/****************************************************************************
**
** Copyright (C) 2015 The Qt Company Ltd.
** Contact: http://www.qt.io/licensing/
**
** This file is part of the documentation of the Qt Toolkit.
**
** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:FDL$
** Commercial License Usage
** Licensees holding valid commercial Qt licenses may use this file in
** accordance with the commercial license agreement provided with the
** Software or, alternatively, in accordance with the terms contained in
** a written agreement between you and The Qt Company. For licensing terms
** and conditions see http://www.qt.io/terms-conditions. For further
** information use the contact form at http://www.qt.io/contact-us.
**
** GNU Free Documentation License Usage
** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Free
** Documentation License version 1.3 as published by the Free Software
** Foundation and appearing in the file included in the packaging of
** this file. Please review the following information to ensure
** the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.3 requirements
** will be met: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html.
** $QT_END_LICENSE$
**
****************************************************************************/

/*!
\page qml-extending.html
\ingroup qml-features
\contentspage QML Features
\previouspage {Presenting Data with Views}
\nextpage {Using QML Bindings in C++ Applications}
\title Extending QML Functionalities using C++

The QML syntax declaratively describes how to construct an in-memory object
tree.  In Qt, QML is mainly used to describe a visual scene graph, but it is
not conceptually limited to this: the QML format is an abstract description of
any object tree.  All the QML element types included in Qt are implemented using
the C++ extension mechanisms describe on this page.  Programmers can use these
APIs to add new types that interact with the existing Qt types, or to repurpose
QML for their own independent use.

\tableofcontents

\section1 Adding Types
\target adding-types

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/adding/example.qml 0

The QML snippet shown above instantiates one \c Person instance and sets
the \c name and \c shoeSize properties on it.  Everything in QML ultimately comes down
to either instantiating an object instance, or assigning a property a value.

QML relies heavily on Qt's meta object system and can only instantiate classes
that derive from QObject. For visual element types, this will usually mean a subclass
of QDeclarativeItem; for models used with the view elements, a subclass of QAbstractItemModel;
and for arbitrary objects with properties, a direct subclass of QObject.

The QML engine has no intrinsic knowledge of any class types.  Instead the
programmer must register the C++ types with their corresponding QML names.

Custom C++ types are registered using a template function:

\quotation

\code
template<typename T>
int qmlRegisterType(const char *uri, int versionMajor, int versionMinor, const char *qmlName)
\endcode

Calling qmlRegisterType() registers the C++ type \a T with the QML
system, and makes it available in QML under the name \a qmlName in
library \a uri version \a versionMajor.versionMinor.  The \a qmlName
can be the same as the C++ type name.

Type \a T must be a concrete type that inherits QObject and has a default
constructor.

\endquotation

#include <QtDeclarative> to use qmlRegisterType().

Types can be registered by libraries, application code, or by plugins
(see QDeclarativeExtensionPlugin).

Once registered, all \l {Qt's Property System}{properties} of the
supported types are available in QML.  QML has intrinsic support for
properties of the types listed in the \l{QML Basic Types}
document, which includes the following:

\list
\li bool, unsigned int, int, float, double, qreal
\li QString, QUrl, QColor
\li QDate, QTime, QDateTime
\li QPoint, QPointF, QSize, QSizeF, QRect, QRectF
\li QVariant
\endlist

When a property of a supported type is added to a C++ class, in a QML
element based on the C++ class, a \e{value-changed} signal handler
will be available. See \l{Signal Support} below.

QML is typesafe.  Attempting to assign an invalid value to a property
will generate an error.  For example, assuming the \e{name} property
of the \c Person element had a type of QString, this would cause an
error:

\code
Person {
    // Will NOT work
    name: 12
}
\endcode

\l {Extending QML - Adding Types Example} shows the complete code used to create
the \c Person type.

\section1 QML Type Versioning

In C++ adding a new method or property cannot break old applications.
In QML, however, new methods and properties can change what a name previously
resolved to to within a scope chain.

For example, consider these two QML files

\code
// main.qml
import QtQuick 1.0
Item {
    id: root
    MyComponent {}
}
\endcode

\code
// MyComponent.qml
import MyModule 1.0
CppItem {
    value: root.x
}
\endcode

where CppItem maps to the C++ class QCppItem.

If the author of QCppItem adds a "root" property to QCppItem in a new version of the module,
it will break the above program as \c root.x now resolves to a different value.
The solution is to allow the author of QCppItem to state that the new \c root property is
only available from a particular version of QCppItem onwards. This permits new properties
and features to be added to existing elements without breaking existing programs.

QML enables this by allowing the properties, methods and signals of a class to be tagged with
a particular \e revision, so that they are only accessible if the relevant module version
is imported.  In this case, the author can tag the \c root property as being added in
\e {revision 1} of the class, and register that revision in version 1.1 of the module.

The REVISION tag is used to mark the \c root property as added in revision 1 of the class.
Methods such as Q_INVOKABLE's, signals and slots can also be tagged for a
revision using the \c Q_REVISION(x) macro:

\code
class CppItem : public QObject
{
    Q_OBJECT
    Q_PROPERTY(int root READ root WRITE setRoot NOTIFY rootChanged REVISION 1)

signals:
    Q_REVISION(1) void rootChanged();
};
\endcode

To register the new class revision to a particular version the following function is used:

\code
template<typename T, int metaObjectRevision>
int qmlRegisterType(const char *uri, int versionMajor, int versionMinor, const char *qmlName)
\endcode

To register \c CppItem version 1 for \c {MyModule 1.1}:

\code
qmlRegisterType<QCppItem,1>("MyModule", 1, 1, "CppItem")
\endcode

\c root is only available when MyModule 1.1 is imported.


\section1 Object and List Property Types

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/properties/example.qml 0

The QML snippet shown above assigns a \c Person object to the \c BirthdayParty's
\c host property, and assigns three \c Person objects to the guests property.

QML can set properties of types that are more complex than basic intrinsics like
integers and strings.  Properties can also be object pointers, Qt interface
pointers,  lists of object pointers, and lists of Qt interface pointers.  As QML
is typesafe it ensures that only valid types are assigned to these properties,
just like it does for primitive types.

Properties that are pointers to objects or Qt interfaces are declared with the
Q_PROPERTY() macro, just like other properties.  The \c host property
declaration looks like this:

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/properties/birthdayparty.h 1

As long as the property type, in this case \c Person, is registered with QML the
property can be assigned.

QML also supports assigning Qt interfaces.  To assign to a property whose type
is a Qt interface pointer, the interface must also be registered with QML.  As
they cannot be instantiated directly, registering a Qt interface is different
from registering a new QML type. The following function is used instead:

\quotation
\code
template<typename T>
int qmlRegisterInterface(const char *typeName)
\endcode

This registers the C++ interface \a T with the QML system as \a typeName.

Following registration, QML can coerce objects that implement this interface
for assignment to appropriately typed properties.
\endquotation

The \c guests property is a list of \c Person objects.  Properties that are lists
of objects or Qt interfaces are also declared with the Q_PROPERTY() macro, just
like other properties.  List properties must have the type \c {QDeclarativeListProperty<T>}.
As with object properties, the type \a T must be registered with QML.

The \c guest property declaration looks like this:

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/properties/birthdayparty.h 2

\l {Extending QML - Object and List Property Types Example} shows the complete
code used to create the \c BirthdayParty type.

\section1 Inheritance and Coercion

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/coercion/example.qml 0

The QML snippet shown above assigns a \c Boy object to the \c BirthdayParty's
\c host property, and assigns three other objects to the \c guests property.

QML supports C++ inheritance hierarchies and can freely coerce between known,
valid object types.  This enables the creation of common base classes that allow
the assignment of specialized classes to object or list properties.  In the
snippet shown, both the \c host and the \c guests properties retain the \c Person
type used in the previous section, but the assignment is valid as both the \c Boy
and \c Girl objects inherit from \c Person.

To assign to a property, the property's type must have been registered with QML.
Both the qmlRegisterType() and qmlRegisterInterface() template functions already
shown can be used to register a type with QML.  Additionally, if a type that acts purely
as a base class that cannot be instantiated from QML needs to be
registered, the following function can be used:

\quotation
\code
    template<typename T>
    int qmlRegisterType()
\endcode

This registers the C++ type \a T with the QML system. The parameterless call to the template
function qmlRegisterType() does not define a mapping between the
C++ class and a QML element name, so the type is not instantiable from QML, but
it is available for type coercion.

Type \a T must inherit QObject, but there are no restrictions on whether it is
concrete or the signature of its constructor.
\endquotation

QML will automatically coerce C++ types when assigning to either an object
property, or to a list property.  Only if coercion fails does an assignment
error occur.

\l {Extending QML - Inheritance and Coercion Example} shows the complete
code used to create the \c Boy and \c Girl types.

\section1 Default Property

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/default/example.qml 0

The QML snippet shown above assigns a collection of objects to the
\c BirthdayParty's default property.

The \e {default property} is a syntactic convenience that allows a type designer to
specify a single property as the type's default.  The default property is
assigned to whenever no explicit property is specified.  As a convenience, it is
behaviorally identical to assigning to the default property explicitly by name.

From C++, type designers mark the default property using a Q_CLASSINFO()
annotation:

\quotation
\code
Q_CLASSINFO("DefaultProperty", "property")
\endcode

This marks \a property as the class's default property.  \a property must be either
an object property, or a list property.

A default property is optional.  A derived class inherits its base class's
default property, but may override it in its own declaration.  \a property can
refer to a property declared in the class itself, or a property inherited from a
base class.
\endquotation

\l {Extending QML - Default Property Example} shows the complete code used to
specify a default property.

\section1 Grouped Properties

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/grouped/example.qml 1

The QML snippet shown above assigns a number of properties to the \c Boy object,
including four properties using the grouped property syntax.

Grouped properties collect similar properties together into a single named
block.  Grouped properties can be used to present a nicer API to developers, and
may also simplify the implementation of common property collections across
different types through implementation reuse.

A grouped property block is implemented as a read-only object property.  The
\c shoe property shown is declared like this:

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/grouped/person.h 1

The \c ShoeDescription type declares the properties available to the grouped
property block - in this case the \c size, \c color, \c brand and \c price properties.

Grouped property blocks may declared and accessed be recusively.

\l {Extending QML - Grouped Properties Example} shows the complete code used to
implement the \c shoe property grouping.

\section1 Attached Properties

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/attached/example.qml 1

The QML snippet shown above assigns a date to the \c rsvp property using the attached
property syntax.

Attached properties allow unrelated types to annotate other types with some
additional properties, generally for their own use.  Attached properties are
identified through the use of the attacher type name, in the case shown
\c BirthdayParty, as a prefix to the property name.

In the example shown, \c BirthdayParty is called the attaching type, and the
\c Boy instance the attachee object instance.

For the attaching type, an attached property block is implemented as a new
QObject derived type, called the attachment object.  The properties on the
attachment object are those that become available for use as the attached
property block.

Any QML type can become an attaching type by declaring the
\c qmlAttachedProperties() public function and declaring that the class has
QML_HAS_ATTACHED_PROPERTIES:

\quotation
\code
class MyType : public QObject {
    Q_OBJECT
public:

    ...

    static AttachedPropertiesType *qmlAttachedProperties(QObject *object);
};

QML_DECLARE_TYPEINFO(MyType, QML_HAS_ATTACHED_PROPERTIES)
\endcode
This returns an attachment object, of type \a AttachedPropertiesType, for the
attachee \a object instance.  It is customary, though not strictly required, for
the attachment object to be parented to \a object to prevent memory leaks.

\a AttachedPropertiesType must be a QObject derived type.  The properties on
this type will be accessible through the attached properties syntax.

This method will be called at most once for each attachee object instance.  The
QML engine will cache the returned instance pointer for subsequent attached
property accesses.  Consequently the attachment object may not be deleted until
\a object is destroyed.
\endquotation

Conceptually, attached properties are a \e type exporting a set of additional
properties that can be set on \e any other object instance.  Attached properties
cannot be limited to only attaching to a sub-set of object instances, although
their effect may be so limited.

For example, a common usage scenario is for a type to enhance the properties
available to its children in order to gather instance specific data.  Here we
add a \c rsvp field to all the guests coming to a birthday party:
\code
BirthdayParty {
    Boy { BirthdayParty.rsvp: "2009-06-01" }
}
\endcode
However, as a type cannot limit the instances to which the attachment object
must attach, the following is also allowed, even though adding a birthday party
rsvp in this context will have no effect.
\code
GraduationParty {
    Boy { BirthdayParty.rsvp: "2009-06-01" }
}
\endcode

From C++, including the attaching type implementation, the attachment object for
an instance can be accessed using the following method:

\quotation
\code
template<typename T>
QObject *qmlAttachedPropertiesObject<T>(QObject *attachee, bool create = true);
\endcode
This returns the attachment object attached to \a attachee by the attaching type
\a T.  If type \a T is not a valid attaching type, this method always returns 0.

If \a create is true, a valid attachment object will always be returned,
creating it if it does not already exist.  If \a create is false, the attachment
object will only be returned if it has previously been created.
\endquotation

\l {Extending QML - Attached Properties Example} shows the complete code used to
implement the rsvp attached property.

\section1 Memory Management and QVariant types

It is an element's responsibility to ensure that it does not access or return
pointers to invalid objects.  QML makes the following guarentees:

\list
\li An object assigned to a QObject (or QObject-derived) pointer property will be
valid at the time of assignment.

Following assignment, it is the responsibility of the class to subsequently guard
this pointer, either through a class specific method or the generic QPointer class.

\li An object assigned to a QVariant will be valid at the time of assignment.

When assigning an object to a QVariant property, QML will always use a QMetaType::QObjectStar
typed QVariant.  It is the responsibility of the class to guard the pointer.  A
general rule when writing a class that uses QVariant properties is to check the
type of the QVariant when it is set and if the type is not handled by your class,
reset it to an invalid variant.

\li An object assigned to a QObject (or QObject-derived) list property will be
valid at the time of assignment.

Following assignment, it is the responsibility of the class to subsequently guard
this pointer, either through a class specific method or the generic QPointer class.
\endlist

Elements should assume that any QML assigned object can be deleted at any time, and
respond accordingly.  If documented as such an element need not continue to work in
this situation, but it must not crash.

\section1 Signal Support

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/signal/example.qml 0
\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/signal/example.qml 1

The QML snippet shown above associates the evaluation of a JavaScript expression
with the emission of a Qt signal.

All Qt signals on a registered class become available as special "signal
properties" within QML to which the user can assign a single JavaScript
expression.  The signal property's name is a transformed version of the Qt
signal name: "on" is prepended, and the first letter of the signal name upper
cased.  For example, the signal used in the example above has the following
C++ signature:

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/signal/birthdayparty.h 0

In classes with multiple signals with the same name, only the final signal
is accessible as a signal property.  Note that signals with the same name
but different parameters cannot be distinguished.

Signal parameters become accessible by name to the assigned script.  An
unnamed parameter cannot be accessed, so care should be taken to name all the
signal parameters in the C++ class declaration.  The intrinsic types
listed in \l{Adding Types}, as well registered object types are permitted as
signal parameter types.  Using other types is not an error, but the parameter
value will not be accessible from script.

\l {Extending QML - Signal Support Example} shows the complete code used to
implement the onPartyStarted signal property.

If you want to use signals from items not created in QML, you can access their
signals with the \l {Connections} element.

Additionally, if a property is added to a C++ class, all QML elements
based on that C++ class will have a \e{value-changed} signal handler
for that property. The name of the signal handler is
\e{on<Property-name>Changed}, with the first letter of the property
name being upper case.

\note The QML signal handler will always be named
on<Property-name>Changed, regardless of the name used for the NOTIFY
signal in C++. We recommend using <property-name>Changed() for the
NOTIFY signal in C++.

See also \l {Importing Reusable Components}

\section1 Methods

Slots and methods marked Q_INVOKABLE may be called as functions in QML.

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/methods/example.qml 0

In this example an invitation is added via an \c {invite()} invokable method of
the BirthdayParty element.  This function is available in QML by marking the \c {invite()}
method with Q_INVOKABLE in the BirthdayParty class:

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/methods/birthdayparty.h 0

\l {Extending QML - Methods Example} shows the complete code used to
implement the invite() method.

The \c {invite()} method is similarly available if it is declared as a slot.

\section1 Property Value Sources

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/valuesource/example.qml 0
\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/valuesource/example.qml 1

The QML snippet shown above applies a property value source to the \c announcement property.
A property value source generates a value for a property that changes over time.

Property value sources are most commonly used to do animation.  Rather than
constructing an animation object and manually setting the animation's "target"
property, a property value source can be assigned directly to a property of any
type and automatically set up this association.

The example shown here is rather contrived: the \c announcement property of the
\c BirthdayParty object is a string that is printed every time it is assigned and
the \c HappyBirthdaySong value source generates the lyrics of the song
"Happy Birthday".

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/valuesource/birthdayparty.h 0

Normally, assigning an object to a string property would not be allowed.  In
the case of a property value source, rather than assigning the object instance
itself, the QML engine sets up an association between the value source and
the property.

Property value sources are special types that derive from the
QDeclarativePropertyValueSource base class.  This base class contains a single method,
QDeclarativePropertyValueSource::setTarget(), that the QML engine invokes when
associating the property value source with a property.  The relevant part of
the \c HappyBirthdaySong type declaration looks like this:

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/valuesource/happybirthdaysong.h 0
\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/valuesource/happybirthdaysong.h 1
\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/valuesource/happybirthdaysong.h 2

In all other respects, property value sources are regular QML types.  They must
be registered with the QML engine using the same macros as other types, and can
contain properties, signals and methods just like other types.

When a property value source object is assigned to a property, QML first tries
to assign it normally, as though it were a regular QML type.  Only if this
assignment fails does the engine call the \l {QDeclarativePropertyValueSource::}{setTarget()} method.  This allows
the type to also be used in contexts other than just as a value source.

\l {Extending QML -  Property Value Source Example} shows the complete code used
to implement the \c HappyBirthdaySong property value source.

\section1 Property Binding

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/binding/example.qml 0
\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/binding/example.qml 1

The QML snippet shown above uses a property binding to ensure the
\c HappyBirthdaySong's \c name property remains up to date with the \c host.

Property binding is a core feature of QML.  In addition to assigning literal
values, property bindings allow the developer to assign an arbitrarily complex
JavaScript expression that may include dependencies on other property values.
Whenever the expression's result changes - through a change in one of its
constituent values - the expression is automatically reevaluated and
the new result assigned to the property.

All properties on custom types automatically support property binding.  However,
for binding to work correctly, QML must be able to reliably determine when a
property has changed so that it knows to reevaluate any bindings that depend on
the property's value.  QML relies on the presence of a
\l {Qt's Property System}{NOTIFY signal} for this determination.

Here is the \c host property declaration:

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/binding/birthdayparty.h 0

The NOTIFY attribute is followed by a signal name.  It is the responsibility of
the class implementer to ensure that whenever the property's value changes, the
NOTIFY signal is emitted.  The signature of the NOTIFY signal is not important to QML.

To prevent loops or excessive evaluation, developers should ensure that the
signal is only emitted whenever the property's value is actually changed.  If
a property, or group of properties, is infrequently used it is permitted to use
the same NOTIFY signal for several properties.  This should be done with care to
ensure that performance doesn't suffer.

To keep QML reliable, if a property does not have a NOTIFY signal, it cannot be
used in a binding expression.  However, the property can still be assigned
a binding as QML does not need to monitor the property for change in that
scenario.

Consider a custom type, \c TestElement, that has two properties, "a" and "b".
Property "a" does not have a NOTIFY signal, and property "b" does have a NOTIFY
signal.

\code
TestElement {
    // This is OK
    a: b
}
TestElement {
    // Will NOT work
    b: a
}
\endcode

The presence of a NOTIFY signal does incur a small overhead.  There are cases
where a property's value is set at object construction time, and does not
subsequently change.  The most common case of this is when a type uses
\l {Grouped Properties}, and the grouped property object is allocated once, and
only freed when the object is deleted.  In these cases, the CONSTANT attribute
may be added to the property declaration instead of a NOTIFY signal.

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/binding/person.h 0

Extreme care must be taken here or applications using your type may misbehave.
The CONSTANT attribute should only be used for properties whose value is set,
and finalized, only in the class constructor.  All other properties that want
to be used in bindings should have a NOTIFY signal instead.

\l {Extending QML -  Binding Example} shows the BirthdayParty example updated to
include NOTIFY signals for use in binding.

\section1 Extension Objects

\snippet examples/declarative/cppextensions/referenceexamples/extended/example.qml 0

The QML snippet shown above adds a new property to an existing C++ type without
modifying its source code.

When integrating existing classes and technology into QML, their APIs will often
need to be tweaked to fit better into the declarative environment.  Although
the best results are usually obtained by modifying the original classes
directly, if this is either not possible or is complicated by some other
concerns, extension objects allow limited extension possibilities without
direct modifications.

Extension objects are used to add additional properties to an existing type.
Extension objects can only add properties, not signals or methods.  An extended
type definition allows the programmer to supply an additional type - known as the
extension type - when registering the target class whose properties are
transparently merged with the original target class when used from within QML.

An extension class is a regular QObject, with a constructor that takes a QObject
pointer.  When needed (extension class creation is delayed until the first extended
property is accessed) the extension class is created and the target object is
passed in as the parent.  When an extended property on the original is accessed,
the appropriate property on the extension object is used instead.

When an extended type is installed, one of the
\code
template<typename T, typename ExtendedT>
int qmlRegisterExtendedType(const char *uri, int versionMajor, int versionMinor, const char *qmlName)

template<typename T, typename ExtendedT>
int qmlRegisterExtendedType()
\endcode
functions should be used instead of the regular \c qmlRegisterType() variations.
The arguments are identical to the corresponding non-extension registration functions,
except for the ExtendedT parameter which is the type
of the extension object.

\section1 Optimization

Often to develop high performance elements it is helpful to know more about the
status of the QML engine. For example, it might be beneficial to delay
initializing some costly data structures until after all the properties have been
set.

The QML engine defines an interface class called QDeclarativeParserStatus, which contains a
number of virtual methods that are invoked at various stages during component
instantiation.  To receive these notifications, an element implementation inherits
QDeclarativeParserStatus and notifies the Qt meta system using the Q_INTERFACES() macro.

For example,

\code
class Example : public QObject, public QDeclarativeParserStatus
{
    Q_OBJECT
    Q_INTERFACES(QDeclarativeParserStatus)
public:
    virtual void componentComplete()
    {
        qDebug() << "Woohoo!  Now to do my costly initialization";
    }
};
\endcode
*/
