.. _nmodl:


NMODL
-----

This document describes how to use the NBSR model description language 
to add membrane mechanisms to NEURON. 

NEURON's extensions to the NBSR language are described in:

.. toctree:: :maxdepth: 1

    nmodl2.rst


.. _modeldescriptionlanguage:

Model Description Language
==========================


Introduction
~~~~~~~~~~~~

The kinds of mechanisms that can 
be added are: 

-   Channels in which the model consists of current-voltage relationships. 
-   Calculation of internal and external 
    ionic concentration changes due to currents carried 
    by specific ions. 

Many user defined mechanisms can be simultaneously "insert"ed into 
sections in NEURON; NEURON will keep track of the total current for 
each ionic species used and the effect of that current on the membrane 
potential. For example, suppose a calcium pump, sodium-calcium exchanger, 
calcium channel, radial calcium diffusion, and calcium activated potassium 
mechanisms are inserted into a cable section. Then the total calcium current 
is calculated 
as the sum of the individual currents from the calcium pump, exchanger, 
and channel.  The internal calcium concentration just under the membrane 
is calculated from the total calcium current and diffusion away from the 
surface. 
The potassium current through the cagk channel is calculated 
from the internal calcium concentration next to the membrane and the 
membrane potential.  And the membrane potential is calculated from the 
total current. (The above is only a partial list of the interactions 
among these channels. The point is that the ionic current, membrane voltage, 
and concentration computations are consistent regardless of the channels 
inserted into the cable section.) 
 
Mechanisms are normally *local*. That is they do not depend on 
what is happening at other places on the neuron. 
However, a method exists for writing mechanisms that depend on variables of 
mechanisms at other locations. For example 
the calcium concentration at a presynaptic 
mechanism can be used to calculate the conductance change at a postsynaptic 
mechanism. (See, Importing variables from other mechanisms.) 
Also, FUNCTION's written in a model are global and may be used in other 
models if they do not involve range variables. 

History
"""""""

MODL (model description language) was originally developed at 
the NBSR (National Biomedical Simulation 
Resource) to specify models for simulation with SCoP (Simulation Control 
Program). With MODL one specifies a physical model in terms of 
simultaneous nonlinear algebraic equations, differential equations, or 
kinetic schemes.  MODL translates the specification into the C language 
which is then compiled and linked with the SCoP program. It turned out 
that only modest extensions to the MODL syntax were necessary to 
allow it to translate 
model descriptions into a form suitable for compiling and linking 
with NEURON V2.  The extended version was called NMODL. In NEURON V3 
the advent of the object oriented interpreter, OC,  allowed Point Processes to 
be treated as objects instead of parallel arrays of variables. The 
model description translator that emits code suitable for NEURON V3 is 
called NOCMODL. NMODL and NOCMODL handle identical input model descriptions, 
they differ merely in the output interface code. A prototype model description 
translator has been written to generate code suitable for linking with GENESIS. 
 
This document discusses only the differences between NMODL and MODL. 
A complete user manual for the standard model description language is 
available from NBSR. A brief description of MODL is in the document entitled, 
"SCoP Language Summary". 

Usage
"""""

The easiest way to write membrane mechanisms is by analogy with the 
examples. The example files come in pairs with a .mod and .hoc extension. 
Models (membrane mechanisms) are linked into neuron with the command: 

.. code-block::
    none

    	nrnivmodl  file1 file2 file3 ... 

In the list of :file:`.mod` files you do *not* type the extension, only the prefix. 
If there are no files specified then nrnivmodl will use all the 
mod files in the current working directory.  When :program:`nrnivmodl` is finished, there 
will exist a version of NEURON called :program:`special` which contains those 
membrane mechanisms described in the files. :file:`special` should be renamed 
to something more suitable.  The associated :file:`.hoc` files can be executed by 
:program:`special` to test various aspects of the models. 
 
It is extremely important that mechanisms have consistent units.  To ensure 
this use the command: 

.. code-block::
    none

    	modlunit file 

leaving off the file extension. For more information about units click here.

Rationale
"""""""""

Our first nerve simulation program, :program:`CABLE`, contained several built-in 
membrane mechanisms, including radial calcium diffusion, calcium channel, 
calcium activated potassium channel, calcium pump, etc.  However, in practice, 
only the Hodgkin-Huxley squid channels were enough of a standard to be used 
"as is" across more than one series of simulations.  The other channels 
all required some type of modification to be useful as new situations arose. 
Sometimes the modifications were minor, such as changing the coordinate 
system for radial calcium diffusion so that there were more compartments 
near the membrane, but often we were forced to add an entirely new 
mechanism from scratch such as Frankenhaeuser-Huxley channels for 
Xenopus node.  The problem was greatly compounded for other users of 
CABLE who needed to add new channels but were not familiar with the numerical 
issues or the detailed interface requirements. NMODL with NEURON 
is a significant improvement over CABLE with regard to adding new membrane 
mechanisms: 

-   Interface details are handled automatically. 
-   Consistency of units is ensured. (By checking with modlunit.) 
-   Mechanisms described by a kinetic scheme are written with a syntax 
    in which the reactions are clearly apparent. 
-   There is often a great increase in clarity since statements are 
    directly related to discourse at the model level instead of the C 
    programming level. 
-   The high level description language often provides a great deal 
    of leverage in that one model statement can get translated into very 
    many C statements.  For example, kinetic reaction statements get translated 
    into statements which explicitly calculate sparse 
    jacobian matrix coefficients. 

At the same time, since the model description is translated into C, the 
computation speed remains the same or better than a hand coded mechanism 
in CABLE. 

General Paradigm
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Membrane mechanisms deal with currents, concentrations, 
potentials, and state variables 
and it is helpful to know how NEURON treats these variables in order to 
correctly write a new membrane mechanism. 
 
NEURON integrates its equations using the function :func:`fadvance`. 
During a call to this function the value of the global time variable, :data:`t`, 
is increased by the value of :data:`dt`  ``(t = t + dt)``, 
and all the voltages, currents, 
concentrations, etc. are changed to new values appropriate to the new 
value of time.  The default numerical method used by NEURON produces 
values which have an error proportional to :data:`dt`.  That is, it makes 
no sense to ask at what time in the interval are the values most accurate. 
However, by setting the global variable 
:data:`secondorder` equal to 2, the values produced by ``fadvance`` have 
errors proportional to ``dt^2`` and it is important to realize that 

-   membrane potential is second order correct at time, :data:`t`. 
-   currents are second order correct at time, ``t - dt/2``. 
-   channel states are second order correct at time, ``t + dt/2``;. 
-   concentrations are second order correct at time, :data:`t`. 

 
:func:`fadvance` goes about its business by first setting up the current 
conservation matrix equation to be used in the calculation of membrane 
potential.  To do this it calls the current functions for each mechanism 
in each segment which compute conductance using the old values of states 
and current using the old values of states and membrane potential. 
The value of time when the BREAKPOINT block is called is t+dt/2 so models 
which depend explicitly on time will be second order correct if they use 
the value of :data:`t`. 
:func:`fadvance` then solves the matrix equation for the new value of the membrane 
potential.  Depending on the value of :data:`secondorder` it then 
may re-call these current functions with the average of the new and old 
membrane potentials to get an accurate final value of the current. 
It then calls the state integrator functions using the new 
value of the membrane potential and the second order correct currents 
to calculate the new values of the states. The details of this method 
can be gleaned from the file :file:`nrn/src/nrnoc/fadvance.c`. 
 
It is therefore necessary for NMODL to divide up the statements properly 
into a current function and a state function.  It also has to create 
the interface between model variables and NEURON and create a memory 
allocation function so that segments have separate copies of each variable. 
Finally, it has to make sure that local model currents get added to the 
correct global ionic currents. 
 
Note: This simulation method is very effective and 
highly efficient when currents depend on 
membrane potential and ionic concentrations do not change on the 
same time scale as the membrane potential.  When these conditions 
are not met, however, such as in a calcium pump mechanism in which 
the current depends on the concentrations of calcium next to the 
membrane, one must be careful to use a ``dt`` small enough to 
prevent the occurrence of numerical instabilities. (Or else using a single 
model to describe both the pump current and that current's effect on concentration 
so that the concentrations and pump states may be computed simultaneously. 
An example of such a model is in nrn/demo/release/cabpump.mod) 
A future version of 
NEURON will have the option (slightly less efficient) of calculating 
all state variables simultaneously so that numerical stability is 
guaranteed. 
 
Further discussion of the numerical methods used by NEURON are found 
here.

Basic NMODL Statements
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Only a small part of the full model description language is relevant to 
neuron mechanisms.  The important concepts held in common are 
the declaration of all variables as 

TITLE
"""""

Description:
    Title of the mechanism. Doesn't play any role to the code generation.


COMMENT
"""""""

Description:
    Comments of the code. ``COMMENT`` blocks start with ``COMMENT`` and end with ``ENDCOMMENT``.
    For example:

    .. code-block::
        none

        COMMENT
            Some text here.
        ENDCOMMENT

    Single line comments can be added to the mod file also with ``:`` or ``?``.
    For example:

    .. code-block::
        none

        NEURON {
            : This is a single line comment
            ? This is a single line comment as well
            GLOBAL a
        }


DEFINE
""""""

Description:
    Defines an integer macro variable. The name of the variable can be used in the rest of the mod
    file and its name will be replaced by its value during parsing of the mod file. Syntax is:

    .. code-block::
        none

        DEFINE <variable_name> <integer_value>


UNITS
"""""

Description:
    The statements in the UNITS block define new names for units in terms of existing names in
    the UNIX units database. This can increase legibility and convenience, and is helpful both as a
    reminder to the user and as a means for automating the process of checking for consistency of
    units.
    The UNIX units database taken into account is defined in the `nrnunits.lib file <https://github.com/neuronsimulator/nrn/blob/master/share/lib/nrnunits.lib.in>`_.
    This file includes two versions of the units due to the updates in the values of their base
    units. Currently there are legacy and modern units that contain the changes after the updates
    introduced on 2019 to the nist constants. The selection between those two versions can be done
    using the ``NRN_DYNAMIC_UNITS_USE_LEGACY`` CMake variable or a call to
    ``h.nrnunit_use_legacy(bool)`` during runtime.

    New units can be defined in terms of default units and previously defined units by placing
    definitions in the UNITS block. e.g.

    .. code-block::
        none

        UNITS {
            (uF)    =  (microfarad)
            (Mohms) =  (megohms)
            (V)     =  (volt)
            (molar) =  (/liter)
            (mM)    =  (millimolar)
        }

    and it is more convenient to define ``CONSTANT`` constants in the UNITS block rather than in the
    ``CONSTANTS`` block --- there is less chance of a typo, and they do not appear in SCoP where
    they can be inadvertently changed.
    For example:

    .. code-block::
        none

        UNITS {
            F      = (faraday) (coulomb)
            PI     = (pi) (1)
            e      = (e) (coulomb)
            R      = (k-mole) (joule/degC)
            C      = (c) (cm/sec)
        }

    Here, ``C`` is the speed of light in cm/sec and ``R`` is the Gas constant.
    Constant factors are defined in the UNITS block in the following manner.

    .. code-block::
        none

        UNITS {
            F   = 96520    (coul)
            PI  = 3.14159  ()
            foot2inch = 12 (inch/foot)
        }

    ``TODO``: Add existing example mod file


.. _nmodl_parameter:

PARAMETER
"""""""""


Description:
    These are variables which are set by 
    the user 
    and not changed by the model itself.  In a NEURON context some of these 
    parameters need to be range variables which can vary with position and some 
    are more useful as global variables.  Special variables to NEURON such as 
    :data:`celsius`, :data:`area`, :data:`v`, etc. if used in a model 
    should be declared as 
    parameters. (and you should not assign values to them in the model). 
    Ionic concentrations, currents, and potentials 
    that are used but not set 
    in this particular model should be declared as parameters. 
    NMODL does not enforce the "constantness" of parameters but stylistically 
    it is a good rule to follow since there is a special field editor widget in NEURON's 
    graphical user interface which makes it easier to modify a PARAMETER's value. 
    There is an unfortunate restriction on PARAMETER's in that they cannot declare 
    arrays. Even if an array is conceptually a PARAMETER, it must be declared 
    as an ASSIGNED variable. In NMODL, PARAMETERS and ASSIGNED variables are 
    practically synonyms. They substantively differ only in that when a 
    panel of variables is automatically created, PARAMETERS are displayed in 
    augmented field editors which make it easier to change values whereas ASSIGNED 
    variables are displayed in field editors in which the only way to change the 
    value is to type it from the keyboard. (see :func:`xvalue`). 


STATE
"""""


Description:
    These are variables which are the unknowns in differential 
    and algebraic equations. 
    They are normally the variables to be "SOLVE"ed for within the 
    BREAKPOINT block. 
    For example, in HH channels the states are m, h, and n. 
    In a NEURON context they are always range variables. 
    Ionic concentration is a state only if the concentration is being 
    calculated within that specific model (mechanism). ERRORS in the simulation 
    would occur if concentrations were computed in more than one mechanism inserted 
    at the same location.  Membrane potential, ``v``, is *never* 
    a state since 
    only NEURON itself is allowed to calculate that value. 


ASSIGNED
""""""""


Description:
    These are variables which can be computed directly 
    by assignment statements and are important enough that you may wish 
    to know their value during a simulation.  In a NEURON context you will wish 
    to divide them between range variables and global variables. 


CONSTANT
""""""""


Description:
    These are variables that cannot be changed during the simulation. Better to use ``UNITS`` to
    define those variables.


LOCAL
"""""


Description:
    These are equivalent to C static variables ie shared 
    between all instances of a given mechanism. 


INDEPENDENT
"""""""""""


Description:
    This specifies the mathematical independent variable. 
    For NMODL this statement is unnecessary since the independent variable 
    is always time, :data:`t`. 

POINTER
"""""""

Basically what is needed is a way to implement the Python statement 

.. code-block::
    none
    
    section1(x1).mech1.var1 =  section2(x2).mech2.var2

efficiently from within a mechanism without having to explicitly connect them 
through assignment at the Python level everytime the :samp:`{var2}` might change. 
 
First of all, the variables which point to the values in some other mechanism 
are declared within the NEURON block via 

.. code-block::
    none

    NEURON { 
       POINTER var1, var2, ... 
    } 

These variables are used exactly like normal variables in the sense that 
they can be used on the left or right hand side of assignment statements 
and used as arguments in function calls. They can also be accessed from HOC 
just like normal variables. 
It is essential that the user set up the pointers to point to the correct 
variables. This is done by first making sure that the proper mechanisms 
are inserted into the sections and the proper point processes are actually 
"located" in a section. Then, at the Python level each POINTER variable 
that exists should be set up via the command: 

.. code-block::
    python

    h.setpointer(_ref_nrnvar, 'POINTER_name', mechanism_object)

Here mechanism_object (a point process object or a density mechanism) and
the other arguments
have enough implicit/explicit information to 
determine their exact segment and mechanism location. For a continuous 
mechanism, this means the section and location information. For a point 
process it means the object. The reference may also be to any NEURON variable 
or voltage, e.g. ``soma(0.5)._ref_v``. 
See ``nrn/share/examples/nrniv/nmodl/(tstpnt1.py and tstpnt2.py)`` for examples of usage. 
 
For example, consider a synapse which requires a presynaptic potential 
in order to calculate the amount of transmitter release. Assume the 
declaration in the presynaptic model 

.. code-block::
    none

    NEURON { POINTPROCESS Syn   POINTER vpre } 

Then 

.. code-block::
    python

    syn = h.Syn(section(0.8)) 
    h.setpointer(axon(1)._ref_v, 'vpre', syn)

will allow the ``syn`` object located at ``section(0.8)`` to know the voltage at the distal end of the axon 
section. As a variation on that example, if one supposed that the synapse 
needed the presynaptic transmitter concentration (call it tpre) calculated 
from a point process model called "release" (with object reference 
rel, say) then the 
statement would be 

.. code-block::
    python

    h.setpointer(rel._ref_ACH_release, 'trpe', syn)


The caveat is that tight coupling between states in different models 
may cause numerical instability. When this happens, 
merging models into one larger 
model may eliminate the instability, unless the model is so simple that time 
does not appear, such as a passive channel. In that case, ``v`` is normally 
chosen as the independent variable. MODL required this statement but NMODL 
will implicitly generate one for you.  
When currents and ionic potentials are calculated in a particular model they 
are declared either as STATE, or ASSIGNED depending on the nature 
of the calculation or whether they are important enough to save. If a variable 
value needs to persist only between entry and exit of an instance 
one may declare it as LOCAL, but in that case the model cannot be vectorized 
and different instances cannot be called in parallel. 

.. note::

    For density mechanisms, one cannot pass in e.g. ``h.hh`` as this raises a TypeError;
    one can, however, pass in ``nrn.hh`` where ``nrn`` is defined via ``from neuron import nrn``.


INCLUDE
"""""""


Description:
    The INCLUDE statement replaces itself with the contents of the indicated file. 
    eg. 

    .. code-block::
        none

        INCLUDE "units.inc" 

    If the full path to the file is not given, the file is first looked 
    for in the current working directory, then in the directory where the 
    original .mod file was located, 
    and then 
    in the directories specified by the colon separated list in the 
    environment variable MODL_INCLUDES. Notice that the INCLUDE filename 
    explicitly requires a complete file name --- don't leave off the 
    suffix, if any.
    Note that if one is redefined in the included file or the file that includes
    another one, then the generated code has the corresponding code to both blocks with the order of
    their inclusion.

    ``TODO``: Add existing example mod file

    Other blocks which play similar roles in NMODL and MODL are 

BREAKPOINT
""""""""""


Description:
    This is the main computation block of the model.  Any 
    states are integrated by a SOLVE statement.  Currents are set with 
    assignment statements at the end of this block.  Think of this block 
    as making sure that on exit, all variables are consistent at time, :data:`t`. 
    The reason this block is named BREAKPOINT is because in SCoP it was 
    called for each value of the INDEPENDENT variable at which the user desired 
    to plot something. It was responsible for making all variables consistent 
    at that value of the INDEPENDENT variable (which usually required integrating 
    states from their values at the previous call using SOLVE statements). 
    In NMODL, this block is usually called twice every time step (with voltage 
    equal to v+.001 and voltage equal to v) in order to 
    calculate the conductance from the currents. Often, errors result if one 
    computes values for states in this block. All states depending explicitly or 
    implicitly on time should 
    only be changed in a block called by a SOLVE statement. 


DERIVATIVE
""""""""""


Description:
    If the states are governed by differential equations, 
    this block is used to assign values to the derivatives of the states. 
    Such statements are of the form :samp:`y' = {expr}`.  These equations 
    are normally integrated from the old values of the states to 
    their new values at time, :data:`t`, via a SOLVE statement in the BREAKPOINT block.
    The expression may explicitly involve time. The SOLVE statement for a DERIVATIVE 
    block should explicitly invoke either 

    .. code-block::
        none

        	SOLVE deriv METHOD euler 
        or 
        	SOLVE deriv METHOD runge 
        or 
        	SOLVE deriv METHOD derivimplicit 

    because the default integration method 
    is a variable time step runge-kutta method which cannot work in a NEURON context. 
    The first two methods above are computationally cheap but are 
    numerically unstable when equations are stiff (states vary a lot within 
    a :data:`dt` step).
     
    HH type mechanisms have state equations which are particularly 
    simple and  extra efficiency and accuracy is easily obtained by integrating 
    the states analytically.  The :file:`hh2.mod` example shows how to do this. 


NET_RECEIVE
"""""""""""

Description:
    The NET_RECEIVE block is called by the NetCon event delivery system when an event arrives at
    this postsynaptic point process.
    For example:

    .. code-block::
        none

        STATE { g (microsiemens) }

        NET_RECEIVE(weight (microsiemens)) {
            g = g + weight
        }

    In this case the value of the weight is specified by the particular NetCon object delivering the
    event, and this value increments the conductance state.

    ``TODO``: Add existing example mod file


WATCH
~~~~~

Description:
    ``TODO``: Add description and existing example mod file


CONSTRUCTOR
"""""""""""

Description:
    ``TODO``: Add description and existing example mod file


DESTRUCTOR
""""""""""

Description:
    ``TODO``: Add description and existing example mod file


LINEAR
""""""

Description:
    ``TODO``: Add description and existing example mod file


NONLINEAR
"""""""""


Description:
    This block solves simultaneous equations in the form 
    of a list of statements with the syntax, 

    .. code-block::
        none

        	~ expr = expr 

    When this block is called by the SOLVE 
    statement, the values of the states are computed so that the equations are 
    true.  The default method used is Newton's method.  These kinds of equations 
    can also appear within a DERIVATIVE block. 


KINETIC
"""""""


Description:
    This block specifies a sequence of chemical reactions. 
    The default method used is backwards euler which is very stable but only 
    first order correct. If the SOLVE statement specifies 
    a "METHOD sparse" the method is still backwards euler but 
    the computation may be much faster. 


CONSERVE
""""""""

Description:
    This statement's fundamental idea is to systematically account for conservation of material.
    When there is neither a source nor a sink reaction for a STATE , the
    differential equations are not linearly independent when calculating steady states (dt
    approaches infinity). Steady states can be approximated by integrating for several steps from
    any initial condition with large dt, but roundoff error can be a problem if the Jacobian matrix
    is nearly singular. To solve the equations while maintaining strict numerical conservation
    throughout the simulation (no accumulation of roundoff error), the user is allowed to explicitly
    specify conservation equations with the CONSERVE statement. The CONSERVE statement does not add
    to the information content of a kinetic scheme and should be considered only as a hint to the
    translator. The NMODL translator uses this algebraic equation to replace the ODE for the last
    STATE on the left side of the equal sign. If one of the STATE names is an array, the
    conservation equation will contain an implicit sum over the array. If the last STATE is an
    array, then the ODE for the last STATE array element will be replaced by the algebraic equation.
    The choice of which STATE ODE is replaced by the algebraic equation is implementation-dependent
    and does not affect the solution (to within roundoff error). If a CONSERVEd STATE is relative
    to a compartment size, then compartment size is implicitly taken into account for the STATEs on
    the left hand side of the CONSERVE equation. The right hand side is merely an expression, in
    which any necessary compartment sizes must be included explicitly.

    ``TODO``: Add existing example mod file


COMPARTMENT
"""""""""""

Description:
    The compartment volumes needed by the KINETIC scheme are given using the ``COMPARTMENT``
    keyword. The syntax of this construct is:

    .. code-block::
        none

        COMPARTMENT volume {state1 state2 . . . }

    where the STATE s named in the braces have the same compartment volume given by the volume
    expression after the COMPARTMENT keyword. 
    In case a mechanism involves many compartments whose relative volumes are specified by the
    elements of an array the syntax is:

    .. code-block::
        none

        COMPARTMENT index, volume [ index ] { state1 state2 . . . }

    where the STATEs that are diffusing are listed inside the braces.


LONGITUDINAL_DIFFUSION
""""""""""""""""""""""

Description:
    This statement specifies that this mechanism includes nonlocal diffusion, i.e. longitudinal
    diffusion along a section and into connecting sections. The syntax for scalar STATEs is:

    .. code-block::
        none

        LONGITUDINAL_DIFFUSION flux_expr { state1 state2 . . . }

    where ``flux_expr`` is the product of the diffusion constant and the cross-sectional area
    between adjacent compartments. Units of the ``flux_expr`` must be (:math:`micron^4 /ms`), i.e.
    the diffusion constant has units of (:math:`micron^2 /ms`) and the cross-sectional area has
    units of (:math:`micron^2`). For cylindrical shell compartments, the cross-sectional area is
    just the volume per unit length. If the states are arrays then all elements are assumed to
    diffuse between corresponding volumes in adjacent segments and the iteration variable must be
    specified as in:

    .. code-block::
        none

        LONGITUDINAL_DIFFUSION index , flux_expr ( index ) { state1 state2 . . . }


PROCEDURE
"""""""""


Description:
    Procedures normally do not return a value but are 
    called for their side effects, eg, the setting of variables.  Procedures 
    are callable from NEURON by the user. 
     
    However if a procedure is called 
    by the user, and it makes use of any range variables, then the user is 
    responsible for telling the mechanism from what location it should get 
    its range variable data. This is done with the Python function: 

    .. code-block::
        python

        h.setdata_mechname(x) 

    where ``mechname`` is the mechanism name. For range variables one must
    of course pass in a ``sec=section`` argument (otherwise the so-called
    currently accessed section, discoverable via h.cas(), is used).
    In the case of Point processes, one calls procedures using the object notation 

    .. code-block::
        python

        pp_objref.procname() 

    In this case procname uses the instance data of the point process referenced 
    by pp_objref. 
     
    Sometimes, state equations are so simple, e.g. 
    HH states, that significant efficiency gains and extra accuracy are 
    obtainable by a special integration procedure. In this case the 
    procedure can be called by a SOLVE statement and actually integrates the 
    states (but don't call it directly at the user level!). 
    If a PROCEDURE is solved by a SOLVE statement it may return an error code 
    (By default it returns an error code of 0 which denotes success.) To return 
    a non-zero error code use the idiom 

    .. code-block::
        none

        VERBATIM 
        return ...; 
        ENDVERBATIM 



FUNCTION
""""""""


Description:
    This block can be called at either the user level or from 
    within the model description. Functions return a double precision value. 
    Functions can also be called from other models. When the calling model is 
    translated a warning will be generated. Just be sure to load all needed 
    models. Use the suffix of the model where the function is declared. 
    The user level caveats stated for procedures apply. 


TABLE
"""""


Description:
    The TABLE statement is very useful in a NEURON context because of 
    the potentially great increase in speed of simulation. Often rate functions are 
    complicated functions of the voltage and it is very expensive to calculate 
    their values over and over at every segment.  By using tables of rate 
    coefficients, it is not uncommon to improve simulation speed by a factor 
    of 5. 
     
    In the context of a procedure taking one argument, TABLE has the syntax 
     

    .. code-block::
        none

        TABLE variables DEPEND dependencies FROM lowest TO highest WITH tablesize 

     
    where: 
    variables is a list of variable names each of which will have its 
    own table, 
    dependencies is a list of parameters that, when any of them changes their 
    value, cause the tables to be recalculated, 
    lowest is the least arg value for the first table entry, 
    highest is the greatest arg value for the last table entry, and 
    table size is the number of elements in each table. 
     
    Each model that has a table also has a flag associated with it that 
    can be changed by the user called 
    usetable_suffix 
    which specifies that the tables are to be used (1, default) or not used (0). 
     
    With usetable_suffix = 0, when the procedure is called it ignores the tables 
    and just computes the values using the assignment statements as any normal 
    procedure. 
     
    With usetable_suffix = 1, when the procedure is called, the 
    arg value is used to assign values to the "variables" by looking them up 
    in the tables; the time normally spent executing the assignment statements 
    is saved. If the tables are out of date (a "dependency" has a different 
    value from its value the last time the tables were constructed) or have never 
    been created, the tables are created. 
     
    Note that updating tables with :samp:`{tablesize}=200` is equivalent to calling 
    the procedure 200 times with different values of the argument. This 
    investment is only repaid if the tables remain valid for many more than 
    200 subsequent calls to the procedure and if the calculation takes more 
    time than an interpolated table lookup. 


INITIAL
"""""""


Description:
    The INITIAL block is called when the user executes the finitialize() function 
    from hoc. Just prior to executing the user code in the INITIAL block (and 
    if an INITIAL block does not exist) all 
    states are set to the values in the state0 variables (default 0). It may 
    be useful to declare some state0 variables as GLOBAL or RANGE in the NEURON 
    block in order to give some user control over the default initialization 
    of states. In the INITIAL block these or any other variables may be set 
    to calculated values. Note that 
    states can also be initialized explicitly by the user at the hoc level. 
     
    The case where an ionic variable is also a STATE requires some care to 
    deal properly with it in the INITIALIZE block. The problem is that 
    the ionic variable, eg. cai, is actually the value of a local copy of the 
    ionic variable which is located in the variable named _ion_cai. Because of 
    the order of copying and default initialization, cai is always initialized 
    to 0 regardless of the global value of cai and on exit the global value of 
    cai is then set to 0 as well. The way to avoid this is either to make sure 
    the state0 variable, cai0, is set properly or (I believe more preferably), 
    set the local cai variable explicitly using the global cai variable with 
    a VERBATIM statement within the INITIAL block. The idiom is: 

    .. code-block::
        none

        VERBATIM 
        cai = _ion_cai; 
        ENDVERBATIM 

     
    Many other features of the model description language, such as DISCRETE blocks, and sensitivity analysis, 
    optimization are not relevant in the NEURON context and may or may not 
    produce meaningful translations.  Since NMODL produces a c file, it is 
    possible for the highly motivated to modify that file in order to do 
    something implementation dependent.  In this regard, the VERBATIM block 
    can be used to place c code within the model description file. 


DISCRETE
""""""""

Description:
    ``TODO``: Add description


FUNCTION_TABLE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Description:
    This keyword defines function tables whose values are given by vectors prior to the simulation.
    For example let's say we have the following declaration in a ΝMODΛ file:

    .. code-block::
        none

        FUNCTION_TABLE tau1(v(mV)) (ms)

    This means that there is a function `tau1` that takes as argument a variable `v` (voltage). Its
    values can be then passed from HOC/Python using the following call:

    .. code-block::
        none

        table_tau1_<MOD_SUFFIX>(tau1_vec, v_vec)

    Then whenever tau1(x) is called in the NMODL file, or tau1_k3st(x) is called from hoc, the
    interpolated value of the array is returned.
    A useful feature of FUNCTION_TABLEs is that prior to developing the Vector database, they can
    be attached to a scalar value as in

    .. code-block::
        none

        table_tau1_<MOD_SUFFIX>(100)

    effectively becoming constant functions. Also FUNCTION_TABLEs can be declared with two
    arguments and doubly dimensioned hoc arrays attached to them. The latter is useful, for example,
    with voltage- and calcium-sensitive rates. In this case the table is linearly interpolated in
    both dimensions.


SWEEP
~~~~~

Description:
    ``TODO``: Add description and new example mod file


CONDUCTANCE
~~~~~~~~~~~

Description:
    ``TODO``: Add description and new example mod file


WHILE
~~~~~

Description:
    ``TODO``: Add description and new example mod file


IF / ELSE IF / ELSE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Description:
    If-statement for mod files.

    ``TODO``: Add new example mod file (iclamp1.mod)


LAG
~~~

Description:
    ``TODO``: Add description and new example mod file
