Class: Concurrent::Agent — Concurrent

Class List Method List File List

# Class: Concurrent::Agent

Inherits:
  Synchronization::LockableObject
  - Object
  - Synchronization::LockableObject
  - Concurrent::Agent
  show all
Includes:
  Concern::Observable
Defined in:
  lib/concurrent/agent.rb

## Overview

`Agent` is inspired by Clojure's agent function. An agent is a shared, mutable variable providing independent, uncoordinated, asynchronous change of individual values. Best used when the value will undergo frequent, complex updates. Suitable when the result of an update does not need to be known immediately. `Agent` is (mostly) functionally equivalent to Clojure's agent, except where the runtime prevents parity.

Agents are reactive, not autonomous - there is no imperative message loop and no blocking receive. The state of an Agent should be itself immutable and the `#value` of an Agent is always immediately available for reading by any thread without any messages, i.e. observation does not require cooperation or coordination.

Agent action dispatches are made using the various `#send` methods. These methods always return immediately. At some point later, in another thread, the following will happen:

1. The given `action` will be applied to the state of the Agent and the `args`, if any were supplied.
2. The return value of `action` will be passed to the validator lambda, if one has been set on the Agent.
3. If the validator succeeds or if no validator was given, the return value of the given `action` will become the new `#value` of the Agent. See `#initialize` for details.
4. If any observers were added to the Agent, they will be notified. See `#add_observer` for details.
5. If during the `action` execution any other dispatches are made (directly or indirectly), they will be held until after the `#value` of the Agent has been changed.

If any exceptions are thrown by an action function, no nested dispatches will occur, and the exception will be cached in the Agent itself. When an Agent has errors cached, any subsequent interactions will immediately throw an exception, until the agent's errors are cleared. Agent errors can be examined with `#error` and the agent restarted with `#restart`.

The actions of all Agents get interleaved amongst threads in a thread pool. At any point in time, at most one action for each Agent is being executed. Actions dispatched to an agent from another single agent or thread will occur in the order they were sent, potentially interleaved with actions dispatched to the same agent from other sources. The `#send` method should be used for actions that are CPU limited, while the `#send_off` method is appropriate for actions that may block on IO.

Unlike in Clojure, `Agent` cannot participate in `Concurrent::TVar` transactions.

## Example

    def next_fibonacci(set = nil)
      return [0, 1] if set.nil?
      set + [set[-2..-1].reduce{|sum,x| sum + x }]
    end

    # create an agent with an initial value
    agent = Concurrent::Agent.new(next_fibonacci)

    # send a few update requests
    5.times do
      agent.send{|set| next_fibonacci(set) }
    end

    # wait for them to complete
    agent.await

    # get the current value
    agent.value #=> [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]

## Observation

Agents support observers through the Observable mixin module. Notification of observers occurs every time an action dispatch returns and the new value is successfully validated. Observation will not occur if the action raises an exception, if validation fails, or when a #restart occurs.

When notified the observer will receive three arguments: `time`, `old_value`, and `new_value`. The `time` argument is the time at which the value change occurred. The `old_value` is the value of the Agent when the action began processing. The `new_value` is the value to which the Agent was set when the action completed. Note that `old_value` and `new_value` may be the same. This is not an error. It simply means that the action returned the same value.

## Nested Actions

It is possible for an Agent action to post further actions back to itself. The nested actions will be enqueued normally then processed after the outer action completes, in the order they were sent, possibly interleaved with action dispatches from other threads. Nested actions never deadlock with one another and a failure in a nested action will never affect the outer action.

Nested actions can be called using the Agent reference from the enclosing scope or by passing the reference in as a "send" argument. Nested actions cannot be post using `self` from within the action block/proc/lambda; `self` in this context will not reference the Agent. The preferred method for dispatching nested actions is to pass the Agent as an argument. This allows Ruby to more effectively manage the closing scope.

Prefer this:

    agent = Concurrent::Agent.new(0)
    agent.send(agent) do |value, this|
      this.send {|v| v + 42 }
      3.14
    end
    agent.value #=> 45.14

Over this:

    agent = Concurrent::Agent.new(0)
    agent.send do |value|
      agent.send {|v| v + 42 }
      3.14
    end

NOTE Never, under any circumstances, call any of the "await" methods (#await, #await_for, #await_for!, and #wait) from within an action block/proc/lambda. The call will block the Agent and will always fail. Calling either #await or #wait (with a timeout of `nil`) will hopelessly deadlock the Agent with no possibility of recovery.

## Thread-safe Variable Classes

Each of the thread-safe variable classes is designed to solve a different problem. In general:

- Agent: Shared, mutable variable providing independent, uncoordinated, asynchronous change of individual values. Best used when the value will undergo frequent, complex updates. Suitable when the result of an update does not need to be known immediately.
- Atom: Shared, mutable variable providing independent, uncoordinated, synchronous change of individual values. Best used when the value will undergo frequent reads but only occasional, though complex, updates. Suitable when the result of an update must be known immediately.
- AtomicReference: A simple object reference that can be atomically. Updates are synchronous but fast. Best used when updates a simple set operations. Not suitable when updates are complex. AtomicBoolean and AtomicFixnum are similar but optimized for the given data type.
- Exchanger: Shared, stateless synchronization point. Used when two or more threads need to exchange data. The threads will pair then block on each other until the exchange is complete.
- MVar: Shared synchronization point. Used when one thread must give a value to another, which must take the value. The threads will block on each other until the exchange is complete.
- ThreadLocalVar: Shared, mutable, isolated variable which holds a different value for each thread which has access. Often used as an instance variable in objects which must maintain different state for different threads.
- TVar: Shared, mutable variables which provide coordinated, synchronous, change of many stated. Used when multiple value must change together, in an all-or-nothing transaction.

See Also:

- Clojure Agents
- Values and Change - Clojure's approach to Identity and State

## Defined Under Namespace

Classes: Error, ValidationError

## Constant Summary

## Instance Attribute Summary (collapse)

- - (undocumented) error_mode readonly

  The error mode this Agent is operating in.

## Class Method Summary (collapse)

- + (Boolean) await(*agents)

  Blocks the current thread (indefinitely!) until all actions dispatched thus far to all the given Agents, from this thread or nested by the given Agents, have occurred.

- + (Boolean) await_for(timeout, *agents)

  Blocks the current thread until all actions dispatched thus far to all the given Agents, from this thread or nested by the given Agents, have occurred, or the timeout (in seconds) has elapsed.

- + (Boolean) await_for!(timeout, *agents)

  Blocks the current thread until all actions dispatched thus far to all the given Agents, from this thread or nested by the given Agents, have occurred, or the timeout (in seconds) has elapsed.

## Instance Method Summary (collapse)

- - (Concurrent::Agent) <<(action)

  Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately.

- - (Object) add_observer(observer = nil, func = :update, &block) included from Concern::Observable

  Adds an observer to this set.

- - (Boolean) await

  Blocks the current thread (indefinitely!) until all actions dispatched thus far, from this thread or nested by the Agent, have occurred.

- - (Boolean) await_for(timeout)

  Blocks the current thread until all actions dispatched thus far, from this thread or nested by the Agent, have occurred, or the timeout (in seconds) has elapsed.

- - (Boolean) await_for!(timeout)

  Blocks the current thread until all actions dispatched thus far, from this thread or nested by the Agent, have occurred, or the timeout (in seconds) has elapsed.

- - (Integer) count_observers included from Concern::Observable

  Return the number of observers associated with this object.

- - (Object) delete_observer(observer) included from Concern::Observable

  Remove `observer` as an observer on this object so that it will no longer receive notifications.

- - (Observable) delete_observers included from Concern::Observable

  Remove all observers associated with this object.

- - (nil, Error) error (also: #reason)

  When #failed? and #error_mode is `:fail`, returns the error object which caused the failure, else `nil`.

- - (Boolean) failed? (also: #stopped?)

  Is the Agent in a failed state?.

- - (Agent) initialize(initial, opts = {}) constructor

  Create a new `Agent` with the given initial value and options.

- - (Boolean) restart(new_value, opts = {})

  When an Agent is #failed?, changes the Agent #value to `new_value` then un-fails the Agent so that action dispatches are allowed again.

- - (Boolean) send(*args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... }

  Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately.

- - (Boolean) send!(*args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... }

  Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately.

- - (Boolean) send_off(*args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... } (also: #post)

  Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately.

- - (Boolean) send_off!(*args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... }

  Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately.

- - (Boolean) send_via(executor, *args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... }

  Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately.

- - (Boolean) send_via!(executor, *args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... }

  Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately.

- - (Object) value (also: #deref)

  The current value (state) of the Agent, irrespective of any pending or in-progress actions.

- - (Boolean) wait(timeout = nil)

  Blocks the current thread until all actions dispatched thus far, from this thread or nested by the Agent, have occurred, or the timeout (in seconds) has elapsed.

- - (Observable) with_observer(observer = nil, func = :update, &block) included from Concern::Observable

  As `#add_observer` but can be used for chaining.

## Constructor Details

### - (`Agent`) initialize(initial, opts = {})

Create a new `Agent` with the given initial value and options.

The `:validator` option must be `nil` or a side-effect free proc/lambda which takes one argument. On any intended value change the validator, if provided, will be called. If the new value is invalid the validator should return `false` or raise an error.

The `:error_handler` option must be `nil` or a proc/lambda which takes two arguments. When an action raises an error or validation fails, either by returning false or raising an error, the error handler will be called. The arguments to the error handler will be a reference to the agent itself and the error object which was raised.

The `:error_mode` may be either `:continue` (the default if an error handler is given) or `:fail` (the default if error handler nil or not given).

If an action being run by the agent throws an error or doesn't pass validation the error handler, if present, will be called. After the handler executes if the error mode is `:continue` the Agent will continue as if neither the action that caused the error nor the error itself ever happened.

If the mode is `:fail` the Agent will become #failed? and will stop accepting new action dispatches. Any previously queued actions will be held until #restart is called. The #value method will still work, returning the value of the Agent before the error.

Parameters:

- initial (`Object`) —

  the initial value

- opts (`Hash`) (defaults to: `{}`) —

  the configuration options

Options Hash (`opts`):

- :error_mode (`Symbol`) —

  either `:continue` or `:fail`

- :error_handler (`nil`, `Proc`) —

  the (optional) error handler

- :validator (`nil`, `Proc`) —

  the (optional) validation procedure

    219
    220
    221
    222
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 219

    def initialize(initial, opts = {})
      super()
      synchronize { ns_initialize(initial, opts) }
    end

## Instance Attribute Details

### - (`undocumented`) error_mode (readonly)

The error mode this Agent is operating in. See #initialize for details.

    183
    184
    185
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 183

    def error_mode
      @error_mode
    end

## Class Method Details

### + (`Boolean`) await(*agents)

Blocks the current thread (indefinitely!) until all actions dispatched thus far to all the given Agents, from this thread or nested by the given Agents, have occurred. Will block when any of the agents are failed. Will never return if a failed Agent is restart with `:clear_actions` true.

NOTE Never, under any circumstances, call any of the "await" methods (#await, #await_for, #await_for!, and #wait) from within an action block/proc/lambda. The call will block the Agent and will always fail. Calling either #await or #wait (with a timeout of `nil`) will hopelessly deadlock the Agent with no possibility of recovery.

Parameters:

- agents (`Array<Concurrent::Agent>`) —

  the Agents on which to wait

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true

    448
    449
    450
    451
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 448

    def await(*agents)
      agents.each { |agent| agent.await }
      true
    end

### + (`Boolean`) await_for(timeout, *agents)

Blocks the current thread until all actions dispatched thus far to all the given Agents, from this thread or nested by the given Agents, have occurred, or the timeout (in seconds) has elapsed.

NOTE Never, under any circumstances, call any of the "await" methods (#await, #await_for, #await_for!, and #wait) from within an action block/proc/lambda. The call will block the Agent and will always fail. Calling either #await or #wait (with a timeout of `nil`) will hopelessly deadlock the Agent with no possibility of recovery.

Parameters:

- timeout (`Float`) —

  the maximum number of seconds to wait

- agents (`Array<Concurrent::Agent>`) —

  the Agents on which to wait

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true if all actions complete before timeout else false

    462
    463
    464
    465
    466
    467
    468
    469
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 462

    def await_for(timeout, *agents)
      end_at = Concurrent.monotonic_time + timeout.to_f
      ok     = agents.length.times do |i|
        break false if (delay = end_at - Concurrent.monotonic_time) < 0
        break false unless agents[i].await_for(delay)
      end
      !!ok
    end

### + (`Boolean`) await_for!(timeout, *agents)

Blocks the current thread until all actions dispatched thus far to all the given Agents, from this thread or nested by the given Agents, have occurred, or the timeout (in seconds) has elapsed.

NOTE Never, under any circumstances, call any of the "await" methods (#await, #await_for, #await_for!, and #wait) from within an action block/proc/lambda. The call will block the Agent and will always fail. Calling either #await or #wait (with a timeout of `nil`) will hopelessly deadlock the Agent with no possibility of recovery.

Parameters:

- timeout (`Float`) —

  the maximum number of seconds to wait

- agents (`Array<Concurrent::Agent>`) —

  the Agents on which to wait

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true if all actions complete before timeout

Raises:

- (`Concurrent::TimeoutError`) —

  when timout is reached

    481
    482
    483
    484
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 481

    def await_for!(timeout, *agents)
      raise Concurrent::TimeoutError unless await_for(timeout, *agents)
      true
    end

## Instance Method Details

### - (`Concurrent::Agent`) <<(action)

Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately. Subsequently, in a thread from a thread pool, the #value will be set to the return value of the action. Appropriate for actions that may block on IO.

Parameters:

- action (`Proc`) —

  the action dispatch to be enqueued

Returns:

- (`Concurrent::Agent`) —

  self

See Also:

- Concurrent::Agent.{{#send_off}

    330
    331
    332
    333
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 330

    def <<(action)
      send_off(&action)
      self
    end

### - (`Object`) add_observer(observer = nil, func = :update, &block) Originally defined in module Concern::Observable

Adds an observer to this set. If a block is passed, the observer will be created by this method and no other params should be passed.

Parameters:

- observer (`Object`) (defaults to: `nil`) —

  the observer to add

- func (`Symbol`) (defaults to: `:update`) —

  the function to call on the observer during notification. Default is :update

Returns:

- (`Object`) —

  the added observer

### - (`Boolean`) await

Blocks the current thread (indefinitely!) until all actions dispatched thus far, from this thread or nested by the Agent, have occurred. Will block when #failed?. Will never return if a failed Agent is #restart with `:clear_actions` true.

Returns a reference to `self` to support method chaining:

    current_value = agent.await.value

NOTE Never, under any circumstances, call any of the "await" methods (#await, #await_for, #await_for!, and #wait) from within an action block/proc/lambda. The call will block the Agent and will always fail. Calling either #await or #wait (with a timeout of `nil`) will hopelessly deadlock the Agent with no possibility of recovery.

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  self

    349
    350
    351
    352
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 349

    def await
      wait(nil)
      self
    end

### - (`Boolean`) await_for(timeout)

Blocks the current thread until all actions dispatched thus far, from this thread or nested by the Agent, have occurred, or the timeout (in seconds) has elapsed.

NOTE Never, under any circumstances, call any of the "await" methods (#await, #await_for, #await_for!, and #wait) from within an action block/proc/lambda. The call will block the Agent and will always fail. Calling either #await or #wait (with a timeout of `nil`) will hopelessly deadlock the Agent with no possibility of recovery.

Parameters:

- timeout (`Float`) —

  the maximum number of seconds to wait

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true if all actions complete before timeout else false

    362
    363
    364
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 362

    def await_for(timeout)
      wait(timeout.to_f)
    end

### - (`Boolean`) await_for!(timeout)

Blocks the current thread until all actions dispatched thus far, from this thread or nested by the Agent, have occurred, or the timeout (in seconds) has elapsed.

NOTE Never, under any circumstances, call any of the "await" methods (#await, #await_for, #await_for!, and #wait) from within an action block/proc/lambda. The call will block the Agent and will always fail. Calling either #await or #wait (with a timeout of `nil`) will hopelessly deadlock the Agent with no possibility of recovery.

Parameters:

- timeout (`Float`) —

  the maximum number of seconds to wait

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true if all actions complete before timeout

Raises:

- (`Concurrent::TimeoutError`) —

  when timout is reached

    376
    377
    378
    379
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 376

    def await_for!(timeout)
      raise Concurrent::TimeoutError unless wait(timeout.to_f)
      true
    end

### - (`Integer`) count_observers Originally defined in module Concern::Observable

Return the number of observers associated with this object.

Returns:

- (`Integer`) —

  the observers count

### - (`Object`) delete_observer(observer) Originally defined in module Concern::Observable

Remove `observer` as an observer on this object so that it will no longer receive notifications.

Parameters:

- observer (`Object`) —

  the observer to remove

Returns:

- (`Object`) —

  the deleted observer

### - (`Observable`) delete_observers Originally defined in module Concern::Observable

Remove all observers associated with this object.

Returns:

- (`Observable`) —

  self

### - (`nil`, `Error`) error Also known as: reason

When #failed? and #error_mode is `:fail`, returns the error object which caused the failure, else `nil`. When #error_mode is `:continue` will always return `nil`.

Returns:

- (`nil`, `Error`) —

  the error which caused the failure when #failed?

    239
    240
    241
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 239

    def error
      @error.value
    end

### - (`Boolean`) failed? Also known as: stopped?

Is the Agent in a failed state?

Returns:

- (`Boolean`)

See Also:

- Concurrent::Agent.{{#restart}

    401
    402
    403
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 401

    def failed?
      !@error.value.nil?
    end

### - (`Boolean`) restart(new_value, opts = {})

When an Agent is #failed?, changes the Agent #value to `new_value` then un-fails the Agent so that action dispatches are allowed again. If the `:clear_actions` option is give and true, any actions queued on the Agent that were being held while it was failed will be discarded, otherwise those held actions will proceed. The `new_value` must pass the validator if any, or `restart` will raise an exception and the Agent will remain failed with its old #value and #error. Observers, if any, will not be notified of the new state.

Parameters:

- new_value (`Object`) —

  the new value for the Agent once restarted

- opts (`Hash`) (defaults to: `{}`) —

  the configuration options

Options Hash (`opts`):

- :clear_actions (`Symbol`) —

  true if all enqueued but unprocessed actions should be discarded on restart, else false (default: false)

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true

Raises:

- (`Concurrent:AgentError`) —

  when not failed

    423
    424
    425
    426
    427
    428
    429
    430
    431
    432
    433
    434
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 423

    def restart(new_value, opts = {})
      clear_actions = opts.fetch(:clear_actions, false)
      synchronize do
        raise Error.new('agent is not failed') unless failed?
        raise ValidationError unless ns_validate(new_value)
        @current.value = new_value
        @error.value   = nil
        @queue.clear if clear_actions
        ns_post_next_job unless @queue.empty?
      end
      true
    end

### - (`Boolean`) send(*args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... }

Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately. Subsequently, in a thread from a thread pool, the #value will be set to the return value of the action. Action dispatches are only allowed when the Agent is not #failed?.

The action must be a block/proc/lambda which takes 1 or more arguments. The first argument is the current #value of the Agent. Any arguments passed to the send method via the `args` parameter will be passed to the action as the remaining arguments. The action must return the new value of the Agent.

- #send and #send! should be used for actions that are CPU limited
- #send_off, #send_off!, and #<< are appropriate for actions that may block on IO
- #send_via and #send_via! are used when a specific executor is to be used for the action

Parameters:

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to be passed to the action

- action (`Proc`) —

  the action dispatch to be enqueued

Yields:

- (`agent`, `value`, `*args`) —

  process the old value and return the new

Yield Parameters:

- value (`Object`) —

  the current #value of the Agent

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to pass to the action

Yield Returns:

- (`Object`) —

  the new value of the Agent

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true if the action is successfully enqueued, false if the Agent is #failed?

    277
    278
    279
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 277

    def send(*args, &action)
      enqueue_action_job(action, args, Concurrent.global_fast_executor)
    end

### - (`Boolean`) send!(*args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... }

Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately. Subsequently, in a thread from a thread pool, the #value will be set to the return value of the action. Action dispatches are only allowed when the Agent is not #failed?.

The action must be a block/proc/lambda which takes 1 or more arguments. The first argument is the current #value of the Agent. Any arguments passed to the send method via the `args` parameter will be passed to the action as the remaining arguments. The action must return the new value of the Agent.

- #send and #send! should be used for actions that are CPU limited
- #send_off, #send_off!, and #<< are appropriate for actions that may block on IO
- #send_via and #send_via! are used when a specific executor is to be used for the action

Parameters:

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to be passed to the action

- action (`Proc`) —

  the action dispatch to be enqueued

Yields:

- (`agent`, `value`, `*args`) —

  process the old value and return the new

Yield Parameters:

- value (`Object`) —

  the current #value of the Agent

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to pass to the action

Yield Returns:

- (`Object`) —

  the new value of the Agent

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true if the action is successfully enqueued

Raises:

- (`Concurrent::Agent::Error`) —

  if the Agent is #failed?

    286
    287
    288
    289
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 286

    def send!(*args, &action)
      raise Error.new unless send(*args, &action)
      true
    end

### - (`Boolean`) send_off(*args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... } Also known as: post

Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately. Subsequently, in a thread from a thread pool, the #value will be set to the return value of the action. Action dispatches are only allowed when the Agent is not #failed?.

The action must be a block/proc/lambda which takes 1 or more arguments. The first argument is the current #value of the Agent. Any arguments passed to the send method via the `args` parameter will be passed to the action as the remaining arguments. The action must return the new value of the Agent.

- #send and #send! should be used for actions that are CPU limited
- #send_off, #send_off!, and #<< are appropriate for actions that may block on IO
- #send_via and #send_via! are used when a specific executor is to be used for the action

Parameters:

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to be passed to the action

- action (`Proc`) —

  the action dispatch to be enqueued

Yields:

- (`agent`, `value`, `*args`) —

  process the old value and return the new

Yield Parameters:

- value (`Object`) —

  the current #value of the Agent

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to pass to the action

Yield Returns:

- (`Object`) —

  the new value of the Agent

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true if the action is successfully enqueued, false if the Agent is #failed?

    293
    294
    295
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 293

    def send_off(*args, &action)
      enqueue_action_job(action, args, Concurrent.global_io_executor)
    end

### - (`Boolean`) send_off!(*args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... }

Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately. Subsequently, in a thread from a thread pool, the #value will be set to the return value of the action. Action dispatches are only allowed when the Agent is not #failed?.

The action must be a block/proc/lambda which takes 1 or more arguments. The first argument is the current #value of the Agent. Any arguments passed to the send method via the `args` parameter will be passed to the action as the remaining arguments. The action must return the new value of the Agent.

- #send and #send! should be used for actions that are CPU limited
- #send_off, #send_off!, and #<< are appropriate for actions that may block on IO
- #send_via and #send_via! are used when a specific executor is to be used for the action

Parameters:

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to be passed to the action

- action (`Proc`) —

  the action dispatch to be enqueued

Yields:

- (`agent`, `value`, `*args`) —

  process the old value and return the new

Yield Parameters:

- value (`Object`) —

  the current #value of the Agent

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to pass to the action

Yield Returns:

- (`Object`) —

  the new value of the Agent

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true if the action is successfully enqueued

Raises:

- (`Concurrent::Agent::Error`) —

  if the Agent is #failed?

    301
    302
    303
    304
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 301

    def send_off!(*args, &action)
      raise Error.new unless send_off(*args, &action)
      true
    end

### - (`Boolean`) send_via(executor, *args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... }

Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately. Subsequently, in a thread from a thread pool, the #value will be set to the return value of the action. Action dispatches are only allowed when the Agent is not #failed?.

The action must be a block/proc/lambda which takes 1 or more arguments. The first argument is the current #value of the Agent. Any arguments passed to the send method via the `args` parameter will be passed to the action as the remaining arguments. The action must return the new value of the Agent.

- #send and #send! should be used for actions that are CPU limited
- #send_off, #send_off!, and #<< are appropriate for actions that may block on IO
- #send_via and #send_via! are used when a specific executor is to be used for the action

Parameters:

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to be passed to the action

- action (`Proc`) —

  the action dispatch to be enqueued

- executor (`Concurrent::ExecutorService`) —

  the executor on which the action is to be dispatched

Yields:

- (`agent`, `value`, `*args`) —

  process the old value and return the new

Yield Parameters:

- value (`Object`) —

  the current #value of the Agent

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to pass to the action

Yield Returns:

- (`Object`) —

  the new value of the Agent

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true if the action is successfully enqueued, false if the Agent is #failed?

    310
    311
    312
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 310

    def send_via(executor, *args, &action)
      enqueue_action_job(action, args, executor)
    end

### - (`Boolean`) send_via!(executor, *args, &action) {|agent, value, *args| ... }

Dispatches an action to the Agent and returns immediately. Subsequently, in a thread from a thread pool, the #value will be set to the return value of the action. Action dispatches are only allowed when the Agent is not #failed?.

The action must be a block/proc/lambda which takes 1 or more arguments. The first argument is the current #value of the Agent. Any arguments passed to the send method via the `args` parameter will be passed to the action as the remaining arguments. The action must return the new value of the Agent.

- #send and #send! should be used for actions that are CPU limited
- #send_off, #send_off!, and #<< are appropriate for actions that may block on IO
- #send_via and #send_via! are used when a specific executor is to be used for the action

Parameters:

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to be passed to the action

- action (`Proc`) —

  the action dispatch to be enqueued

- executor (`Concurrent::ExecutorService`) —

  the executor on which the action is to be dispatched

Yields:

- (`agent`, `value`, `*args`) —

  process the old value and return the new

Yield Parameters:

- value (`Object`) —

  the current #value of the Agent

- args (`Array<Object>`) —

  zero or more arguments to pass to the action

Yield Returns:

- (`Object`) —

  the new value of the Agent

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true if the action is successfully enqueued

Raises:

- (`Concurrent::Agent::Error`) —

  if the Agent is #failed?

    318
    319
    320
    321
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 318

    def send_via!(executor, *args, &action)
      raise Error.new unless send_via(executor, *args, &action)
      true
    end

### - (`Object`) value Also known as: deref

The current value (state) of the Agent, irrespective of any pending or in-progress actions. The value is always available and is non-blocking.

Returns:

- (`Object`) —

  the current value

    228
    229
    230
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 228

    def value
      @current.value # TODO (pitr 12-Sep-2015): broken unsafe read?
    end

### - (`Boolean`) wait(timeout = nil)

Blocks the current thread until all actions dispatched thus far, from this thread or nested by the Agent, have occurred, or the timeout (in seconds) has elapsed. Will block indefinitely when timeout is nil or not given.

Provided mainly for consistency with other classes in this library. Prefer the various `await` methods instead.

NOTE Never, under any circumstances, call any of the "await" methods (#await, #await_for, #await_for!, and #wait) from within an action block/proc/lambda. The call will block the Agent and will always fail. Calling either #await or #wait (with a timeout of `nil`) will hopelessly deadlock the Agent with no possibility of recovery.

Parameters:

- timeout (`Float`) (defaults to: `nil`) —

  the maximum number of seconds to wait

Returns:

- (`Boolean`) —

  true if all actions complete before timeout else false

    392
    393
    394
    395
    396
    # File 'lib/concurrent/agent.rb', line 392

    def wait(timeout = nil)
      latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new(1)
      enqueue_await_job(latch)
      latch.wait(timeout)
    end

### - (`Observable`) with_observer(observer = nil, func = :update, &block) Originally defined in module Concern::Observable

As `#add_observer` but can be used for chaining.

Parameters:

- observer (`Object`) (defaults to: `nil`) —

  the observer to add

- func (`Symbol`) (defaults to: `:update`) —

  the function to call on the observer during notification.

Returns:

- (`Observable`) —

  self