Qed.

Lemma map_mx_adj (A : 'M_n) : (\adj A)^f = \adj A^f.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE cofactor_map_mx. Qed.

End FixedSize.

Lemma map_copid_mx n r : (copid_mx r)^f = copid_mx r :> 'M_n.
Proof. by rewrite map_mx_sub map_mx1 map_pid_mx. Qed.

Lemma map_mx_is_multiplicative n' (n := n'.+1) :
  multiplicative ((map_mx f) n n).
Proof. by split; [exact: map_mxM | exact: map_mx1]. Qed.

Canonical map_mx_rmorphism n' := AddRMorphism (map_mx_is_multiplicative n').

Lemma map_lin1_mx m n (g : 'rV_m -> 'rV_n) gf :
  (forall v, (g v)^f = gf v^f) -> (lin1_mx g)^f = lin1_mx gf.
Proof.
by move=> def_gf; apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE -map_delta_mx -def_gf mxE.
Qed.

Lemma map_lin_mx m1 n1 m2 n2 (g : 'M_(m1, n1) -> 'M_(m2, n2)) gf : 
  (forall A, (g A)^f = gf A^f) -> (lin_mx g)^f = lin_mx gf.
Proof.
move=> def_gf; apply: map_lin1_mx => A /=.
by rewrite map_mxvec def_gf map_vec_mx.
Qed.

End MapRingMatrix.

Section ComMatrix.
(* Lemmas for matrices with coefficients in a commutative ring *)
Variable R : comRingType.

Section AssocLeft.

Variables m n p : nat.
Implicit Type A : 'M[R]_(m, n).
Implicit Type B : 'M[R]_(n, p).

Lemma trmx_mul A B : (A *m B)^T = B^T *m A^T.
Proof.
rewrite trmx_mul_rev; apply/matrixP=> k i; rewrite !mxE.
by apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite mulrC.
Qed.

Lemma scalemxAr a A B : a *: (A *m B) = A *m (a *: B).
Proof. by apply: trmx_inj; rewrite trmx_mul !linearZ /= trmx_mul scalemxAl. Qed.

Lemma mulmx_is_scalable A : scalable (@mulmx _ m n p A).
Proof. by move=> a B; rewrite scalemxAr. Qed.
Canonical mulmx_linear A := AddLinear (mulmx_is_scalable A).

Definition lin_mulmx A : 'M[R]_(n * p, m * p) := lin_mx (mulmx A).

Lemma lin_mulmx_is_linear : linear lin_mulmx.
Proof.
move=> a A B; apply/row_matrixP=> i; rewrite linearP /= !rowE !mul_rV_lin /=.
by rewrite [_ *m _](linearP (mulmxr_linear _ _)) linearP.
Qed.
Canonical lin_mulmx_additive := Additive lin_mulmx_is_linear.
Canonical lin_mulmx_linear := Linear lin_mulmx_is_linear.

End AssocLeft.

Section LinMulRow.

Variables m n : nat.

Definition lin_mul_row u : 'M[R]_(m * n, n) := lin1_mx (mulmx u \o vec_mx).

Lemma lin_mul_row_is_linear : linear lin_mul_row.
Proof.
move=> a u v; apply/row_matrixP=> i; rewrite linearP /= !rowE !mul_rV_lin1 /=.
by rewrite [_ *m _](linearP (mulmxr_linear _ _)).
Qed.
Canonical lin_mul_row_additive := Additive lin_mul_row_is_linear.
Canonical lin_mul_row_linear := Linear lin_mul_row_is_linear.

Lemma mul_vec_lin_row A u : mxvec A *m lin_mul_row u = u *m A.
Proof. by rewrite mul_rV_lin1 /= mxvecK. Qed.

End LinMulRow.

Lemma mxvec_dotmul m n (A : 'M[R]_(m, n)) u v :
  mxvec (u^T *m v) *m (mxvec A)^T = u *m A *m v^T.
Proof.
transitivity (\sum_i \sum_j (u 0 i * A i j *: row j v^T)).
  apply/rowP=> i; rewrite {i}ord1 mxE (reindex _ (curry_mxvec_bij _ _)) /=.
  rewrite pair_bigA summxE; apply: eq_bigr => [[i j]] /= _.
  by rewrite !mxE !mxvecE mxE big_ord1 mxE mulrAC.
rewrite mulmx_sum_row exchange_big; apply: eq_bigr => j _ /=.
by rewrite mxE -scaler_suml.
Qed.

Section MatrixAlgType.

Variable n' : nat.
Local Notation n := n'.+1.

Canonical matrix_algType :=
  Eval hnf in AlgType R 'M[R]_n (fun k => scalemxAr k).

End MatrixAlgType.

Lemma diag_mxC n (d e : 'rV[R]_n) :
  diag_mx d *m diag_mx e = diag_mx e *m diag_mx d.
Proof.
by rewrite !mulmx_diag; congr (diag_mx _); apply/rowP=> i; rewrite !mxE mulrC.
Qed.

Lemma diag_mx_comm n' (d e : 'rV[R]_n'.+1) : GRing.comm (diag_mx d) (diag_mx e).
Proof. exact: diag_mxC. Qed.

Lemma scalar_mxC m n a (A : 'M[R]_(m, n)) : A *m a%:M = a%:M *m A.
Proof.
by apply: trmx_inj; rewrite trmx_mul tr_scalar_mx !mul_scalar_mx linearZ.
Qed.

Lemma scalar_mx_comm n' a (A : 'M[R]_n'.+1) : GRing.comm A a%:M.
Proof. exact: scalar_mxC. Qed.

Lemma mul_mx_scalar m n a (A : 'M[R]_(m, n)) : A *m a%:M = a *: A.
Proof. by rewrite scalar_mxC mul_scalar_mx. Qed.

Lemma mxtrace_mulC m n (A : 'M[R]_(m, n)) B :
   \tr (A *m B) = \tr (B *m A).
Proof.
have expand_trM C D: \tr (C *m D) = \sum_i \sum_j C i j * D j i.
  by apply: eq_bigr => i _; rewrite mxE.
rewrite !{}expand_trM exchange_big /=.
by do 2!apply: eq_bigr => ? _; apply: mulrC.
Qed.

(* The theory of determinants *)

Lemma determinant_multilinear n (A B C : 'M[R]_n) i0 b c :
    row i0 A = b *: row i0 B + c *: row i0 C ->
    row' i0 B = row' i0 A ->
    row' i0 C = row' i0 A ->
  \det A = b * \det B + c * \det C.
Proof.
rewrite -[_ + _](row_id 0); move/row_eq=> ABC.
move/row'_eq=> BA; move/row'_eq=> CA.
rewrite !big_distrr -big_split; apply: eq_bigr => s _ /=.
rewrite -!(mulrCA (_ ^+s)) -mulrDr; congr (_ * _).
rewrite !(bigD1 i0 (_ : predT i0)) //= {}ABC !mxE mulrDl !mulrA.
by congr (_ * _ + _ * _); apply: eq_bigr => i i0i; rewrite ?BA ?CA.
Qed.

Lemma determinant_alternate n (A : 'M[R]_n) i1 i2 :
  i1 != i2 -> A i1 =1 A i2 -> \det A = 0.
Proof.
move=> neq_i12 eqA12; pose t := tperm i1 i2.
have oddMt s: (t * s)%g = ~~ s :> bool by rewrite odd_permM odd_tperm neq_i12.
rewrite [\det A](bigID (@odd_perm _)) /=.
apply: canLR (subrK _) _; rewrite add0r -sumrN.
rewrite (reindex_inj (mulgI t)); apply: eq_big => //= s.
rewrite oddMt => /negPf->; rewrite mulN1r mul1r; congr (- _).
rewrite (reindex_inj (@perm_inj _ t)); apply: eq_bigr => /= i _.
by rewrite permM tpermK /t; case: tpermP => // ->; rewrite eqA12.
Qed.

Lemma det_tr n (A : 'M[R]_n) : \det A^T = \det A.
Proof.
rewrite [\det A^T](reindex_inj (@invg_inj _)) /=.
apply: eq_bigr => s _ /=; rewrite !odd_permV (reindex_inj (@perm_inj _ s)) /=.
by congr (_ * _); apply: eq_bigr => i _; rewrite mxE permK.
Qed.

Lemma det_perm n (s : 'S_n) : \det (perm_mx s) = (-1) ^+ s :> R.
Proof.
rewrite [\det _](bigD1 s) //= big1 => [|i _]; last by rewrite /= !mxE eqxx.
rewrite mulr1 big1 ?addr0 => //= t Dst.
case: (pickP (fun i => s i != t i)) => [i ist | Est].
  by rewrite (bigD1 i) // mulrCA /= !mxE (negbTE ist) mul0r.
by case/eqP: Dst; apply/permP => i; move/eqP: (Est i).
Qed.

Lemma det1 n : \det (1%:M : 'M[R]_n) = 1.
Proof. by rewrite -perm_mx1 det_perm odd_perm1. Qed.

Lemma det_mx00 (A : 'M[R]_0) : \det A = 1.
Proof. by rewrite flatmx0 -(flatmx0 1%:M) det1. Qed.

Lemma detZ n a (A : 'M[R]_n) : \det (a *: A) = a ^+ n * \det A.
Proof.
rewrite big_distrr /=; apply: eq_bigr => s _; rewrite mulrCA; congr (_ * _).
rewrite -[n in a ^+ n]card_ord -prodr_const -big_split /=.
by apply: eq_bigr=> i _; rewrite mxE.
Qed.

Lemma det0 n' : \det (0 : 'M[R]_n'.+1) = 0.
Proof. by rewrite -(scale0r 0) detZ exprS !mul0r. Qed.

Lemma det_scalar n a : \det (a%:M : 'M[R]_n) = a ^+ n.
Proof. by rewrite -{1}(mulr1 a) -scale_scalar_mx detZ det1 mulr1. Qed.

Lemma det_scalar1 a : \det (a%:M : 'M[R]_1) = a.
Proof. exact: det_scalar. Qed.

Lemma det_mulmx n (A B : 'M[R]_n) : \det (A *m B) = \det A * \det B.
Proof.
rewrite big_distrl /=.
pose F := ('I_n ^ n)%type; pose AB s i j := A i j * B j (s i).
transitivity (\sum_(f : F) \sum_(s : 'S_n) (-1) ^+ s * \prod_i AB s i (f i)).
  rewrite exchange_big; apply: eq_bigr => /= s _; rewrite -big_distrr /=.
  congr (_ * _); rewrite -(bigA_distr_bigA (AB s)) /=.
  by apply: eq_bigr => x _; rewrite mxE.
rewrite (bigID (fun f : F => injectiveb f)) /= addrC big1 ?add0r => [|f Uf].
  rewrite (reindex (@pval _)) /=; last first.
    pose in_Sn := insubd (1%g : 'S_n).
    by exists in_Sn => /= f Uf; first apply: val_inj; exact: insubdK.
  apply: eq_big => /= [s | s _]; rewrite ?(valP s) // big_distrr /=.
  rewrite (reindex_inj (mulgI s)); apply: eq_bigr => t _ /=.
  rewrite big_split /= mulrA mulrCA mulrA mulrCA mulrA.
  rewrite -signr_addb odd_permM !pvalE; congr (_ * _); symmetry.
  by rewrite (reindex_inj (@perm_inj _ s)); apply: eq_bigr => i; rewrite permM.
transitivity (\det (\matrix_(i, j) B (f i) j) * \prod_i A i (f i)).
  rewrite mulrC big_distrr /=; apply: eq_bigr => s _.
  rewrite mulrCA big_split //=; congr (_ * (_ * _)).
  by apply: eq_bigr => x _; rewrite mxE.
case/injectivePn: Uf => i1 [i2 Di12 Ef12].
by rewrite (determinant_alternate Di12) ?simp //= => j; rewrite !mxE Ef12.
Qed.

Lemma detM n' (A B : 'M[R]_n'.+1) : \det (A * B) = \det A * \det B.
Proof. exact: det_mulmx. Qed.

Lemma det_diag n (d : 'rV[R]_n) : \det (diag_mx d) = \prod_i d 0 i.
Proof.
rewrite /(\det _) (bigD1 1%g) //= addrC big1 => [|p p1].
  by rewrite add0r odd_perm1 mul1r; apply: eq_bigr => i; rewrite perm1 mxE eqxx.
have{p1}: ~~ perm_on set0 p.
  apply: contra p1; move/subsetP=> p1; apply/eqP; apply/permP=> i.
  by rewrite perm1; apply/eqP; apply/idPn; move/p1; rewrite inE.
case/subsetPn=> i; rewrite !inE eq_sym; move/negbTE=> p_i _.
by rewrite (bigD1 i) //= mulrCA mxE p_i mul0r.
Qed.

(* Laplace expansion lemma *)
Lemma expand_cofactor n (A : 'M[R]_n) i j :
  cofactor A i j =
    \sum_(s : 'S_n | s i == j) (-1) ^+ s * \prod_(k | i != k) A k (s k).
Proof.
case: n A i j => [|n] A i0 j0; first by case: i0.
rewrite (reindex (lift_perm i0 j0)); last first.
  pose ulsf i (s : 'S_n.+1) k := odflt k (unlift (s i) (s (lift i k))).
  have ulsfK i (s : 'S_n.+1) k: lift (s i) (ulsf i s k) = s (lift i k).
    rewrite /ulsf; have:= neq_lift i k.
    by rewrite -(inj_eq (@perm_inj _ s)) => /unlift_some[] ? ? ->.
  have inj_ulsf: injective (ulsf i0 _).
    move=> s; apply: can_inj (ulsf (s i0) s^-1%g) _ => k'.
    by rewrite {1}/ulsf ulsfK !permK liftK.
  exists (fun s => perm (inj_ulsf s)) => [s _ | s].
    by apply/permP=> k'; rewrite permE /ulsf lift_perm_lift lift_perm_id liftK.
  move/(s _ =P _) => si0; apply/permP=> k.
  case: (unliftP i0 k) => [k'|] ->; rewrite ?lift_perm_id //.
  by rewrite lift_perm_lift -si0 permE ulsfK.
rewrite /cofactor big_distrr /=.
apply: eq_big => [s | s _]; first by rewrite lift_perm_id eqxx.
rewrite -signr_odd mulrA -signr_addb odd_add -odd_lift_perm; congr (_ * _).
case: (pickP 'I_n) => [k0 _ | n0]; last first.
  by rewrite !big1 // => [j /unlift_some[i] | i _]; have:= n0 i.
rewrite (reindex (lift i0)).
  by apply: eq_big => [k | k _] /=; rewrite ?neq_lift // !mxE lift_perm_lift.
exists (fun k => odflt k0 (unlift i0 k)) => k; first by rewrite liftK.
by case/unlift_some=> k' -> ->.
Qed.

Lemma expand_det_row n (A : 'M[R]_n) i0 :
  \det A = \sum_j A i0 j * cofactor A i0 j.
Proof.
rewrite /(\det A) (partition_big (fun s : 'S_n => s i0) predT) //=.
apply: eq_bigr => j0 _; rewrite expand_cofactor big_distrr /=.
apply: eq_bigr => s /eqP Dsi0.
rewrite mulrCA (bigID (pred1 i0)) /= big_pred1_eq Dsi0; congr (_ * (_ * _)).
by apply: eq_bigl => i; rewrite eq_sym.
Qed.

Lemma cofactor_tr n (A : 'M[R]_n) i j : cofactor A^T i j = cofactor A j i.
Proof.
rewrite /cofactor addnC; congr (_ * _).
rewrite -tr_row' -tr_col' det_tr; congr (\det _).
by apply/matrixP=> ? ?; rewrite !mxE.
Qed.

Lemma cofactorZ n a (A : 'M[R]_n) i j : 
  cofactor (a *: A) i j = a ^+ n.-1 * cofactor A i j.
Proof. by rewrite {1}/cofactor !linearZ detZ mulrCA mulrA. Qed.

Lemma expand_det_col n (A : 'M[R]_n) j0 :
  \det A = \sum_i (A i j0 * cofactor A i j0).
Proof.
rewrite -det_tr (expand_det_row _ j0).
by apply: eq_bigr => i _; rewrite cofactor_tr mxE.
Qed.

Lemma trmx_adj n (A : 'M[R]_n) : (\adj A)^T = \adj A^T.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE cofactor_tr. Qed.

Lemma adjZ n a (A : 'M[R]_n) : \adj (a *: A) = a^+n.-1 *: \adj A.
Proof. by apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE cofactorZ. Qed.

(* Cramer Rule : adjugate on the left *)
Lemma mul_mx_adj n (A : 'M[R]_n) : A *m \adj A = (\det A)%:M.
Proof.
apply/matrixP=> i1 i2; rewrite !mxE; case Di: (i1 == i2).
  rewrite (eqP Di) (expand_det_row _ i2) //=.
  by apply: eq_bigr => j _; congr (_ * _); rewrite mxE.
pose B := \matrix_(i, j) (if i == i2 then A i1 j else A i j).
have EBi12: B i1 =1 B i2 by move=> j; rewrite /= !mxE Di eq_refl.
rewrite -[_ *+ _](determinant_alternate (negbT Di) EBi12) (expand_det_row _ i2).
apply: eq_bigr => j _; rewrite !mxE eq_refl; congr (_ * (_ * _)).
apply: eq_bigr => s _; congr (_ * _); apply: eq_bigr => i _.
by rewrite !mxE eq_sym -if_neg neq_lift.
Qed.

(* Cramer rule : adjugate on the right *)
Lemma mul_adj_mx n (A : 'M[R]_n) : \adj A *m A = (\det A)%:M.
Proof.
by apply: trmx_inj; rewrite trmx_mul trmx_adj mul_mx_adj det_tr tr_scalar_mx.
Qed.

Lemma adj1 n : \adj (1%:M) = 1%:M :> 'M[R]_n.
Proof. by rewrite -{2}(det1 n) -mul_adj_mx mulmx1. Qed.

(* Left inverses are right inverses. *)
Lemma mulmx1C n (A B : 'M[R]_n) : A *m B = 1%:M -> B *m A = 1%:M.
Proof.
move=> AB1; pose A' := \det B *: \adj A.
suffices kA: A' *m A = 1%:M by rewrite -[B]mul1mx -kA -(mulmxA A') AB1 mulmx1.
by rewrite -scalemxAl mul_adj_mx scale_scalar_mx mulrC -det_mulmx AB1 det1.
Qed.

(* Only tall matrices have inverses. *)
Lemma mulmx1_min m n (A : 'M[R]_(m, n)) B : A *m B = 1%:M -> m <= n.
Proof.
move=> AB1; rewrite leqNgt; apply/negP=> /subnKC; rewrite addSnnS.
move: (_ - _)%N => m' def_m; move: AB1; rewrite -{m}def_m in A B *.
rewrite -(vsubmxK A) -(hsubmxK B) mul_col_row scalar_mx_block.
case/eq_block_mx=> /mulmx1C BlAu1 AuBr0 _ => /eqP/idPn[].
by rewrite -[_ B]mul1mx -BlAu1 -mulmxA AuBr0 !mulmx0 eq_sym oner_neq0.
Qed.

Lemma det_ublock n1 n2 Aul (Aur : 'M[R]_(n1, n2)) Adr :
  \det (block_mx Aul Aur 0 Adr) = \det Aul * \det Adr.
Proof.
elim: n1 => [|n1 IHn1] in Aul Aur *.
  have ->: Aul = 1%:M by apply/matrixP=> i [].
  rewrite det1 mul1r; congr (\det _); apply/matrixP=> i j.
  by do 2![rewrite !mxE; case: splitP => [[]|k] //=; move/val_inj=> <- {k}].
rewrite (expand_det_col _ (lshift n2 0)) big_split_ord /=.
rewrite addrC big1 1?simp => [|i _]; last by rewrite block_mxEdl mxE simp.
rewrite (expand_det_col _ 0) big_distrl /=; apply eq_bigr=> i _.
rewrite block_mxEul -!mulrA; do 2!congr (_ * _).
by rewrite col'_col_mx !col'Kl raddf0 row'Ku row'_row_mx IHn1.
Qed.

Lemma det_lblock n1 n2 Aul (Adl : 'M[R]_(n2, n1)) Adr :
  \det (block_mx Aul 0 Adl Adr) = \det Aul * \det Adr.
Proof. by rewrite -det_tr tr_block_mx trmx0 det_ublock !det_tr. Qed.

End ComMatrix.

Implicit Arguments lin_mul_row [R m n].
Implicit Arguments lin_mulmx [R m n p].
Prenex Implicits lin_mul_row lin_mulmx.

(*****************************************************************************)
(********************** Matrix unit ring and inverse matrices ****************)
(*****************************************************************************)

Section MatrixInv.

Variables R : comUnitRingType.

Section Defs.

Variable n : nat.
Implicit Type A : 'M[R]_n.

Definition unitmx : pred 'M[R]_n := fun A => \det A \is a GRing.unit.
Definition invmx A := if A \in unitmx then (\det A)^-1 *: \adj A else A.

Lemma unitmxE A : (A \in unitmx) = (\det A \is a GRing.unit).
Proof. by []. Qed.

Lemma unitmx1 : 1%:M \in unitmx. Proof. by rewrite unitmxE det1 unitr1. Qed.

Lemma unitmx_perm s : perm_mx s \in unitmx.
Proof. by rewrite unitmxE det_perm unitrX ?unitrN ?unitr1. Qed.

Lemma unitmx_tr A : (A^T \in unitmx) = (A \in unitmx).
Proof. by rewrite unitmxE det_tr. Qed.

Lemma unitmxZ a A : a \is a GRing.unit -> (a *: A \in unitmx) = (A \in unitmx).
Proof. by move=> Ua; rewrite !unitmxE detZ unitrM unitrX. Qed.

Lemma invmx1 : invmx 1%:M = 1%:M.
Proof. by rewrite /invmx det1 invr1 scale1r adj1 if_same. Qed.

Lemma invmxZ a A : a *: A \in unitmx -> invmx (a *: A) = a^-1 *: invmx A.
Proof.
rewrite /invmx !unitmxE detZ unitrM => /andP[Ua U_A].
rewrite Ua U_A adjZ !scalerA invrM {U_A}//=.
case: (posnP n) A => [-> | n_gt0] A; first by rewrite flatmx0 [_ *: _]flatmx0.
rewrite unitrX_pos // in Ua; rewrite -[_ * _](mulrK Ua) mulrC -!mulrA.
by rewrite -exprSr prednK // !mulrA divrK ?unitrX.
Qed.

Lemma invmx_scalar a : invmx (a%:M) = a^-1%:M.
Proof.
case Ua: (a%:M \in unitmx).
  by rewrite -scalemx1 in Ua *; rewrite invmxZ // invmx1 scalemx1.
rewrite /invmx Ua; have [->|n_gt0] := posnP n; first by rewrite ![_%:M]flatmx0.
by rewrite unitmxE det_scalar unitrX_pos // in Ua; rewrite invr_out ?Ua.
Qed.

Lemma mulVmx : {in unitmx, left_inverse 1%:M invmx mulmx}.
Proof.
by move=> A nsA; rewrite /invmx nsA -scalemxAl mul_adj_mx scale_scalar_mx mulVr.
Qed.

Lemma mulmxV : {in unitmx, right_inverse 1%:M invmx mulmx}.
Proof.
by move=> A nsA; rewrite /invmx nsA -scalemxAr mul_mx_adj scale_scalar_mx mulVr.
Qed.

Lemma mulKmx m : {in unitmx, @left_loop _ 'M_(n, m) invmx mulmx}.
Proof. by move=> A uA /= B; rewrite mulmxA mulVmx ?mul1mx. Qed.

Lemma mulKVmx m : {in unitmx, @rev_left_loop _ 'M_(n, m) invmx mulmx}.
Proof. by move=> A uA /= B; rewrite mulmxA mulmxV ?mul1mx. Qed.

Lemma mulmxK m : {in unitmx, @right_loop 'M_(m, n) _ invmx mulmx}.
Proof. by move=> A uA /= B; rewrite -mulmxA mulmxV ?mulmx1. Qed.

Lemma mulmxKV m : {in unitmx, @rev_right_loop 'M_(m, n) _ invmx mulmx}.
Proof. by move=> A uA /= B; rewrite -mulmxA mulVmx ?mulmx1. Qed.

Lemma det_inv A : \det (invmx A) = (\det A)^-1.
Proof.
case uA: (A \in unitmx); last by rewrite /invmx uA invr_out ?negbT.
by apply: (mulrI uA); rewrite -det_mulmx mulmxV ?divrr ?det1.
Qed.

Lemma unitmx_inv A : (invmx A \in unitmx) = (A \in unitmx).
Proof. by rewrite !unitmxE det_inv unitrV. Qed.

Lemma unitmx_mul A B : (A *m B \in unitmx) = (A \in unitmx) && (B \in unitmx).
Proof. by rewrite -unitrM -det_mulmx. Qed.

Lemma trmx_inv (A : 'M_n) : (invmx A)^T = invmx (A^T).
Proof. by rewrite (fun_if trmx) linearZ /= trmx_adj -unitmx_tr -det_tr. Qed.

Lemma invmxK : involutive invmx.
Proof.
move=> A; case uA : (A \in unitmx); last by rewrite /invmx !uA.
by apply: (can_inj (mulKVmx uA)); rewrite mulVmx // mulmxV ?unitmx_inv.
Qed.

Lemma mulmx1_unit A B : A *m B = 1%:M -> A \in unitmx /\ B \in unitmx.
Proof. by move=> AB1; apply/andP; rewrite -unitmx_mul AB1 unitmx1. Qed.

Lemma intro_unitmx A B : B *m A = 1%:M /\ A *m B = 1%:M -> unitmx A.
Proof. by case=> _ /mulmx1_unit[]. Qed.

Lemma invmx_out : {in [predC unitmx], invmx =1 id}.
Proof. by move=> A; rewrite inE /= /invmx -if_neg => ->. Qed.

End Defs.

Variable n' : nat.
Local Notation n := n'.+1.

Definition matrix_unitRingMixin :=
  UnitRingMixin (@mulVmx n) (@mulmxV n) (@intro_unitmx n) (@invmx_out n).
Canonical matrix_unitRing :=
  Eval hnf in UnitRingType 'M[R]_n matrix_unitRingMixin.
Canonical matrix_unitAlg := Eval hnf in [unitAlgType R of 'M[R]_n].

(* Lemmas requiring that the coefficients are in a unit ring *)

Lemma detV (A : 'M_n) : \det A^-1 = (\det A)^-1.
Proof. exact: det_inv. Qed.

Lemma unitr_trmx (A : 'M_n) : (A^T  \is a GRing.unit) = (A \is a GRing.unit).
Proof. exact: unitmx_tr. Qed.

Lemma trmxV (A : 'M_n) : A^-1^T = (A^T)^-1.
Proof. exact: trmx_inv. Qed.

Lemma perm_mxV (s : 'S_n) : perm_mx s^-1 = (perm_mx s)^-1.
Proof.
rewrite -[_^-1]mul1r; apply: (canRL (mulmxK (unitmx_perm s))).
by rewrite -perm_mxM mulVg perm_mx1.
Qed.

Lemma is_perm_mxV (A : 'M_n) : is_perm_mx A^-1 = is_perm_mx A.
Proof.
apply/is_perm_mxP/is_perm_mxP=> [] [s defA]; exists s^-1%g.
  by rewrite -(invrK A) defA perm_mxV.
by rewrite defA perm_mxV.
Qed.

End MatrixInv.

Prenex Implicits unitmx invmx.

(* Finite inversible matrices and the general linear group. *)
Section FinUnitMatrix.

Variables (n : nat) (R : finComUnitRingType).

Canonical matrix_finUnitRingType n' :=
  Eval hnf in [finUnitRingType of 'M[R]_n'.+1].

Definition GLtype of phant R := {unit 'M[R]_n.-1.+1}.

Coercion GLval ph (u : GLtype ph) : 'M[R]_n.-1.+1 :=
  let: FinRing.Unit A _ := u in A.

End FinUnitMatrix.

Bind Scope group_scope with GLtype.
Arguments Scope GLval [nat_scope _ _ group_scope].
Prenex Implicits GLval.

Notation "{ ''GL_' n [ R ] }" := (GLtype n (Phant R))
  (at level 0, n at level 2, format "{ ''GL_' n [ R ] }") : type_scope.
Notation "{ ''GL_' n ( p ) }" := {'GL_n['F_p]}
  (at level 0, n at level 2, p at level 10,
    format "{ ''GL_' n ( p ) }") : type_scope.

Section GL_unit.

Variables (n : nat) (R : finComUnitRingType).

Canonical GL_subType := [subType of {'GL_n[R]} for GLval].
Definition GL_eqMixin := Eval hnf in [eqMixin of {'GL_n[R]} by <:].
Canonical GL_eqType := Eval hnf in EqType {'GL_n[R]} GL_eqMixin.
Canonical GL_choiceType := Eval hnf in [choiceType of {'GL_n[R]}].
Canonical GL_countType := Eval hnf in [countType of {'GL_n[R]}].
Canonical GL_subCountType := Eval hnf in [subCountType of {'GL_n[R]}].
Canonical GL_finType := Eval hnf in [finType of {'GL_n[R]}].
Canonical GL_subFinType := Eval hnf in [subFinType of {'GL_n[R]}].
Canonical GL_baseFinGroupType := Eval hnf in [baseFinGroupType of {'GL_n[R]}].
Canonical GL_finGroupType := Eval hnf in [finGroupType of {'GL_n[R]}].
Definition GLgroup of phant R := [set: {'GL_n[R]}].
Canonical GLgroup_group ph := Eval hnf in [group of GLgroup ph].

Implicit Types u v : {'GL_n[R]}.

Lemma GL_1E : GLval 1 = 1. Proof. by []. Qed.
Lemma GL_VE u : GLval u^-1 = (GLval u)^-1. Proof. by []. Qed.
Lemma GL_VxE u : GLval u^-1 = invmx u. Proof. by []. Qed.
Lemma GL_ME u v : GLval (u * v) = GLval u * GLval v. Proof. by []. Qed.
Lemma GL_MxE u v : GLval (u * v) = u *m v. Proof. by []. Qed.
Lemma GL_unit u : GLval u \is a GRing.unit. Proof. exact: valP. Qed.
Lemma GL_unitmx u : val u \in unitmx. Proof. exact: GL_unit. Qed.

Lemma GL_det u : \det u != 0.
Proof.
by apply: contraL (GL_unitmx u); rewrite unitmxE => /eqP->; rewrite unitr0.
Qed.

End GL_unit.

Notation "''GL_' n [ R ]" := (GLgroup n (Phant R))
  (at level 8, n at level 2, format "''GL_' n [ R ]") : group_scope.
Notation "''GL_' n ( p )" := 'GL_n['F_p]
  (at level 8, n at level 2, p at level 10,
   format "''GL_' n ( p )") : group_scope.
Notation "''GL_' n [ R ]" := (GLgroup_group n (Phant R)) : Group_scope.
Notation "''GL_' n ( p )" := (GLgroup_group n (Phant 'F_p)) : Group_scope.

(*****************************************************************************)
(********************** Matrices over a domain *******************************)
(*****************************************************************************)

Section MatrixDomain.

Variable R : idomainType.

Lemma scalemx_eq0 m n a (A : 'M[R]_(m, n)) :
  (a *: A == 0) = (a == 0) || (A == 0).
Proof.
case nz_a: (a == 0) / eqP => [-> | _]; first by rewrite scale0r eqxx.
apply/eqP/eqP=> [aA0 | ->]; last exact: scaler0.
apply/matrixP=> i j; apply/eqP; move/matrixP/(_ i j)/eqP: aA0.
by rewrite !mxE mulf_eq0 nz_a.
Qed.

Lemma scalemx_inj m n a :
  a != 0 -> injective ( *:%R a : 'M[R]_(m, n) -> 'M[R]_(m, n)).
Proof.
move=> nz_a A B eq_aAB; apply: contraNeq nz_a.
rewrite -[A == B]subr_eq0 -[a == 0]orbF => /negPf<-.
by rewrite -scalemx_eq0 linearB subr_eq0 /= eq_aAB.
Qed.

Lemma det0P n (A : 'M[R]_n) :
  reflect (exists2 v : 'rV[R]_n, v != 0 & v *m A = 0) (\det A == 0).
Proof.
apply: (iffP eqP) => [detA0 | [v n0v vA0]]; last first.
  apply: contraNeq n0v => nz_detA; rewrite -(inj_eq (scalemx_inj nz_detA)).
  by rewrite scaler0 -mul_mx_scalar -mul_mx_adj mulmxA vA0 mul0mx.
elim: n => [|n IHn] in A detA0 *.
  by case/idP: (oner_eq0 R); rewrite -detA0 [A]thinmx0 -(thinmx0 1%:M) det1.
have [{detA0}A'0 | nzA'] := eqVneq (row 0 (\adj A)) 0; last first.
  exists (row 0 (\adj A)) => //; rewrite rowE -mulmxA mul_adj_mx detA0.
  by rewrite mul_mx_scalar scale0r.
pose A' := col' 0 A; pose vA := col 0 A.
have defA: A = row_mx vA A'.
  apply/matrixP=> i j; rewrite !mxE.
  case: splitP => j' def_j; rewrite mxE; congr (A i _); apply: val_inj => //=.
  by rewrite def_j [j']ord1.
have{IHn} w_ j : exists w : 'rV_n.+1, [/\ w != 0, w 0 j = 0 & w *m A' = 0].
  have [|wj nzwj wjA'0] := IHn (row' j A').
    by apply/eqP; move/rowP/(_ j)/eqP: A'0; rewrite !mxE mulf_eq0 signr_eq0.
  exists (\row_k oapp (wj 0) 0 (unlift j k)).
  rewrite !mxE unlift_none -wjA'0; split=> //.
    apply: contraNneq nzwj => w0; apply/eqP/rowP=> k'.
    by move/rowP/(_ (lift j k')): w0; rewrite !mxE liftK.
  apply/rowP=> k; rewrite !mxE (bigD1 j) //= mxE unlift_none mul0r add0r.
  rewrite (reindex_onto (lift j) (odflt k \o unlift j)) /= => [|k'].
    by apply: eq_big => k'; rewrite ?mxE liftK eq_sym neq_lift eqxx.
  by rewrite eq_sym; case/unlift_some=> ? ? ->.
have [w0 [nz_w0 w00_0 w0A']] := w_ 0; pose a0 := (w0 *m vA) 0 0.
have [j {nz_w0}/= nz_w0j | w00] := pickP [pred j | w0 0 j != 0]; last first.
  by case/eqP: nz_w0; apply/rowP=> j; rewrite mxE; move/eqP: (w00 j).
have{w_} [wj [nz_wj wj0_0 wjA']] := w_ j; pose aj := (wj *m vA) 0 0.
have [aj0 | nz_aj] := eqVneq aj 0.
  exists wj => //; rewrite defA (@mul_mx_row _ _ _ 1) [_ *m _]mx11_scalar -/aj.
  by rewrite aj0 raddf0 wjA' row_mx0.
exists (aj *: w0 - a0 *: wj).
  apply: contraNneq nz_aj; move/rowP/(_ j)/eqP; rewrite !mxE wj0_0 mulr0 subr0.
  by rewrite mulf_eq0 (negPf nz_w0j) orbF.
rewrite defA (@mul_mx_row _ _ _ 1) !mulmxBl -!scalemxAl w0A' wjA' !linear0.
by rewrite -mul_mx_scalar -mul_scalar_mx -!mx11_scalar subrr addr0 row_mx0.
Qed.

End MatrixDomain.

Implicit Arguments det0P [R n A].

(* Parametricity at the field level (mx_is_scalar, unit and inverse are only *)
(* mapped at this level).                                                    *)
Section MapFieldMatrix.

Variables (aF : fieldType) (rF : comUnitRingType) (f : {rmorphism aF -> rF}).
Local Notation "A ^f" := (map_mx f A) : ring_scope.

Lemma map_mx_inj m n : injective ((map_mx f) m n).
Proof.
move=> A B eq_AB; apply/matrixP=> i j.
by move/matrixP/(_ i j): eq_AB; rewrite !mxE; exact: fmorph_inj.
Qed.

Lemma map_mx_is_scalar n (A : 'M_n) : is_scalar_mx A^f = is_scalar_mx A.
Proof.
rewrite /is_scalar_mx; case: (insub _) => // i.
by rewrite mxE -map_scalar_mx inj_eq //; exact: map_mx_inj.
Qed.

Lemma map_unitmx n (A : 'M_n) : (A^f \in unitmx) = (A \in unitmx).
Proof. by rewrite unitmxE det_map_mx // fmorph_unit // -unitfE. Qed.

Lemma map_mx_unit n' (A : 'M_n'.+1) :
  (A^f \is a GRing.unit) = (A \is a GRing.unit).
Proof. exact: map_unitmx. Qed.

Lemma map_invmx n (A : 'M_n) : (invmx A)^f = invmx A^f.
Proof.
rewrite /invmx map_unitmx (fun_if ((map_mx f) n n)).
by rewrite map_mxZ map_mx_adj det_map_mx fmorphV. 
Qed.

Lemma map_mx_inv n' (A : 'M_n'.+1) : A^-1^f = A^f^-1.
Proof. exact: map_invmx. Qed.
  
Lemma map_mx_eq0 m n (A : 'M_(m, n)) : (A^f == 0) = (A == 0).
Proof. by rewrite -(inj_eq (@map_mx_inj m n)) raddf0. Qed.

End MapFieldMatrix.

(*****************************************************************************)
(****************************** LUP decomposion ******************************)
(*****************************************************************************)

Section CormenLUP.

Variable F : fieldType.

(* Decomposition of the matrix A to P A = L U with *)
(*   - P a permutation matrix                      *)
(*   - L a unipotent lower triangular matrix       *)
(*   - U an upper triangular matrix                *)

Fixpoint cormen_lup {n} :=
  match n return let M := 'M[F]_n.+1 in M -> M * M * M with
  | 0 => fun A => (1, 1, A)
  | _.+1 => fun A =>
    let k := odflt 0 [pick k | A k 0 != 0] in
    let A1 : 'M_(1 + _) := xrow 0 k A in
    let P1 : 'M_(1 + _) := tperm_mx 0 k in
    let Schur := ((A k 0)^-1 *: dlsubmx A1) *m ursubmx A1 in
    let: (P2, L2, U2) := cormen_lup (drsubmx A1 - Schur) in
    let P := block_mx 1 0 0 P2 *m P1 in
    let L := block_mx 1 0 ((A k 0)^-1 *: (P2 *m dlsubmx A1)) L2 in
    let U := block_mx (ulsubmx A1) (ursubmx A1) 0 U2 in
    (P, L, U)
  end.

Lemma cormen_lup_perm n (A : 'M_n.+1) : is_perm_mx (cormen_lup A).1.1.
Proof.
elim: n => [|n IHn] /= in A *; first exact: is_perm_mx1.
set A' := _ - _; move/(_ A'): IHn; case: cormen_lup => [[P L U]] {A'}/=.
rewrite (is_perm_mxMr _ (perm_mx_is_perm _ _)).
case/is_perm_mxP => s ->; exact: lift0_mx_is_perm.
Qed.

Lemma cormen_lup_correct n (A : 'M_n.+1) :
  let: (P, L, U) := cormen_lup A in P * A = L * U.
Proof.
elim: n => [|n IHn] /= in A *; first by rewrite !mul1r.
set k := odflt _ _; set A1 : 'M_(1 + _) := xrow _ _ _.
set A' := _ - _; move/(_ A'): IHn; case: cormen_lup => [[P' L' U']] /= IHn.
rewrite -mulrA -!mulmxE -xrowE -/A1 /= -[n.+2]/(1 + n.+1)%N -{1}(submxK A1).
rewrite !mulmx_block !mul0mx !mulmx0 !add0r !addr0 !mul1mx -{L' U'}[L' *m _]IHn.
rewrite -scalemxAl !scalemxAr -!mulmxA addrC -mulrDr {A'}subrK.
congr (block_mx _ _ (_ *m _) _).
rewrite [_ *: _]mx11_scalar !mxE lshift0 tpermL {}/A1 {}/k.
case: pickP => /= [k nzAk0 | no_k]; first by rewrite mulVf ?mulmx1.
rewrite (_ : dlsubmx _ = 0) ?mul0mx //; apply/colP=> i.
by rewrite !mxE lshift0 (elimNf eqP (no_k _)).
Qed.

Lemma cormen_lup_detL n (A : 'M_n.+1) : \det (cormen_lup A).1.2 = 1.
Proof.
elim: n => [|n IHn] /= in A *; first by rewrite det1.
set A' := _ - _; move/(_ A'): IHn; case: cormen_lup => [[P L U]] {A'}/= detL.
by rewrite (@det_lblock _ 1) det1 mul1r.
Qed.

Lemma cormen_lup_lower n A (i j : 'I_n.+1) :
  i <= j -> (cormen_lup A).1.2 i j = (i == j)%:R.
Proof.
elim: n => [|n IHn] /= in A i j *; first by rewrite [i]ord1 [j]ord1 mxE.
set A' := _ - _; move/(_ A'): IHn; case: cormen_lup => [[P L U]] {A'}/= Ll.
rewrite !mxE split1; case: unliftP => [i'|] -> /=; rewrite !mxE split1.
  by case: unliftP => [j'|] -> //; exact: Ll.
by case: unliftP => [j'|] ->; rewrite /= mxE.
Qed.

Lemma cormen_lup_upper n A (i j : 'I_n.+1) :
  j < i -> (cormen_lup A).2 i j = 0 :> F.
Proof.
elim: n => [|n IHn] /= in A i j *; first by rewrite [i]ord1.
set A' := _ - _; move/(_ A'): IHn; case: cormen_lup => [[P L U]] {A'}/= Uu.
rewrite !mxE split1; case: unliftP => [i'|] -> //=; rewrite !mxE split1.
by case: unliftP => [j'|] ->; [exact: Uu | rewrite /= mxE].
Qed.

End CormenLUP.
