sqlglot.dialects.dialect API documentation

Edit on GitHub

# sqlglot.dialects.dialect

View Source

       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import logging
       4import typing as t
       5from enum import Enum, auto
       6from functools import reduce
       7
       8from sqlglot import exp
       9from sqlglot.errors import ParseError
      10from sqlglot.generator import Generator, unsupported_args
      11from sqlglot.helper import AutoName, flatten, is_int, seq_get, subclasses, to_bool
      12from sqlglot.jsonpath import JSONPathTokenizer, parse as parse_json_path
      13from sqlglot.parser import Parser
      14from sqlglot.time import TIMEZONES, format_time, subsecond_precision
      15from sqlglot.tokens import Token, Tokenizer, TokenType
      16from sqlglot.trie import new_trie
      17
      18DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF = t.Union[
      19    exp.DateAdd,
      20    exp.DateDiff,
      21    exp.DateSub,
      22    exp.TsOrDsAdd,
      23    exp.TsOrDsDiff,
      24]
      25DATE_ADD_OR_SUB = t.Union[exp.DateAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd, exp.DateSub]
      26JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE = t.Union[exp.JSONExtract, exp.JSONExtractScalar]
      27
      28
      29if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      30    from sqlglot._typing import B, E, F
      31
      32    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import TypeAnnotator
      33
      34    AnnotatorsType = t.Dict[t.Type[E], t.Callable[[TypeAnnotator, E], E]]
      35
      36logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot")
      37
      38UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {
      39    "\\a": "\a",
      40    "\\b": "\b",
      41    "\\f": "\f",
      42    "\\n": "\n",
      43    "\\r": "\r",
      44    "\\t": "\t",
      45    "\\v": "\v",
      46    "\\\\": "\\",
      47}
      48
      49
      50def _annotate_with_type_lambda(data_type: exp.DataType.Type) -> t.Callable[[TypeAnnotator, E], E]:
      51    return lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, data_type)
      52
      53
      54class Dialects(str, Enum):
      55    """Dialects supported by SQLGLot."""
      56
      57    DIALECT = ""
      58
      59    ATHENA = "athena"
      60    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
      61    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
      62    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
      63    DORIS = "doris"
      64    DRILL = "drill"
      65    DRUID = "druid"
      66    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
      67    HIVE = "hive"
      68    MATERIALIZE = "materialize"
      69    MYSQL = "mysql"
      70    ORACLE = "oracle"
      71    POSTGRES = "postgres"
      72    PRESTO = "presto"
      73    PRQL = "prql"
      74    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
      75    RISINGWAVE = "risingwave"
      76    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
      77    SPARK = "spark"
      78    SPARK2 = "spark2"
      79    SQLITE = "sqlite"
      80    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
      81    TABLEAU = "tableau"
      82    TERADATA = "teradata"
      83    TRINO = "trino"
      84    TSQL = "tsql"
      85
      86
      87class NormalizationStrategy(str, AutoName):
      88    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
      89
      90    LOWERCASE = auto()
      91    """Unquoted identifiers are lowercased."""
      92
      93    UPPERCASE = auto()
      94    """Unquoted identifiers are uppercased."""
      95
      96    CASE_SENSITIVE = auto()
      97    """Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes."""
      98
      99    CASE_INSENSITIVE = auto()
     100    """Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes."""
     101
     102
     103class _Dialect(type):
     104    classes: t.Dict[str, t.Type[Dialect]] = {}
     105
     106    def __eq__(cls, other: t.Any) -> bool:
     107        if cls is other:
     108            return True
     109        if isinstance(other, str):
     110            return cls is cls.get(other)
     111        if isinstance(other, Dialect):
     112            return cls is type(other)
     113
     114        return False
     115
     116    def __hash__(cls) -> int:
     117        return hash(cls.__name__.lower())
     118
     119    @classmethod
     120    def __getitem__(cls, key: str) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
     121        return cls.classes[key]
     122
     123    @classmethod
     124    def get(
     125        cls, key: str, default: t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]] = None
     126    ) -> t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]]:
     127        return cls.classes.get(key, default)
     128
     129    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs):
     130        klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs)
     131        enum = Dialects.__members__.get(clsname.upper())
     132        cls.classes[enum.value if enum is not None else clsname.lower()] = klass
     133
     134        klass.TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.TIME_MAPPING)
     135        klass.FORMAT_TRIE = (
     136            new_trie(klass.FORMAT_MAPPING) if klass.FORMAT_MAPPING else klass.TIME_TRIE
     137        )
     138        klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING = {v: k for k, v in klass.TIME_MAPPING.items()}
     139        klass.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
     140        klass.INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING = {v: k for k, v in klass.FORMAT_MAPPING.items()}
     141        klass.INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE = new_trie(klass.INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING)
     142
     143        klass.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING = {
     144            v: k for k, v in klass.CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.items()
     145        }
     146
     147        base = seq_get(bases, 0)
     148        base_tokenizer = (getattr(base, "tokenizer_class", Tokenizer),)
     149        base_jsonpath_tokenizer = (getattr(base, "jsonpath_tokenizer_class", JSONPathTokenizer),)
     150        base_parser = (getattr(base, "parser_class", Parser),)
     151        base_generator = (getattr(base, "generator_class", Generator),)
     152
     153        klass.tokenizer_class = klass.__dict__.get(
     154            "Tokenizer", type("Tokenizer", base_tokenizer, {})
     155        )
     156        klass.jsonpath_tokenizer_class = klass.__dict__.get(
     157            "JSONPathTokenizer", type("JSONPathTokenizer", base_jsonpath_tokenizer, {})
     158        )
     159        klass.parser_class = klass.__dict__.get("Parser", type("Parser", base_parser, {}))
     160        klass.generator_class = klass.__dict__.get(
     161            "Generator", type("Generator", base_generator, {})
     162        )
     163
     164        klass.QUOTE_START, klass.QUOTE_END = list(klass.tokenizer_class._QUOTES.items())[0]
     165        klass.IDENTIFIER_START, klass.IDENTIFIER_END = list(
     166            klass.tokenizer_class._IDENTIFIERS.items()
     167        )[0]
     168
     169        def get_start_end(token_type: TokenType) -> t.Tuple[t.Optional[str], t.Optional[str]]:
     170            return next(
     171                (
     172                    (s, e)
     173                    for s, (e, t) in klass.tokenizer_class._FORMAT_STRINGS.items()
     174                    if t == token_type
     175                ),
     176                (None, None),
     177            )
     178
     179        klass.BIT_START, klass.BIT_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BIT_STRING)
     180        klass.HEX_START, klass.HEX_END = get_start_end(TokenType.HEX_STRING)
     181        klass.BYTE_START, klass.BYTE_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BYTE_STRING)
     182        klass.UNICODE_START, klass.UNICODE_END = get_start_end(TokenType.UNICODE_STRING)
     183
     184        if "\\" in klass.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES:
     185            klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {
     186                **UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES,
     187                **klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES,
     188            }
     189
     190        klass.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {v: k for k, v in klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES.items()}
     191
     192        klass.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = "(+)" in klass.tokenizer_class.KEYWORDS
     193
     194        if enum not in ("", "bigquery"):
     195            klass.generator_class.SELECT_KINDS = ()
     196
     197        if enum not in ("", "athena", "presto", "trino"):
     198            klass.generator_class.TRY_SUPPORTED = False
     199            klass.generator_class.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
     200
     201        if enum not in ("", "databricks", "hive", "spark", "spark2"):
     202            modifier_transforms = klass.generator_class.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.copy()
     203            for modifier in ("cluster", "distribute", "sort"):
     204                modifier_transforms.pop(modifier, None)
     205
     206            klass.generator_class.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = modifier_transforms
     207
     208        if enum not in ("", "doris", "mysql"):
     209            klass.parser_class.ID_VAR_TOKENS = klass.parser_class.ID_VAR_TOKENS | {
     210                TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN,
     211            }
     212            klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {
     213                TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN,
     214            }
     215
     216        if not klass.SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN:
     217            klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {
     218                TokenType.ANTI,
     219                TokenType.SEMI,
     220            }
     221
     222        return klass
     223
     224
     225class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
     226    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
     227    """The base index offset for arrays."""
     228
     229    WEEK_OFFSET = 0
     230    """First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday."""
     231
     232    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
     233    """Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases."""
     234
     235    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
     236    """Whether the table alias comes after tablesample."""
     237
     238    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False
     239    """Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage."""
     240
     241    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE
     242    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
     243
     244    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
     245    """Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit."""
     246
     247    DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True
     248    """Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator."""
     249
     250    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
     251    """Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings."""
     252
     253    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
     254    """Whether user-defined data types are supported."""
     255
     256    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True
     257    """Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported."""
     258
     259    SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False
     260    """Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported."""
     261
     262    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True
     263    """Separator of COPY statement parameters."""
     264
     265    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
     266    """
     267    Determines how function names are going to be normalized.
     268    Possible values:
     269        "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase.
     270        "lower": Convert names to lowercase.
     271        False: Disables function name normalization.
     272    """
     273
     274    PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES: bool = False
     275    """
     276    Whether the name of the function should be preserved inside the node's metadata,
     277    can be useful for roundtripping deprecated vs new functions that share an AST node
     278    e.g JSON_VALUE vs JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR in BigQuery
     279    """
     280
     281    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = True
     282    """
     283    Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function.
     284    Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)
     285    """
     286
     287    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
     288    """
     289    Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set.
     290    Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`
     291    """
     292
     293    TYPED_DIVISION = False
     294    """
     295    Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`.
     296    False means `a / b` is always float division.
     297    True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.
     298    """
     299
     300    SAFE_DIVISION = False
     301    """Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`)."""
     302
     303    CONCAT_COALESCE = False
     304    """A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string."""
     305
     306    HEX_LOWERCASE = False
     307    """Whether the `HEX` function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string."""
     308
     309    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
     310    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
     311    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
     312
     313    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     314    """Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats."""
     315
     316    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
     317    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
     318    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     319    """
     320    Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`.
     321    If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.
     322    """
     323
     324    UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     325    """Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\\n`) to its unescaped version (`\n`)."""
     326
     327    PSEUDOCOLUMNS: t.Set[str] = set()
     328    """
     329    Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect.
     330    For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.
     331    """
     332
     333    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False
     334    """
     335    Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the
     336    HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override
     337    any projection aliases in the subquery.
     338
     339    For example,
     340        WITH y(c) AS (
     341            SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0
     342        ) SELECT c FROM y;
     343
     344        will be rewritten as
     345
     346        WITH y(c) AS (
     347            SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
     348        ) SELECT c FROM y;
     349    """
     350
     351    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True
     352    """
     353    Whether COPY statement parameters are separated by comma or whitespace
     354    """
     355
     356    FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION = False
     357    """
     358    Whether alias reference expansion (_expand_alias_refs()) should run before column qualification (_qualify_columns()).
     359
     360    For example:
     361        WITH data AS (
     362        SELECT
     363            1 AS id,
     364            2 AS my_id
     365        )
     366        SELECT
     367            id AS my_id
     368        FROM
     369            data
     370        WHERE
     371            my_id = 1
     372        GROUP BY
     373            my_id,
     374        HAVING
     375            my_id = 1
     376
     377    In most dialects, "my_id" would refer to "data.my_id" across the query, except:
     378        - BigQuery, which will forward the alias to GROUP BY + HAVING clauses i.e
     379          it resolves to "WHERE my_id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1"
     380        - Clickhouse, which will forward the alias across the query i.e it resolves
     381        to "WHERE id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1"
     382    """
     383
     384    EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY = False
     385    """Whether alias reference expansion before qualification should only happen for the GROUP BY clause."""
     386
     387    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = False
     388    """
     389    Whether ORDER BY ALL is supported (expands to all the selected columns) as in DuckDB, Spark3/Databricks
     390    """
     391
     392    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = False
     393    """
     394    Whether the ARRAY constructor is context-sensitive, i.e in Redshift ARRAY[1, 2, 3] != ARRAY(1, 2, 3)
     395    as the former is of type INT[] vs the latter which is SUPER
     396    """
     397
     398    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = False
     399    """
     400    Whether expressions such as x::INT[5] should be parsed as fixed-size array defs/casts e.g.
     401    in DuckDB. In dialects which don't support fixed size arrays such as Snowflake, this should
     402    be interpreted as a subscript/index operator.
     403    """
     404
     405    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = True
     406    """Whether failing to parse a JSON path expression using the JSONPath dialect will log a warning."""
     407
     408    ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR = True
     409    """Whether "X ON EMPTY" should come before "X ON ERROR" (for dialects like T-SQL, MySQL, Oracle)."""
     410
     411    ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS: t.Optional[bool] = True
     412    """Whether ArrayAgg needs to filter NULL values."""
     413
     414    PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE = False
     415    """
     416    This flag is used in the optimizer's canonicalize rule and determines whether x will be promoted
     417    to the literal's type in x::DATE < '2020-01-01 12:05:03' (i.e., DATETIME). When false, the literal
     418    is cast to x's type to match it instead.
     419    """
     420
     421    SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT = True
     422    """Whether the DEFAULT keyword is supported in the VALUES clause."""
     423
     424    NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED = False
     425    """Whether number literals can include underscores for better readability"""
     426
     427    REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP = 0
     428    """The default value for the capturing group."""
     429
     430    SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Optional[bool]] = {
     431        exp.Except: True,
     432        exp.Intersect: True,
     433        exp.Union: True,
     434    }
     435    """
     436    Whether a set operation uses DISTINCT by default. This is `None` when either `DISTINCT` or `ALL`
     437    must be explicitly specified.
     438    """
     439
     440    CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
     441    """
     442    Helper for dialects that use a different name for the same creatable kind. For example, the Clickhouse
     443    equivalent of CREATE SCHEMA is CREATE DATABASE.
     444    """
     445
     446    # --- Autofilled ---
     447
     448    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
     449    jsonpath_tokenizer_class = JSONPathTokenizer
     450    parser_class = Parser
     451    generator_class = Generator
     452
     453    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
     454    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     455    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     456
     457    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     458    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     459    INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     460    INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     461
     462    INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
     463
     464    ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     465
     466    # Delimiters for string literals and identifiers
     467    QUOTE_START = "'"
     468    QUOTE_END = "'"
     469    IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
     470    IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
     471
     472    # Delimiters for bit, hex, byte and unicode literals
     473    BIT_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     474    BIT_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     475    HEX_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     476    HEX_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     477    BYTE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     478    BYTE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     479    UNICODE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     480    UNICODE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     481
     482    DATE_PART_MAPPING = {
     483        "Y": "YEAR",
     484        "YY": "YEAR",
     485        "YYY": "YEAR",
     486        "YYYY": "YEAR",
     487        "YR": "YEAR",
     488        "YEARS": "YEAR",
     489        "YRS": "YEAR",
     490        "MM": "MONTH",
     491        "MON": "MONTH",
     492        "MONS": "MONTH",
     493        "MONTHS": "MONTH",
     494        "D": "DAY",
     495        "DD": "DAY",
     496        "DAYS": "DAY",
     497        "DAYOFMONTH": "DAY",
     498        "DAY OF WEEK": "DAYOFWEEK",
     499        "WEEKDAY": "DAYOFWEEK",
     500        "DOW": "DAYOFWEEK",
     501        "DW": "DAYOFWEEK",
     502        "WEEKDAY_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     503        "DOW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     504        "DW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     505        "DAY OF YEAR": "DAYOFYEAR",
     506        "DOY": "DAYOFYEAR",
     507        "DY": "DAYOFYEAR",
     508        "W": "WEEK",
     509        "WK": "WEEK",
     510        "WEEKOFYEAR": "WEEK",
     511        "WOY": "WEEK",
     512        "WY": "WEEK",
     513        "WEEK_ISO": "WEEKISO",
     514        "WEEKOFYEARISO": "WEEKISO",
     515        "WEEKOFYEAR_ISO": "WEEKISO",
     516        "Q": "QUARTER",
     517        "QTR": "QUARTER",
     518        "QTRS": "QUARTER",
     519        "QUARTERS": "QUARTER",
     520        "H": "HOUR",
     521        "HH": "HOUR",
     522        "HR": "HOUR",
     523        "HOURS": "HOUR",
     524        "HRS": "HOUR",
     525        "M": "MINUTE",
     526        "MI": "MINUTE",
     527        "MIN": "MINUTE",
     528        "MINUTES": "MINUTE",
     529        "MINS": "MINUTE",
     530        "S": "SECOND",
     531        "SEC": "SECOND",
     532        "SECONDS": "SECOND",
     533        "SECS": "SECOND",
     534        "MS": "MILLISECOND",
     535        "MSEC": "MILLISECOND",
     536        "MSECS": "MILLISECOND",
     537        "MSECOND": "MILLISECOND",
     538        "MSECONDS": "MILLISECOND",
     539        "MILLISEC": "MILLISECOND",
     540        "MILLISECS": "MILLISECOND",
     541        "MILLISECON": "MILLISECOND",
     542        "MILLISECONDS": "MILLISECOND",
     543        "US": "MICROSECOND",
     544        "USEC": "MICROSECOND",
     545        "USECS": "MICROSECOND",
     546        "MICROSEC": "MICROSECOND",
     547        "MICROSECS": "MICROSECOND",
     548        "USECOND": "MICROSECOND",
     549        "USECONDS": "MICROSECOND",
     550        "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND",
     551        "NS": "NANOSECOND",
     552        "NSEC": "NANOSECOND",
     553        "NANOSEC": "NANOSECOND",
     554        "NSECOND": "NANOSECOND",
     555        "NSECONDS": "NANOSECOND",
     556        "NANOSECS": "NANOSECOND",
     557        "EPOCH_SECOND": "EPOCH",
     558        "EPOCH_SECONDS": "EPOCH",
     559        "EPOCH_MILLISECONDS": "EPOCH_MILLISECOND",
     560        "EPOCH_MICROSECONDS": "EPOCH_MICROSECOND",
     561        "EPOCH_NANOSECONDS": "EPOCH_NANOSECOND",
     562        "TZH": "TIMEZONE_HOUR",
     563        "TZM": "TIMEZONE_MINUTE",
     564        "DEC": "DECADE",
     565        "DECS": "DECADE",
     566        "DECADES": "DECADE",
     567        "MIL": "MILLENIUM",
     568        "MILS": "MILLENIUM",
     569        "MILLENIA": "MILLENIUM",
     570        "C": "CENTURY",
     571        "CENT": "CENTURY",
     572        "CENTS": "CENTURY",
     573        "CENTURIES": "CENTURY",
     574    }
     575
     576    TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS: t.Dict[exp.DataType.Type, t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]]] = {
     577        exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: {
     578            exp.ApproxDistinct,
     579            exp.ArraySize,
     580            exp.Length,
     581        },
     582        exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: {
     583            exp.Between,
     584            exp.Boolean,
     585            exp.In,
     586            exp.RegexpLike,
     587        },
     588        exp.DataType.Type.DATE: {
     589            exp.CurrentDate,
     590            exp.Date,
     591            exp.DateFromParts,
     592            exp.DateStrToDate,
     593            exp.DiToDate,
     594            exp.StrToDate,
     595            exp.TimeStrToDate,
     596            exp.TsOrDsToDate,
     597        },
     598        exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: {
     599            exp.CurrentDatetime,
     600            exp.Datetime,
     601            exp.DatetimeAdd,
     602            exp.DatetimeSub,
     603        },
     604        exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: {
     605            exp.ApproxQuantile,
     606            exp.Avg,
     607            exp.Exp,
     608            exp.Ln,
     609            exp.Log,
     610            exp.Pow,
     611            exp.Quantile,
     612            exp.Round,
     613            exp.SafeDivide,
     614            exp.Sqrt,
     615            exp.Stddev,
     616            exp.StddevPop,
     617            exp.StddevSamp,
     618            exp.ToDouble,
     619            exp.Variance,
     620            exp.VariancePop,
     621        },
     622        exp.DataType.Type.INT: {
     623            exp.Ceil,
     624            exp.DatetimeDiff,
     625            exp.DateDiff,
     626            exp.TimestampDiff,
     627            exp.TimeDiff,
     628            exp.DateToDi,
     629            exp.Levenshtein,
     630            exp.Sign,
     631            exp.StrPosition,
     632            exp.TsOrDiToDi,
     633        },
     634        exp.DataType.Type.JSON: {
     635            exp.ParseJSON,
     636        },
     637        exp.DataType.Type.TIME: {
     638            exp.Time,
     639        },
     640        exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: {
     641            exp.CurrentTime,
     642            exp.CurrentTimestamp,
     643            exp.StrToTime,
     644            exp.TimeAdd,
     645            exp.TimeStrToTime,
     646            exp.TimeSub,
     647            exp.TimestampAdd,
     648            exp.TimestampSub,
     649            exp.UnixToTime,
     650        },
     651        exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: {
     652            exp.Day,
     653            exp.Month,
     654            exp.Week,
     655            exp.Year,
     656            exp.Quarter,
     657        },
     658        exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: {
     659            exp.ArrayConcat,
     660            exp.Concat,
     661            exp.ConcatWs,
     662            exp.DateToDateStr,
     663            exp.GroupConcat,
     664            exp.Initcap,
     665            exp.Lower,
     666            exp.Substring,
     667            exp.String,
     668            exp.TimeToStr,
     669            exp.TimeToTimeStr,
     670            exp.Trim,
     671            exp.TsOrDsToDateStr,
     672            exp.UnixToStr,
     673            exp.UnixToTimeStr,
     674            exp.Upper,
     675        },
     676    }
     677
     678    ANNOTATORS: AnnotatorsType = {
     679        **{
     680            expr_type: lambda self, e: self._annotate_unary(e)
     681            for expr_type in subclasses(exp.__name__, (exp.Unary, exp.Alias))
     682        },
     683        **{
     684            expr_type: lambda self, e: self._annotate_binary(e)
     685            for expr_type in subclasses(exp.__name__, exp.Binary)
     686        },
     687        **{
     688            expr_type: _annotate_with_type_lambda(data_type)
     689            for data_type, expressions in TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS.items()
     690            for expr_type in expressions
     691        },
     692        exp.Abs: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
     693        exp.Anonymous: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN),
     694        exp.Array: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expressions", array=True),
     695        exp.ArrayAgg: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", array=True),
     696        exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     697        exp.Bracket: lambda self, e: self._annotate_bracket(e),
     698        exp.Cast: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.args["to"]),
     699        exp.Case: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "default", "ifs"),
     700        exp.Coalesce: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     701        exp.Count: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
     702            e, exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT if e.args.get("big_int") else exp.DataType.Type.INT
     703        ),
     704        exp.DataType: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.copy()),
     705        exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
     706        exp.DateSub: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
     707        exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
     708        exp.Distinct: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expressions"),
     709        exp.Div: lambda self, e: self._annotate_div(e),
     710        exp.Dot: lambda self, e: self._annotate_dot(e),
     711        exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self._annotate_explode(e),
     712        exp.Extract: lambda self, e: self._annotate_extract(e),
     713        exp.Filter: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
     714        exp.GenerateDateArray: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
     715            e, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<DATE>")
     716        ),
     717        exp.GenerateTimestampArray: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
     718            e, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<TIMESTAMP>")
     719        ),
     720        exp.Greatest: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     721        exp.If: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "true", "false"),
     722        exp.Interval: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL),
     723        exp.Least: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     724        exp.Literal: lambda self, e: self._annotate_literal(e),
     725        exp.Map: lambda self, e: self._annotate_map(e),
     726        exp.Max: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     727        exp.Min: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     728        exp.Null: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.NULL),
     729        exp.Nullif: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expression"),
     730        exp.PropertyEQ: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expression"),
     731        exp.Slice: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN),
     732        exp.Struct: lambda self, e: self._annotate_struct(e),
     733        exp.Sum: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions", promote=True),
     734        exp.Timestamp: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
     735            e,
     736            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ if e.args.get("with_tz") else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP,
     737        ),
     738        exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: self._annotate_to_map(e),
     739        exp.TryCast: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.args["to"]),
     740        exp.Unnest: lambda self, e: self._annotate_unnest(e),
     741        exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self._annotate_map(e),
     742    }
     743
     744    @classmethod
     745    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
     746        """
     747        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
     748
     749        Args:
     750            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
     751                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
     752                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
     753
     754        Example:
     755            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
     756            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
     757
     758        Returns:
     759            The corresponding Dialect instance.
     760        """
     761
     762        if not dialect:
     763            return cls()
     764        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
     765            return dialect()
     766        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
     767            return dialect
     768        if isinstance(dialect, str):
     769            try:
     770                dialect_name, *kv_strings = dialect.split(",")
     771                kv_pairs = (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_strings)
     772                kwargs = {}
     773                for pair in kv_pairs:
     774                    key = pair[0].strip()
     775                    value: t.Union[bool | str | None] = None
     776
     777                    if len(pair) == 1:
     778                        # Default initialize standalone settings to True
     779                        value = True
     780                    elif len(pair) == 2:
     781                        value = pair[1].strip()
     782
     783                    kwargs[key] = to_bool(value)
     784
     785            except ValueError:
     786                raise ValueError(
     787                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
     788                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
     789                )
     790
     791            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
     792            if not result:
     793                from difflib import get_close_matches
     794
     795                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
     796                if similar:
     797                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
     798
     799                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
     800
     801            return result(**kwargs)
     802
     803        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")
     804
     805    @classmethod
     806    def format_time(
     807        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
     808    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     809        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
     810        if isinstance(expression, str):
     811            return exp.Literal.string(
     812                # the time formats are quoted
     813                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
     814            )
     815
     816        if expression and expression.is_string:
     817            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
     818
     819        return expression
     820
     821    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
     822        normalization_strategy = kwargs.pop("normalization_strategy", None)
     823
     824        if normalization_strategy is None:
     825            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
     826        else:
     827            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())
     828
     829        self.settings = kwargs
     830
     831    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
     832        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
     833        return type(self) == other
     834
     835    def __hash__(self) -> int:
     836        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
     837        return hash(type(self))
     838
     839    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
     840        """
     841        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
     842
     843        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
     844        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
     845        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
     846        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
     847
     848        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
     849        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
     850        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
     851
     852        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
     853        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
     854
     855        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
     856        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
     857        """
     858        if (
     859            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
     860            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
     861            and (
     862                not expression.quoted
     863                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     864            )
     865        ):
     866            expression.set(
     867                "this",
     868                (
     869                    expression.this.upper()
     870                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     871                    else expression.this.lower()
     872                ),
     873            )
     874
     875        return expression
     876
     877    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
     878        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
     879        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
     880            return False
     881
     882        unsafe = (
     883            str.islower
     884            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     885            else str.isupper
     886        )
     887        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
     888
     889    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
     890        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
     891
     892        Args:
     893            text: The text to check.
     894            identify:
     895                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
     896                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
     897
     898        Returns:
     899            Whether the given text can be identified.
     900        """
     901        if identify is True or identify == "always":
     902            return True
     903
     904        if identify == "safe":
     905            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
     906
     907        return False
     908
     909    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
     910        """
     911        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
     912
     913        Args:
     914            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
     915            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
     916                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
     917        """
     918        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
     919            name = expression.this
     920            expression.set(
     921                "quoted",
     922                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
     923            )
     924
     925        return expression
     926
     927    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     928        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
     929            path_text = path.name
     930            if path.is_number:
     931                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
     932            try:
     933                return parse_json_path(path_text, self)
     934            except ParseError as e:
     935                if self.STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX:
     936                    logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
     937
     938        return path
     939
     940    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
     941        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
     942
     943    def parse_into(
     944        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
     945    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
     946        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
     947
     948    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
     949        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)
     950
     951    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
     952        return [
     953            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
     954            for expression in self.parse(sql)
     955        ]
     956
     957    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
     958        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
     959
     960    @property
     961    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
     962        return self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
     963
     964    @property
     965    def jsonpath_tokenizer(self) -> JSONPathTokenizer:
     966        return self.jsonpath_tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
     967
     968    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
     969        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)
     970
     971    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
     972        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)
     973
     974
     975DialectType = t.Union[str, Dialect, t.Type[Dialect], None]
     976
     977
     978def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
     979    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))
     980
     981
     982@unsupported_args("accuracy")
     983def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
     984    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)
     985
     986
     987def if_sql(
     988    name: str = "IF", false_value: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str] = None
     989) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.If], str]:
     990    def _if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
     991        return self.func(
     992            name,
     993            expression.this,
     994            expression.args.get("true"),
     995            expression.args.get("false") or false_value,
     996        )
     997
     998    return _if_sql
     999
    1000
    1001def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    1002    this = expression.this
    1003    if self.JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION and isinstance(this, exp.Literal) and this.is_string:
    1004        this.replace(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    1005
    1006    return self.binary(expression, "->" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONExtract) else "->>")
    1007
    1008
    1009def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    1010    return f"[{self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)}]"
    1011
    1012
    1013def inline_array_unless_query(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    1014    elem = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    1015    if isinstance(elem, exp.Expression) and elem.find(exp.Query):
    1016        return self.func("ARRAY", elem)
    1017    return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
    1018
    1019
    1020def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
    1021    return self.like_sql(
    1022        exp.Like(
    1023            this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this), expression=exp.Lower(this=expression.expression)
    1024        )
    1025    )
    1026
    1027
    1028def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
    1029    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1030    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"
    1031
    1032
    1033def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
    1034    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
    1035        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
    1036        expression.args["recursive"] = False
    1037    return self.with_sql(expression)
    1038
    1039
    1040def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
    1041    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
    1042    return self.sql(expression.this)
    1043
    1044
    1045def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
    1046    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
    1047    return ""
    1048
    1049
    1050def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    1051    return self.cast_sql(expression)
    1052
    1053
    1054def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
    1055    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
    1056) -> str:
    1057    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
    1058    return ""
    1059
    1060
    1061def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
    1062    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
    1063    return ""
    1064
    1065
    1066def property_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Property) -> str:
    1067    return f"{self.property_name(expression, string_key=True)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}"
    1068
    1069
    1070def strposition_sql(
    1071    self: Generator,
    1072    expression: exp.StrPosition,
    1073    func_name: str = "STRPOS",
    1074    supports_position: bool = False,
    1075    supports_occurrence: bool = False,
    1076    use_ansi_position: bool = True,
    1077) -> str:
    1078    string = expression.this
    1079    substr = expression.args.get("substr")
    1080    position = expression.args.get("position")
    1081    occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence")
    1082    zero = exp.Literal.number(0)
    1083    one = exp.Literal.number(1)
    1084
    1085    if supports_occurrence and occurrence and supports_position and not position:
    1086        position = one
    1087
    1088    transpile_position = position and not supports_position
    1089    if transpile_position:
    1090        string = exp.Substring(this=string, start=position)
    1091
    1092    if func_name == "POSITION" and use_ansi_position:
    1093        func = exp.Anonymous(this=func_name, expressions=[exp.In(this=substr, field=string)])
    1094    else:
    1095        args = [substr, string] if func_name in ("LOCATE", "CHARINDEX") else [string, substr]
    1096        if supports_position:
    1097            args.append(position)
    1098        if occurrence:
    1099            if supports_occurrence:
    1100                args.append(occurrence)
    1101            else:
    1102                self.unsupported(f"{func_name} does not support the occurrence parameter.")
    1103        func = exp.Anonymous(this=func_name, expressions=args)
    1104
    1105    if transpile_position:
    1106        func_with_offset = exp.Sub(this=func + position, expression=one)
    1107        func_wrapped = exp.If(this=func.eq(zero), true=zero, false=func_with_offset)
    1108        return self.sql(func_wrapped)
    1109
    1110    return self.sql(func)
    1111
    1112
    1113def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
    1114    return (
    1115        f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(exp.to_identifier(expression.expression.name))}"
    1116    )
    1117
    1118
    1119def var_map_sql(
    1120    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
    1121) -> str:
    1122    keys = expression.args["keys"]
    1123    values = expression.args["values"]
    1124
    1125    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
    1126        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
    1127        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
    1128
    1129    args = []
    1130    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
    1131        args.append(self.sql(key))
    1132        args.append(self.sql(value))
    1133
    1134    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)
    1135
    1136
    1137def build_formatted_time(
    1138    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
    1139) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    1140    """Helper used for time expressions.
    1141
    1142    Args:
    1143        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
    1144        dialect: target sql dialect.
    1145        default: the default format, True being time.
    1146
    1147    Returns:
    1148        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
    1149    """
    1150
    1151    def _builder(args: t.List):
    1152        return exp_class(
    1153            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1154            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
    1155                seq_get(args, 1)
    1156                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
    1157            ),
    1158        )
    1159
    1160    return _builder
    1161
    1162
    1163def time_format(
    1164    dialect: DialectType = None,
    1165) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix], t.Optional[str]]:
    1166    def _time_format(self: Generator, expression: exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1167        """
    1168        Returns the time format for a given expression, unless it's equivalent
    1169        to the default time format of the dialect of interest.
    1170        """
    1171        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    1172        return time_format if time_format != Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).TIME_FORMAT else None
    1173
    1174    return _time_format
    1175
    1176
    1177def build_date_delta(
    1178    exp_class: t.Type[E],
    1179    unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None,
    1180    default_unit: t.Optional[str] = "DAY",
    1181) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    1182    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
    1183        unit_based = len(args) == 3
    1184        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
    1185        unit = None
    1186        if unit_based or default_unit:
    1187            unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string(default_unit)
    1188            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
    1189        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
    1190
    1191    return _builder
    1192
    1193
    1194def build_date_delta_with_interval(
    1195    expression_class: t.Type[E],
    1196) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
    1197    def _builder(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
    1198        if len(args) < 2:
    1199            return None
    1200
    1201        interval = args[1]
    1202
    1203        if not isinstance(interval, exp.Interval):
    1204            raise ParseError(f"INTERVAL expression expected but got '{interval}'")
    1205
    1206        return expression_class(this=args[0], expression=interval.this, unit=unit_to_str(interval))
    1207
    1208    return _builder
    1209
    1210
    1211def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
    1212    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
    1213    this = seq_get(args, 1)
    1214
    1215    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
    1216        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
    1217    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)
    1218
    1219
    1220def date_add_interval_sql(
    1221    data_type: str, kind: str
    1222) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    1223    def func(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1224        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1225        interval = exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression))
    1226        return f"{data_type}_{kind}({this}, {self.sql(interval)})"
    1227
    1228    return func
    1229
    1230
    1231def timestamptrunc_sql(zone: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.TimestampTrunc], str]:
    1232    def _timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
    1233        args = [unit_to_str(expression), expression.this]
    1234        if zone:
    1235            args.append(expression.args.get("zone"))
    1236        return self.func("DATE_TRUNC", *args)
    1237
    1238    return _timestamptrunc_sql
    1239
    1240
    1241def no_timestamp_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Timestamp) -> str:
    1242    zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1243    if not zone:
    1244        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1245
    1246        target_type = annotate_types(expression).type or exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
    1247        return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, target_type))
    1248    if zone.name.lower() in TIMEZONES:
    1249        return self.sql(
    1250            exp.AtTimeZone(
    1251                this=exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    1252                zone=zone,
    1253            )
    1254        )
    1255    return self.func("TIMESTAMP", expression.this, zone)
    1256
    1257
    1258def no_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Time) -> str:
    1259    # Transpile BQ's TIME(timestamp, zone) to CAST(TIMESTAMPTZ <timestamp> AT TIME ZONE <zone> AS TIME)
    1260    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ)
    1261    expr = exp.cast(
    1262        exp.AtTimeZone(this=this, zone=expression.args.get("zone")), exp.DataType.Type.TIME
    1263    )
    1264    return self.sql(expr)
    1265
    1266
    1267def no_datetime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Datetime) -> str:
    1268    this = expression.this
    1269    expr = expression.expression
    1270
    1271    if expr.name.lower() in TIMEZONES:
    1272        # Transpile BQ's DATETIME(timestamp, zone) to CAST(TIMESTAMPTZ <timestamp> AT TIME ZONE <zone> AS TIMESTAMP)
    1273        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ)
    1274        this = exp.cast(exp.AtTimeZone(this=this, zone=expr), exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1275        return self.sql(this)
    1276
    1277    this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)
    1278    expr = exp.cast(expr, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
    1279
    1280    return self.sql(exp.cast(exp.Add(this=this, expression=expr), exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))
    1281
    1282
    1283def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1284    return self.sql(
    1285        exp.Substring(
    1286            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
    1287        )
    1288    )
    1289
    1290
    1291def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1292    return self.sql(
    1293        exp.Substring(
    1294            this=expression.this,
    1295            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
    1296        )
    1297    )
    1298
    1299
    1300def timestrtotime_sql(
    1301    self: Generator,
    1302    expression: exp.TimeStrToTime,
    1303    include_precision: bool = False,
    1304) -> str:
    1305    datatype = exp.DataType.build(
    1306        exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ
    1307        if expression.args.get("zone")
    1308        else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
    1309    )
    1310
    1311    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) and include_precision:
    1312        precision = subsecond_precision(expression.this.name)
    1313        if precision > 0:
    1314            datatype = exp.DataType.build(
    1315                datatype.this, expressions=[exp.DataTypeParam(this=exp.Literal.number(precision))]
    1316            )
    1317
    1318    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, datatype, dialect=self.dialect))
    1319
    1320
    1321def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
    1322    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
    1323
    1324
    1325# Used for Presto and Duckdb which use functions that don't support charset, and assume utf-8
    1326def encode_decode_sql(
    1327    self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True
    1328) -> str:
    1329    charset = expression.args.get("charset")
    1330    if charset and charset.name.lower() != "utf-8":
    1331        self.unsupported(f"Expected utf-8 character set, got {charset}.")
    1332
    1333    return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.args.get("replace") if replace else None)
    1334
    1335
    1336def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
    1337    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
    1338    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1339
    1340
    1341def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
    1342    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
    1343    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1344
    1345
    1346def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    1347    cond = expression.this
    1348
    1349    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
    1350        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
    1351        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
    1352
    1353    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond, 1, 0))
    1354
    1355
    1356def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
    1357    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1358    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
    1359    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1360    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
    1361
    1362    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
    1363    if not remove_chars:
    1364        return self.trim_sql(expression)
    1365
    1366    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
    1367    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
    1368    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
    1369    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
    1370    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"
    1371
    1372
    1373def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1374    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))
    1375
    1376
    1377def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat) -> str:
    1378    return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=y), expression.expressions))
    1379
    1380
    1381def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str:
    1382    delim, *rest_args = expression.expressions
    1383    return self.sql(
    1384        reduce(
    1385            lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=exp.DPipe(this=delim, expression=y)),
    1386            rest_args,
    1387        )
    1388    )
    1389
    1390
    1391@unsupported_args("position", "occurrence", "parameters")
    1392def regexp_extract_sql(
    1393    self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract | exp.RegexpExtractAll
    1394) -> str:
    1395    group = expression.args.get("group")
    1396
    1397    # Do not render group if it's the default value for this dialect
    1398    if group and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP):
    1399        group = None
    1400
    1401    return self.func(expression.sql_name(), expression.this, expression.expression, group)
    1402
    1403
    1404@unsupported_args("position", "occurrence", "modifiers")
    1405def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
    1406    return self.func(
    1407        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
    1408    )
    1409
    1410
    1411def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
    1412    names = []
    1413    for agg in aggregations:
    1414        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
    1415            names.append(agg.alias)
    1416        else:
    1417            """
    1418            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
    1419            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
    1420            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
    1421            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
    1422            """
    1423            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
    1424                lambda node: (
    1425                    exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
    1426                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    1427                    else node
    1428                )
    1429            )
    1430            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
    1431
    1432    return names
    1433
    1434
    1435def binary_from_function(expr_type: t.Type[B]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], B]:
    1436    return lambda args: expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))
    1437
    1438
    1439# Used to represent DATE_TRUNC in Doris, Postgres and Starrocks dialects
    1440def build_timestamp_trunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
    1441    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
    1442
    1443
    1444def any_value_to_max_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str:
    1445    return self.func("MAX", expression.this)
    1446
    1447
    1448def bool_xor_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Xor) -> str:
    1449    a = self.sql(expression.left)
    1450    b = self.sql(expression.right)
    1451    return f"({a} AND (NOT {b})) OR ((NOT {a}) AND {b})"
    1452
    1453
    1454def is_parse_json(expression: exp.Expression) -> bool:
    1455    return isinstance(expression, exp.ParseJSON) or (
    1456        isinstance(expression, exp.Cast) and expression.is_type("json")
    1457    )
    1458
    1459
    1460def isnull_to_is_null(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    1461    return exp.Paren(this=exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.null()))
    1462
    1463
    1464def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1465    self: Generator, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1466) -> str:
    1467    start = self.sql(expression, "start") or "1"
    1468    increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") or "1"
    1469    return f"IDENTITY({start}, {increment})"
    1470
    1471
    1472def arg_max_or_min_no_count(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin], str]:
    1473    @unsupported_args("count")
    1474    def _arg_max_or_min_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin) -> str:
    1475        return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.expression)
    1476
    1477    return _arg_max_or_min_sql
    1478
    1479
    1480def ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> exp.TsOrDsAdd:
    1481    this = expression.this.copy()
    1482
    1483    return_type = expression.return_type
    1484    if return_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE):
    1485        # If we need to cast to a DATE, we cast to TIMESTAMP first to make sure we
    1486        # can truncate timestamp strings, because some dialects can't cast them to DATE
    1487        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1488
    1489    expression.this.replace(exp.cast(this, return_type))
    1490    return expression
    1491
    1492
    1493def date_delta_sql(name: str, cast: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF], str]:
    1494    def _delta_sql(self: Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF) -> str:
    1495        if cast and isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
    1496            expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
    1497
    1498        return self.func(
    1499            name,
    1500            unit_to_var(expression),
    1501            expression.expression,
    1502            expression.this,
    1503        )
    1504
    1505    return _delta_sql
    1506
    1507
    1508def unit_to_str(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1509    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1510
    1511    if isinstance(unit, exp.Placeholder):
    1512        return unit
    1513    if unit:
    1514        return exp.Literal.string(unit.name)
    1515    return exp.Literal.string(default) if default else None
    1516
    1517
    1518def unit_to_var(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1519    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1520
    1521    if isinstance(unit, (exp.Var, exp.Placeholder)):
    1522        return unit
    1523    return exp.Var(this=default) if default else None
    1524
    1525
    1526@t.overload
    1527def map_date_part(part: exp.Expression, dialect: DialectType = Dialect) -> exp.Var:
    1528    pass
    1529
    1530
    1531@t.overload
    1532def map_date_part(
    1533    part: t.Optional[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType = Dialect
    1534) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1535    pass
    1536
    1537
    1538def map_date_part(part, dialect: DialectType = Dialect):
    1539    mapped = (
    1540        Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).DATE_PART_MAPPING.get(part.name.upper()) if part else None
    1541    )
    1542    return exp.var(mapped) if mapped else part
    1543
    1544
    1545def no_last_day_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str:
    1546    trunc_curr_date = exp.func("date_trunc", "month", expression.this)
    1547    plus_one_month = exp.func("date_add", trunc_curr_date, 1, "month")
    1548    minus_one_day = exp.func("date_sub", plus_one_month, 1, "day")
    1549
    1550    return self.sql(exp.cast(minus_one_day, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
    1551
    1552
    1553def merge_without_target_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Merge) -> str:
    1554    """Remove table refs from columns in when statements."""
    1555    alias = expression.this.args.get("alias")
    1556
    1557    def normalize(identifier: t.Optional[exp.Identifier]) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1558        return self.dialect.normalize_identifier(identifier).name if identifier else None
    1559
    1560    targets = {normalize(expression.this.this)}
    1561
    1562    if alias:
    1563        targets.add(normalize(alias.this))
    1564
    1565    for when in expression.args["whens"].expressions:
    1566        # only remove the target table names from certain parts of WHEN MATCHED / WHEN NOT MATCHED
    1567        # they are still valid in the <condition>, the right hand side of each UPDATE and the VALUES part
    1568        # (not the column list) of the INSERT
    1569        then: exp.Insert | exp.Update | None = when.args.get("then")
    1570        if then:
    1571            if isinstance(then, exp.Update):
    1572                for equals in then.find_all(exp.EQ):
    1573                    equal_lhs = equals.this
    1574                    if (
    1575                        isinstance(equal_lhs, exp.Column)
    1576                        and normalize(equal_lhs.args.get("table")) in targets
    1577                    ):
    1578                        equal_lhs.replace(exp.column(equal_lhs.this))
    1579            if isinstance(then, exp.Insert):
    1580                column_list = then.this
    1581                if isinstance(column_list, exp.Tuple):
    1582                    for column in column_list.expressions:
    1583                        if normalize(column.args.get("table")) in targets:
    1584                            column.replace(exp.column(column.this))
    1585
    1586    return self.merge_sql(expression)
    1587
    1588
    1589def build_json_extract_path(
    1590    expr_type: t.Type[F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False
    1591) -> t.Callable[[t.List], F]:
    1592    def _builder(args: t.List) -> F:
    1593        segments: t.List[exp.JSONPathPart] = [exp.JSONPathRoot()]
    1594        for arg in args[1:]:
    1595            if not isinstance(arg, exp.Literal):
    1596                # We use the fallback parser because we can't really transpile non-literals safely
    1597                return expr_type.from_arg_list(args)
    1598
    1599            text = arg.name
    1600            if is_int(text):
    1601                index = int(text)
    1602                segments.append(
    1603                    exp.JSONPathSubscript(this=index if zero_based_indexing else index - 1)
    1604                )
    1605            else:
    1606                segments.append(exp.JSONPathKey(this=text))
    1607
    1608        # This is done to avoid failing in the expression validator due to the arg count
    1609        del args[2:]
    1610        return expr_type(
    1611            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1612            expression=exp.JSONPath(expressions=segments),
    1613            only_json_types=arrow_req_json_type,
    1614        )
    1615
    1616    return _builder
    1617
    1618
    1619def json_extract_segments(
    1620    name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: t.Optional[str] = None
    1621) -> t.Callable[[Generator, JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE], str]:
    1622    def _json_extract_segments(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    1623        path = expression.expression
    1624        if not isinstance(path, exp.JSONPath):
    1625            return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1626
    1627        escape = path.args.get("escape")
    1628
    1629        segments = []
    1630        for segment in path.expressions:
    1631            path = self.sql(segment)
    1632            if path:
    1633                if isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathPart) and (
    1634                    quoted_index or not isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathSubscript)
    1635                ):
    1636                    if escape:
    1637                        path = self.escape_str(path)
    1638
    1639                    path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}"
    1640
    1641                segments.append(path)
    1642
    1643        if op:
    1644            return f" {op} ".join([self.sql(expression.this), *segments])
    1645        return self.func(name, expression.this, *segments)
    1646
    1647    return _json_extract_segments
    1648
    1649
    1650def json_path_key_only_name(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str:
    1651    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.JSONPathWildcard):
    1652        self.unsupported("Unsupported wildcard in JSONPathKey expression")
    1653
    1654    return expression.name
    1655
    1656
    1657def filter_array_using_unnest(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArrayFilter) -> str:
    1658    cond = expression.expression
    1659    if isinstance(cond, exp.Lambda) and len(cond.expressions) == 1:
    1660        alias = cond.expressions[0]
    1661        cond = cond.this
    1662    elif isinstance(cond, exp.Predicate):
    1663        alias = "_u"
    1664    else:
    1665        self.unsupported("Unsupported filter condition")
    1666        return ""
    1667
    1668    unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.this])
    1669    filtered = exp.select(alias).from_(exp.alias_(unnest, None, table=[alias])).where(cond)
    1670    return self.sql(exp.Array(expressions=[filtered]))
    1671
    1672
    1673def to_number_with_nls_param(self: Generator, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1674    return self.func(
    1675        "TO_NUMBER",
    1676        expression.this,
    1677        expression.args.get("format"),
    1678        expression.args.get("nlsparam"),
    1679    )
    1680
    1681
    1682def build_default_decimal_type(
    1683    precision: t.Optional[int] = None, scale: t.Optional[int] = None
    1684) -> t.Callable[[exp.DataType], exp.DataType]:
    1685    def _builder(dtype: exp.DataType) -> exp.DataType:
    1686        if dtype.expressions or precision is None:
    1687            return dtype
    1688
    1689        params = f"{precision}{f', {scale}' if scale is not None else ''}"
    1690        return exp.DataType.build(f"DECIMAL({params})")
    1691
    1692    return _builder
    1693
    1694
    1695def build_timestamp_from_parts(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
    1696    if len(args) == 2:
    1697        # Other dialects don't have the TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS(date, time) concept,
    1698        # so we parse this into Anonymous for now instead of introducing complexity
    1699        return exp.Anonymous(this="TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS", expressions=args)
    1700
    1701    return exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list(args)
    1702
    1703
    1704def sha256_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SHA2) -> str:
    1705    return self.func(f"SHA{expression.text('length') or '256'}", expression.this)
    1706
    1707
    1708def sequence_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.GenerateSeries | exp.GenerateDateArray) -> str:
    1709    start = expression.args.get("start")
    1710    end = expression.args.get("end")
    1711    step = expression.args.get("step")
    1712
    1713    if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
    1714        target_type = start.to
    1715    elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
    1716        target_type = end.to
    1717    else:
    1718        target_type = None
    1719
    1720    if start and end and target_type and target_type.is_type("date", "timestamp"):
    1721        if isinstance(start, exp.Cast) and target_type is start.to:
    1722            end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
    1723        else:
    1724            start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
    1725
    1726    return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)
    1727
    1728
    1729def build_regexp_extract(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List, Dialect], E]:
    1730    def _builder(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> E:
    1731        return expr_type(
    1732            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1733            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    1734            group=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.number(dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP),
    1735            parameters=seq_get(args, 3),
    1736        )
    1737
    1738    return _builder
    1739
    1740
    1741def explode_to_unnest_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
    1742    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Explode):
    1743        return self.sql(
    1744            exp.Join(
    1745                this=exp.Unnest(
    1746                    expressions=[expression.this.this],
    1747                    alias=expression.args.get("alias"),
    1748                    offset=isinstance(expression.this, exp.Posexplode),
    1749                ),
    1750                kind="cross",
    1751            )
    1752        )
    1753    return self.lateral_sql(expression)
    1754
    1755
    1756def timestampdiff_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DatetimeDiff | exp.TimestampDiff) -> str:
    1757    return self.func("TIMESTAMPDIFF", expression.unit, expression.expression, expression.this)
    1758
    1759
    1760def no_make_interval_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MakeInterval, sep: str = ", ") -> str:
    1761    args = []
    1762    for unit, value in expression.args.items():
    1763        if isinstance(value, exp.Kwarg):
    1764            value = value.expression
    1765
    1766        args.append(f"{value} {unit}")
    1767
    1768    return f"INTERVAL '{self.format_args(*args, sep=sep)}'"
    1769
    1770
    1771def length_or_char_length_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1772    length_func = "LENGTH" if expression.args.get("binary") else "CHAR_LENGTH"
    1773    return self.func(length_func, expression.this)

DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff, sqlglot.expressions.DateSub, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff]
DATE_ADD_OR_SUB = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateSub]
JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract, sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar]
logger = <Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}
class Dialects(builtins.str, enum.Enum): View Source

    55class Dialects(str, Enum):
    56    """Dialects supported by SQLGLot."""
    57
    58    DIALECT = ""
    59
    60    ATHENA = "athena"
    61    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
    62    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
    63    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
    64    DORIS = "doris"
    65    DRILL = "drill"
    66    DRUID = "druid"
    67    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
    68    HIVE = "hive"
    69    MATERIALIZE = "materialize"
    70    MYSQL = "mysql"
    71    ORACLE = "oracle"
    72    POSTGRES = "postgres"
    73    PRESTO = "presto"
    74    PRQL = "prql"
    75    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
    76    RISINGWAVE = "risingwave"
    77    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
    78    SPARK = "spark"
    79    SPARK2 = "spark2"
    80    SQLITE = "sqlite"
    81    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
    82    TABLEAU = "tableau"
    83    TERADATA = "teradata"
    84    TRINO = "trino"
    85    TSQL = "tsql"

Dialects supported by SQLGLot.

DIALECT = <Dialects.DIALECT: ''>
ATHENA = <Dialects.ATHENA: 'athena'>
BIGQUERY = <Dialects.BIGQUERY: 'bigquery'>
CLICKHOUSE = <Dialects.CLICKHOUSE: 'clickhouse'>
DATABRICKS = <Dialects.DATABRICKS: 'databricks'>
DORIS = <Dialects.DORIS: 'doris'>
DRILL = <Dialects.DRILL: 'drill'>
DRUID = <Dialects.DRUID: 'druid'>
DUCKDB = <Dialects.DUCKDB: 'duckdb'>
HIVE = <Dialects.HIVE: 'hive'>
MATERIALIZE = <Dialects.MATERIALIZE: 'materialize'>
MYSQL = <Dialects.MYSQL: 'mysql'>
ORACLE = <Dialects.ORACLE: 'oracle'>
POSTGRES = <Dialects.POSTGRES: 'postgres'>
PRESTO = <Dialects.PRESTO: 'presto'>
PRQL = <Dialects.PRQL: 'prql'>
REDSHIFT = <Dialects.REDSHIFT: 'redshift'>
RISINGWAVE = <Dialects.RISINGWAVE: 'risingwave'>
SNOWFLAKE = <Dialects.SNOWFLAKE: 'snowflake'>
SPARK = <Dialects.SPARK: 'spark'>
SPARK2 = <Dialects.SPARK2: 'spark2'>
SQLITE = <Dialects.SQLITE: 'sqlite'>
STARROCKS = <Dialects.STARROCKS: 'starrocks'>
TABLEAU = <Dialects.TABLEAU: 'tableau'>
TERADATA = <Dialects.TERADATA: 'teradata'>
TRINO = <Dialects.TRINO: 'trino'>
TSQL = <Dialects.TSQL: 'tsql'>
class NormalizationStrategy(builtins.str, sqlglot.helper.AutoName): View Source

     88class NormalizationStrategy(str, AutoName):
     89    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
     90
     91    LOWERCASE = auto()
     92    """Unquoted identifiers are lowercased."""
     93
     94    UPPERCASE = auto()
     95    """Unquoted identifiers are uppercased."""
     96
     97    CASE_SENSITIVE = auto()
     98    """Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes."""
     99
    100    CASE_INSENSITIVE = auto()
    101    """Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes."""

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

LOWERCASE = <NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE: 'LOWERCASE'>

Unquoted identifiers are lowercased.

UPPERCASE = <NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE: 'UPPERCASE'>

Unquoted identifiers are uppercased.

CASE_SENSITIVE = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE: 'CASE_SENSITIVE'>

Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes.

CASE_INSENSITIVE = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes.

class Dialect: View Source

    226class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
    227    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
    228    """The base index offset for arrays."""
    229
    230    WEEK_OFFSET = 0
    231    """First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday."""
    232
    233    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
    234    """Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases."""
    235
    236    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
    237    """Whether the table alias comes after tablesample."""
    238
    239    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False
    240    """Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage."""
    241
    242    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE
    243    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
    244
    245    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
    246    """Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit."""
    247
    248    DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True
    249    """Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator."""
    250
    251    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
    252    """Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings."""
    253
    254    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
    255    """Whether user-defined data types are supported."""
    256
    257    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True
    258    """Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported."""
    259
    260    SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False
    261    """Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported."""
    262
    263    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True
    264    """Separator of COPY statement parameters."""
    265
    266    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
    267    """
    268    Determines how function names are going to be normalized.
    269    Possible values:
    270        "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase.
    271        "lower": Convert names to lowercase.
    272        False: Disables function name normalization.
    273    """
    274
    275    PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES: bool = False
    276    """
    277    Whether the name of the function should be preserved inside the node's metadata,
    278    can be useful for roundtripping deprecated vs new functions that share an AST node
    279    e.g JSON_VALUE vs JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR in BigQuery
    280    """
    281
    282    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = True
    283    """
    284    Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function.
    285    Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)
    286    """
    287
    288    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
    289    """
    290    Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set.
    291    Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`
    292    """
    293
    294    TYPED_DIVISION = False
    295    """
    296    Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`.
    297    False means `a / b` is always float division.
    298    True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.
    299    """
    300
    301    SAFE_DIVISION = False
    302    """Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`)."""
    303
    304    CONCAT_COALESCE = False
    305    """A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string."""
    306
    307    HEX_LOWERCASE = False
    308    """Whether the `HEX` function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string."""
    309
    310    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
    311    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
    312    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
    313
    314    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    315    """Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats."""
    316
    317    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
    318    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
    319    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    320    """
    321    Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`.
    322    If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.
    323    """
    324
    325    UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    326    """Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\\n`) to its unescaped version (`\n`)."""
    327
    328    PSEUDOCOLUMNS: t.Set[str] = set()
    329    """
    330    Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect.
    331    For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.
    332    """
    333
    334    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False
    335    """
    336    Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the
    337    HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override
    338    any projection aliases in the subquery.
    339
    340    For example,
    341        WITH y(c) AS (
    342            SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    343        ) SELECT c FROM y;
    344
    345        will be rewritten as
    346
    347        WITH y(c) AS (
    348            SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    349        ) SELECT c FROM y;
    350    """
    351
    352    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True
    353    """
    354    Whether COPY statement parameters are separated by comma or whitespace
    355    """
    356
    357    FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION = False
    358    """
    359    Whether alias reference expansion (_expand_alias_refs()) should run before column qualification (_qualify_columns()).
    360
    361    For example:
    362        WITH data AS (
    363        SELECT
    364            1 AS id,
    365            2 AS my_id
    366        )
    367        SELECT
    368            id AS my_id
    369        FROM
    370            data
    371        WHERE
    372            my_id = 1
    373        GROUP BY
    374            my_id,
    375        HAVING
    376            my_id = 1
    377
    378    In most dialects, "my_id" would refer to "data.my_id" across the query, except:
    379        - BigQuery, which will forward the alias to GROUP BY + HAVING clauses i.e
    380          it resolves to "WHERE my_id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1"
    381        - Clickhouse, which will forward the alias across the query i.e it resolves
    382        to "WHERE id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1"
    383    """
    384
    385    EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY = False
    386    """Whether alias reference expansion before qualification should only happen for the GROUP BY clause."""
    387
    388    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = False
    389    """
    390    Whether ORDER BY ALL is supported (expands to all the selected columns) as in DuckDB, Spark3/Databricks
    391    """
    392
    393    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = False
    394    """
    395    Whether the ARRAY constructor is context-sensitive, i.e in Redshift ARRAY[1, 2, 3] != ARRAY(1, 2, 3)
    396    as the former is of type INT[] vs the latter which is SUPER
    397    """
    398
    399    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = False
    400    """
    401    Whether expressions such as x::INT[5] should be parsed as fixed-size array defs/casts e.g.
    402    in DuckDB. In dialects which don't support fixed size arrays such as Snowflake, this should
    403    be interpreted as a subscript/index operator.
    404    """
    405
    406    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = True
    407    """Whether failing to parse a JSON path expression using the JSONPath dialect will log a warning."""
    408
    409    ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR = True
    410    """Whether "X ON EMPTY" should come before "X ON ERROR" (for dialects like T-SQL, MySQL, Oracle)."""
    411
    412    ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS: t.Optional[bool] = True
    413    """Whether ArrayAgg needs to filter NULL values."""
    414
    415    PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE = False
    416    """
    417    This flag is used in the optimizer's canonicalize rule and determines whether x will be promoted
    418    to the literal's type in x::DATE < '2020-01-01 12:05:03' (i.e., DATETIME). When false, the literal
    419    is cast to x's type to match it instead.
    420    """
    421
    422    SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT = True
    423    """Whether the DEFAULT keyword is supported in the VALUES clause."""
    424
    425    NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED = False
    426    """Whether number literals can include underscores for better readability"""
    427
    428    REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP = 0
    429    """The default value for the capturing group."""
    430
    431    SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Optional[bool]] = {
    432        exp.Except: True,
    433        exp.Intersect: True,
    434        exp.Union: True,
    435    }
    436    """
    437    Whether a set operation uses DISTINCT by default. This is `None` when either `DISTINCT` or `ALL`
    438    must be explicitly specified.
    439    """
    440
    441    CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
    442    """
    443    Helper for dialects that use a different name for the same creatable kind. For example, the Clickhouse
    444    equivalent of CREATE SCHEMA is CREATE DATABASE.
    445    """
    446
    447    # --- Autofilled ---
    448
    449    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
    450    jsonpath_tokenizer_class = JSONPathTokenizer
    451    parser_class = Parser
    452    generator_class = Generator
    453
    454    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
    455    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    456    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    457
    458    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    459    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    460    INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    461    INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    462
    463    INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
    464
    465    ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    466
    467    # Delimiters for string literals and identifiers
    468    QUOTE_START = "'"
    469    QUOTE_END = "'"
    470    IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
    471    IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
    472
    473    # Delimiters for bit, hex, byte and unicode literals
    474    BIT_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    475    BIT_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    476    HEX_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    477    HEX_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    478    BYTE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    479    BYTE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    480    UNICODE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    481    UNICODE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    482
    483    DATE_PART_MAPPING = {
    484        "Y": "YEAR",
    485        "YY": "YEAR",
    486        "YYY": "YEAR",
    487        "YYYY": "YEAR",
    488        "YR": "YEAR",
    489        "YEARS": "YEAR",
    490        "YRS": "YEAR",
    491        "MM": "MONTH",
    492        "MON": "MONTH",
    493        "MONS": "MONTH",
    494        "MONTHS": "MONTH",
    495        "D": "DAY",
    496        "DD": "DAY",
    497        "DAYS": "DAY",
    498        "DAYOFMONTH": "DAY",
    499        "DAY OF WEEK": "DAYOFWEEK",
    500        "WEEKDAY": "DAYOFWEEK",
    501        "DOW": "DAYOFWEEK",
    502        "DW": "DAYOFWEEK",
    503        "WEEKDAY_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
    504        "DOW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
    505        "DW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
    506        "DAY OF YEAR": "DAYOFYEAR",
    507        "DOY": "DAYOFYEAR",
    508        "DY": "DAYOFYEAR",
    509        "W": "WEEK",
    510        "WK": "WEEK",
    511        "WEEKOFYEAR": "WEEK",
    512        "WOY": "WEEK",
    513        "WY": "WEEK",
    514        "WEEK_ISO": "WEEKISO",
    515        "WEEKOFYEARISO": "WEEKISO",
    516        "WEEKOFYEAR_ISO": "WEEKISO",
    517        "Q": "QUARTER",
    518        "QTR": "QUARTER",
    519        "QTRS": "QUARTER",
    520        "QUARTERS": "QUARTER",
    521        "H": "HOUR",
    522        "HH": "HOUR",
    523        "HR": "HOUR",
    524        "HOURS": "HOUR",
    525        "HRS": "HOUR",
    526        "M": "MINUTE",
    527        "MI": "MINUTE",
    528        "MIN": "MINUTE",
    529        "MINUTES": "MINUTE",
    530        "MINS": "MINUTE",
    531        "S": "SECOND",
    532        "SEC": "SECOND",
    533        "SECONDS": "SECOND",
    534        "SECS": "SECOND",
    535        "MS": "MILLISECOND",
    536        "MSEC": "MILLISECOND",
    537        "MSECS": "MILLISECOND",
    538        "MSECOND": "MILLISECOND",
    539        "MSECONDS": "MILLISECOND",
    540        "MILLISEC": "MILLISECOND",
    541        "MILLISECS": "MILLISECOND",
    542        "MILLISECON": "MILLISECOND",
    543        "MILLISECONDS": "MILLISECOND",
    544        "US": "MICROSECOND",
    545        "USEC": "MICROSECOND",
    546        "USECS": "MICROSECOND",
    547        "MICROSEC": "MICROSECOND",
    548        "MICROSECS": "MICROSECOND",
    549        "USECOND": "MICROSECOND",
    550        "USECONDS": "MICROSECOND",
    551        "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND",
    552        "NS": "NANOSECOND",
    553        "NSEC": "NANOSECOND",
    554        "NANOSEC": "NANOSECOND",
    555        "NSECOND": "NANOSECOND",
    556        "NSECONDS": "NANOSECOND",
    557        "NANOSECS": "NANOSECOND",
    558        "EPOCH_SECOND": "EPOCH",
    559        "EPOCH_SECONDS": "EPOCH",
    560        "EPOCH_MILLISECONDS": "EPOCH_MILLISECOND",
    561        "EPOCH_MICROSECONDS": "EPOCH_MICROSECOND",
    562        "EPOCH_NANOSECONDS": "EPOCH_NANOSECOND",
    563        "TZH": "TIMEZONE_HOUR",
    564        "TZM": "TIMEZONE_MINUTE",
    565        "DEC": "DECADE",
    566        "DECS": "DECADE",
    567        "DECADES": "DECADE",
    568        "MIL": "MILLENIUM",
    569        "MILS": "MILLENIUM",
    570        "MILLENIA": "MILLENIUM",
    571        "C": "CENTURY",
    572        "CENT": "CENTURY",
    573        "CENTS": "CENTURY",
    574        "CENTURIES": "CENTURY",
    575    }
    576
    577    TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS: t.Dict[exp.DataType.Type, t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]]] = {
    578        exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: {
    579            exp.ApproxDistinct,
    580            exp.ArraySize,
    581            exp.Length,
    582        },
    583        exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: {
    584            exp.Between,
    585            exp.Boolean,
    586            exp.In,
    587            exp.RegexpLike,
    588        },
    589        exp.DataType.Type.DATE: {
    590            exp.CurrentDate,
    591            exp.Date,
    592            exp.DateFromParts,
    593            exp.DateStrToDate,
    594            exp.DiToDate,
    595            exp.StrToDate,
    596            exp.TimeStrToDate,
    597            exp.TsOrDsToDate,
    598        },
    599        exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: {
    600            exp.CurrentDatetime,
    601            exp.Datetime,
    602            exp.DatetimeAdd,
    603            exp.DatetimeSub,
    604        },
    605        exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: {
    606            exp.ApproxQuantile,
    607            exp.Avg,
    608            exp.Exp,
    609            exp.Ln,
    610            exp.Log,
    611            exp.Pow,
    612            exp.Quantile,
    613            exp.Round,
    614            exp.SafeDivide,
    615            exp.Sqrt,
    616            exp.Stddev,
    617            exp.StddevPop,
    618            exp.StddevSamp,
    619            exp.ToDouble,
    620            exp.Variance,
    621            exp.VariancePop,
    622        },
    623        exp.DataType.Type.INT: {
    624            exp.Ceil,
    625            exp.DatetimeDiff,
    626            exp.DateDiff,
    627            exp.TimestampDiff,
    628            exp.TimeDiff,
    629            exp.DateToDi,
    630            exp.Levenshtein,
    631            exp.Sign,
    632            exp.StrPosition,
    633            exp.TsOrDiToDi,
    634        },
    635        exp.DataType.Type.JSON: {
    636            exp.ParseJSON,
    637        },
    638        exp.DataType.Type.TIME: {
    639            exp.Time,
    640        },
    641        exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: {
    642            exp.CurrentTime,
    643            exp.CurrentTimestamp,
    644            exp.StrToTime,
    645            exp.TimeAdd,
    646            exp.TimeStrToTime,
    647            exp.TimeSub,
    648            exp.TimestampAdd,
    649            exp.TimestampSub,
    650            exp.UnixToTime,
    651        },
    652        exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: {
    653            exp.Day,
    654            exp.Month,
    655            exp.Week,
    656            exp.Year,
    657            exp.Quarter,
    658        },
    659        exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: {
    660            exp.ArrayConcat,
    661            exp.Concat,
    662            exp.ConcatWs,
    663            exp.DateToDateStr,
    664            exp.GroupConcat,
    665            exp.Initcap,
    666            exp.Lower,
    667            exp.Substring,
    668            exp.String,
    669            exp.TimeToStr,
    670            exp.TimeToTimeStr,
    671            exp.Trim,
    672            exp.TsOrDsToDateStr,
    673            exp.UnixToStr,
    674            exp.UnixToTimeStr,
    675            exp.Upper,
    676        },
    677    }
    678
    679    ANNOTATORS: AnnotatorsType = {
    680        **{
    681            expr_type: lambda self, e: self._annotate_unary(e)
    682            for expr_type in subclasses(exp.__name__, (exp.Unary, exp.Alias))
    683        },
    684        **{
    685            expr_type: lambda self, e: self._annotate_binary(e)
    686            for expr_type in subclasses(exp.__name__, exp.Binary)
    687        },
    688        **{
    689            expr_type: _annotate_with_type_lambda(data_type)
    690            for data_type, expressions in TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS.items()
    691            for expr_type in expressions
    692        },
    693        exp.Abs: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
    694        exp.Anonymous: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN),
    695        exp.Array: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expressions", array=True),
    696        exp.ArrayAgg: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", array=True),
    697        exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    698        exp.Bracket: lambda self, e: self._annotate_bracket(e),
    699        exp.Cast: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.args["to"]),
    700        exp.Case: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "default", "ifs"),
    701        exp.Coalesce: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    702        exp.Count: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
    703            e, exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT if e.args.get("big_int") else exp.DataType.Type.INT
    704        ),
    705        exp.DataType: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.copy()),
    706        exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
    707        exp.DateSub: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
    708        exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
    709        exp.Distinct: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expressions"),
    710        exp.Div: lambda self, e: self._annotate_div(e),
    711        exp.Dot: lambda self, e: self._annotate_dot(e),
    712        exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self._annotate_explode(e),
    713        exp.Extract: lambda self, e: self._annotate_extract(e),
    714        exp.Filter: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
    715        exp.GenerateDateArray: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
    716            e, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<DATE>")
    717        ),
    718        exp.GenerateTimestampArray: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
    719            e, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<TIMESTAMP>")
    720        ),
    721        exp.Greatest: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    722        exp.If: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "true", "false"),
    723        exp.Interval: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL),
    724        exp.Least: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    725        exp.Literal: lambda self, e: self._annotate_literal(e),
    726        exp.Map: lambda self, e: self._annotate_map(e),
    727        exp.Max: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    728        exp.Min: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    729        exp.Null: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.NULL),
    730        exp.Nullif: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expression"),
    731        exp.PropertyEQ: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expression"),
    732        exp.Slice: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN),
    733        exp.Struct: lambda self, e: self._annotate_struct(e),
    734        exp.Sum: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions", promote=True),
    735        exp.Timestamp: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
    736            e,
    737            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ if e.args.get("with_tz") else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP,
    738        ),
    739        exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: self._annotate_to_map(e),
    740        exp.TryCast: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.args["to"]),
    741        exp.Unnest: lambda self, e: self._annotate_unnest(e),
    742        exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self._annotate_map(e),
    743    }
    744
    745    @classmethod
    746    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
    747        """
    748        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
    749
    750        Args:
    751            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
    752                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
    753                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
    754
    755        Example:
    756            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
    757            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
    758
    759        Returns:
    760            The corresponding Dialect instance.
    761        """
    762
    763        if not dialect:
    764            return cls()
    765        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    766            return dialect()
    767        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    768            return dialect
    769        if isinstance(dialect, str):
    770            try:
    771                dialect_name, *kv_strings = dialect.split(",")
    772                kv_pairs = (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_strings)
    773                kwargs = {}
    774                for pair in kv_pairs:
    775                    key = pair[0].strip()
    776                    value: t.Union[bool | str | None] = None
    777
    778                    if len(pair) == 1:
    779                        # Default initialize standalone settings to True
    780                        value = True
    781                    elif len(pair) == 2:
    782                        value = pair[1].strip()
    783
    784                    kwargs[key] = to_bool(value)
    785
    786            except ValueError:
    787                raise ValueError(
    788                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
    789                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
    790                )
    791
    792            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
    793            if not result:
    794                from difflib import get_close_matches
    795
    796                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
    797                if similar:
    798                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
    799
    800                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
    801
    802            return result(**kwargs)
    803
    804        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")
    805
    806    @classmethod
    807    def format_time(
    808        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    809    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    810        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
    811        if isinstance(expression, str):
    812            return exp.Literal.string(
    813                # the time formats are quoted
    814                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    815            )
    816
    817        if expression and expression.is_string:
    818            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    819
    820        return expression
    821
    822    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
    823        normalization_strategy = kwargs.pop("normalization_strategy", None)
    824
    825        if normalization_strategy is None:
    826            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
    827        else:
    828            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())
    829
    830        self.settings = kwargs
    831
    832    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
    833        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
    834        return type(self) == other
    835
    836    def __hash__(self) -> int:
    837        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
    838        return hash(type(self))
    839
    840    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    841        """
    842        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
    843
    844        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
    845        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
    846        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
    847        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
    848
    849        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
    850        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
    851        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
    852
    853        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
    854        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
    855
    856        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
    857        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
    858        """
    859        if (
    860            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
    861            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
    862            and (
    863                not expression.quoted
    864                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    865            )
    866        ):
    867            expression.set(
    868                "this",
    869                (
    870                    expression.this.upper()
    871                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    872                    else expression.this.lower()
    873                ),
    874            )
    875
    876        return expression
    877
    878    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
    879        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    880        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
    881            return False
    882
    883        unsafe = (
    884            str.islower
    885            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    886            else str.isupper
    887        )
    888        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
    889
    890    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    891        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    892
    893        Args:
    894            text: The text to check.
    895            identify:
    896                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
    897                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    898
    899        Returns:
    900            Whether the given text can be identified.
    901        """
    902        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    903            return True
    904
    905        if identify == "safe":
    906            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
    907
    908        return False
    909
    910    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    911        """
    912        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
    913
    914        Args:
    915            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
    916            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
    917                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
    918        """
    919        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
    920            name = expression.this
    921            expression.set(
    922                "quoted",
    923                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    924            )
    925
    926        return expression
    927
    928    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    929        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    930            path_text = path.name
    931            if path.is_number:
    932                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
    933            try:
    934                return parse_json_path(path_text, self)
    935            except ParseError as e:
    936                if self.STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX:
    937                    logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
    938
    939        return path
    940
    941    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    942        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    943
    944    def parse_into(
    945        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    946    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    947        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    948
    949    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
    950        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)
    951
    952    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    953        return [
    954            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
    955            for expression in self.parse(sql)
    956        ]
    957
    958    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    959        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
    960
    961    @property
    962    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    963        return self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
    964
    965    @property
    966    def jsonpath_tokenizer(self) -> JSONPathTokenizer:
    967        return self.jsonpath_tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
    968
    969    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    970        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)
    971
    972    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    973        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)

Dialect(**kwargs) View Source

    822    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
    823        normalization_strategy = kwargs.pop("normalization_strategy", None)
    824
    825        if normalization_strategy is None:
    826            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
    827        else:
    828            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())
    829
    830        self.settings = kwargs

INDEX_OFFSET = 0

The base index offset for arrays.

WEEK_OFFSET = 0

First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday.

UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False

Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases.

ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False

Whether the table alias comes after tablesample.

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE: 'LOWERCASE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False

Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit.

DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True

Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator.

STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False

Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings.

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True

Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported.

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True

Whether COPY statement parameters are separated by comma or whitespace

NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = 'upper'

Determines how function names are going to be normalized.

###### Possible values:

> "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.

PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES: bool = False

Whether the name of the function should be preserved inside the node's metadata, can be useful for roundtripping deprecated vs new functions that share an AST node e.g JSON_VALUE vs JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR in BigQuery

LOG_BASE_FIRST: Optional[bool] = True

Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function. Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_small'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

TYPED_DIVISION = False

Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`. False means `a / b` is always float division. True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.

SAFE_DIVISION = False

Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`).

CONCAT_COALESCE = False

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

HEX_LOWERCASE = False

Whether the `HEX` function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string.

DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}

Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`. If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\n`) to its unescaped version (`` ).

PSEUDOCOLUMNS: Set[str] = set()

Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect. For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.

PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False

Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override any projection aliases in the subquery.

For example, WITH y(c) AS ( SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0 ) SELECT c FROM y;

    will be rewritten as

    WITH y(c) AS (
        SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    ) SELECT c FROM y;

FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION = False

Whether alias reference expansion (_expand_alias_refs()) should run before column qualification (_qualify_columns()).

###### For example:

> WITH data AS ( SELECT 1 AS id, 2 AS my_id ) SELECT id AS my_id FROM data WHERE my_id = 1 GROUP BY my_id, HAVING my_id = 1

In most dialects, "my_id" would refer to "data.my_id" across the query, except: - BigQuery, which will forward the alias to GROUP BY + HAVING clauses i.e it resolves to "WHERE my_id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1" - Clickhouse, which will forward the alias across the query i.e it resolves to "WHERE id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1"

EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY = False

Whether alias reference expansion before qualification should only happen for the GROUP BY clause.

SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = False

Whether ORDER BY ALL is supported (expands to all the selected columns) as in DuckDB, Spark3/Databricks

HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = False

Whether the ARRAY constructor is context-sensitive, i.e in Redshift ARRAY[1, 2, 3] != ARRAY(1, 2, 3) as the former is of type INT[] vs the latter which is SUPER

SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = False

Whether expressions such as x::INT[5] should be parsed as fixed-size array defs/casts e.g. in DuckDB. In dialects which don't support fixed size arrays such as Snowflake, this should be interpreted as a subscript/index operator.

STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = True

Whether failing to parse a JSON path expression using the JSONPath dialect will log a warning.

ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR = True

Whether "X ON EMPTY" should come before "X ON ERROR" (for dialects like T-SQL, MySQL, Oracle).

ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS: Optional[bool] = True

Whether ArrayAgg needs to filter NULL values.

PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE = False

This flag is used in the optimizer's canonicalize rule and determines whether x will be promoted to the literal's type in x::DATE < '2020-01-01 12:05:03' (i.e., DATETIME). When false, the literal is cast to x's type to match it instead.

SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT = True

Whether the DEFAULT keyword is supported in the VALUES clause.

NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED = False

Whether number literals can include underscores for better readability

REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP = 0

The default value for the capturing group.

SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT: Dict[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Optional[bool]] = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: True, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: True, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: True}

Whether a set operation uses DISTINCT by default. This is `None` when either `DISTINCT` or `ALL` must be explicitly specified.

CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}

Helper for dialects that use a different name for the same creatable kind. For example, the Clickhouse equivalent of CREATE SCHEMA is CREATE DATABASE.

tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'sqlglot.parser.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'sqlglot.generator.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
DATE_PART_MAPPING = {'Y': 'YEAR', 'YY': 'YEAR', 'YYY': 'YEAR', 'YYYY': 'YEAR', 'YR': 'YEAR', 'YEARS': 'YEAR', 'YRS': 'YEAR', 'MM': 'MONTH', 'MON': 'MONTH', 'MONS': 'MONTH', 'MONTHS': 'MONTH', 'D': 'DAY', 'DD': 'DAY', 'DAYS': 'DAY', 'DAYOFMONTH': 'DAY', 'DAY OF WEEK': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'WEEKDAY': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DOW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'WEEKDAY_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DOW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DAY OF YEAR': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DOY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'W': 'WEEK', 'WK': 'WEEK', 'WEEKOFYEAR': 'WEEK', 'WOY': 'WEEK', 'WY': 'WEEK', 'WEEK_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEARISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEAR_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'Q': 'QUARTER', 'QTR': 'QUARTER', 'QTRS': 'QUARTER', 'QUARTERS': 'QUARTER', 'H': 'HOUR', 'HH': 'HOUR', 'HR': 'HOUR', 'HOURS': 'HOUR', 'HRS': 'HOUR', 'M': 'MINUTE', 'MI': 'MINUTE', 'MIN': 'MINUTE', 'MINUTES': 'MINUTE', 'MINS': 'MINUTE', 'S': 'SECOND', 'SEC': 'SECOND', 'SECONDS': 'SECOND', 'SECS': 'SECOND', 'MS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSEC': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSECS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSECOND': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSECONDS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISEC': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECON': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECONDS': 'MILLISECOND', 'US': 'MICROSECOND', 'USEC': 'MICROSECOND', 'USECS': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSEC': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSECS': 'MICROSECOND', 'USECOND': 'MICROSECOND', 'USECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'NS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECOND': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECONDS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSECS': 'NANOSECOND', 'EPOCH_SECOND': 'EPOCH', 'EPOCH_SECONDS': 'EPOCH', 'EPOCH_MILLISECONDS': 'EPOCH_MILLISECOND', 'EPOCH_MICROSECONDS': 'EPOCH_MICROSECOND', 'EPOCH_NANOSECONDS': 'EPOCH_NANOSECOND', 'TZH': 'TIMEZONE_HOUR', 'TZM': 'TIMEZONE_MINUTE', 'DEC': 'DECADE', 'DECS': 'DECADE', 'DECADES': 'DECADE', 'MIL': 'MILLENIUM', 'MILS': 'MILLENIUM', 'MILLENIA': 'MILLENIUM', 'C': 'CENTURY', 'CENT': 'CENTURY', 'CENTS': 'CENTURY', 'CENTURIES': 'CENTURY'}
TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS: Dict[sqlglot.expressions.DataType.Type, Set[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]] = {<Type.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>}, <Type.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Boolean'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Between'>}, <Type.DATE: 'DATE'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>}, <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>}, <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>}, <Type.INT: 'INT'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>}, <Type.JSON: 'JSON'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>}, <Type.TIME: 'TIME'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>}, <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>}, <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>}, <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToTimeStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDateStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDateStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>}}
ANNOTATORS: Dict[Type[~E], Callable[[sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types.TypeAnnotator, ~E], ~E]] = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Alias'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseNot'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Neg'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Not'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAlias'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unary'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Add'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseLeftShift'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseRightShift'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Connector'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DPipe'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distance'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Div'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Dot'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Escape'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GT'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GTE'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Glob'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILikeAny'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Is'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Kwarg'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LT'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LTE'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Like'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeAny'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mod'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mul'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeNEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlaps'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PropertyEQ'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SimilarTo'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Slice'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sub'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Boolean'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Between'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToTimeStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDateStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDateStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Anonymous'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Bracket'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distinct'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Filter'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Interval'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Null'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unnest'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>}
@classmethod
def get_or_raise( cls, dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType]) -> Dialect: View Source

    745    @classmethod
    746    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
    747        """
    748        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
    749
    750        Args:
    751            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
    752                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
    753                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
    754
    755        Example:
    756            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
    757            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
    758
    759        Returns:
    760            The corresponding Dialect instance.
    761        """
    762
    763        if not dialect:
    764            return cls()
    765        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    766            return dialect()
    767        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    768            return dialect
    769        if isinstance(dialect, str):
    770            try:
    771                dialect_name, *kv_strings = dialect.split(",")
    772                kv_pairs = (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_strings)
    773                kwargs = {}
    774                for pair in kv_pairs:
    775                    key = pair[0].strip()
    776                    value: t.Union[bool | str | None] = None
    777
    778                    if len(pair) == 1:
    779                        # Default initialize standalone settings to True
    780                        value = True
    781                    elif len(pair) == 2:
    782                        value = pair[1].strip()
    783
    784                    kwargs[key] = to_bool(value)
    785
    786            except ValueError:
    787                raise ValueError(
    788                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
    789                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
    790                )
    791
    792            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
    793            if not result:
    794                from difflib import get_close_matches
    795
    796                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
    797                if similar:
    798                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
    799
    800                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
    801
    802            return result(**kwargs)
    803
    804        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")

Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.

###### Arguments:

- dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.

###### Example:

>     >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
>     >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")

###### Returns:

> The corresponding Dialect instance.

@classmethod
def format_time( cls, expression: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    806    @classmethod
    807    def format_time(
    808        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    809    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    810        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
    811        if isinstance(expression, str):
    812            return exp.Literal.string(
    813                # the time formats are quoted
    814                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    815            )
    816
    817        if expression and expression.is_string:
    818            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    819
    820        return expression

Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format.

settings
def normalize_identifier(self, expression: ~E) -> ~E: View Source

    840    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    841        """
    842        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
    843
    844        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
    845        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
    846        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
    847        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
    848
    849        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
    850        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
    851        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
    852
    853        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
    854        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
    855
    856        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
    857        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
    858        """
    859        if (
    860            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
    861            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
    862            and (
    863                not expression.quoted
    864                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    865            )
    866        ):
    867            expression.set(
    868                "this",
    869                (
    870                    expression.this.upper()
    871                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    872                    else expression.this.lower()
    873                ),
    874            )
    875
    876        return expression

Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.

For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive, and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.

There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.

Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags, like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.

SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.

def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool: View Source

    878    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
    879        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    880        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
    881            return False
    882
    883        unsafe = (
    884            str.islower
    885            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    886            else str.isupper
    887        )
    888        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)

Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules.

def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = 'safe') -> bool: View Source

    890    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    891        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    892
    893        Args:
    894            text: The text to check.
    895            identify:
    896                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
    897                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    898
    899        Returns:
    900            Whether the given text can be identified.
    901        """
    902        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    903            return True
    904
    905        if identify == "safe":
    906            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
    907
    908        return False

Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.

###### Arguments:

- text: The text to check.
- identify: `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`. `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.

###### Returns:

> Whether the given text can be identified.

def quote_identifier(self, expression: ~E, identify: bool = True) -> ~E: View Source

    910    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    911        """
    912        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
    913
    914        Args:
    915            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
    916            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
    917                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
    918        """
    919        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
    920            name = expression.this
    921            expression.set(
    922                "quoted",
    923                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    924            )
    925
    926        return expression

Adds quotes to a given identifier.

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
- identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.

def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    928    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    929        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    930            path_text = path.name
    931            if path.is_number:
    932                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
    933            try:
    934                return parse_json_path(path_text, self)
    935            except ParseError as e:
    936                if self.STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX:
    937                    logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
    938
    939        return path

def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    941    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    942        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def parse_into( self, expression_type: Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Collection[Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]]], sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    944    def parse_into(
    945        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    946    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    947        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def generate( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str: View Source

    949    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
    950        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)

def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[str]: View Source

    952    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    953        return [
    954            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
    955            for expression in self.parse(sql)
    956        ]

def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> List[sqlglot.tokens.Token]: View Source

    958    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    959        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)

tokenizer: sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer View Source

    961    @property
    962    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    963        return self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)

jsonpath_tokenizer: sqlglot.jsonpath.JSONPathTokenizer View Source

    965    @property
    966    def jsonpath_tokenizer(self) -> JSONPathTokenizer:
    967        return self.jsonpath_tokenizer_class(dialect=self)

def parser(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.parser.Parser: View Source

    969    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    970        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)

def generator(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.generator.Generator: View Source

    972    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    973        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)

DialectType = typing.Union[str, Dialect, typing.Type[Dialect], NoneType]
def rename_func( name: str) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.Expression], str]: View Source

    979def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    980    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))

@unsupported_args('accuracy')
def approx_count_distinct_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct) -> str: View Source

    983@unsupported_args("accuracy")
    984def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
    985    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)

def if_sql( name: str = 'IF', false_value: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.If], str]: View Source

    988def if_sql(
    989    name: str = "IF", false_value: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str] = None
    990) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.If], str]:
    991    def _if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
    992        return self.func(
    993            name,
    994            expression.this,
    995            expression.args.get("true"),
    996            expression.args.get("false") or false_value,
    997        )
    998
    999    return _if_sql

def arrow_json_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: Union[sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract, sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar]) -> str: View Source

    1002def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    1003    this = expression.this
    1004    if self.JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION and isinstance(this, exp.Literal) and this.is_string:
    1005        this.replace(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    1006
    1007    return self.binary(expression, "->" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONExtract) else "->>")

def inline_array_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    1010def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    1011    return f"[{self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)}]"

def inline_array_unless_query( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    1014def inline_array_unless_query(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    1015    elem = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    1016    if isinstance(elem, exp.Expression) and elem.find(exp.Query):
    1017        return self.func("ARRAY", elem)
    1018    return inline_array_sql(self, expression)

def no_ilike_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ILike) -> str: View Source

    1021def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
    1022    return self.like_sql(
    1023        exp.Like(
    1024            this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this), expression=exp.Lower(this=expression.expression)
    1025        )
    1026    )

def no_paren_current_date_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate) -> str: View Source

    1029def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
    1030    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1031    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"

def no_recursive_cte_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.With) -> str: View Source

    1034def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
    1035    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
    1036        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
    1037        expression.args["recursive"] = False
    1038    return self.with_sql(expression)

def no_tablesample_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample) -> str: View Source

    1041def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
    1042    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
    1043    return self.sql(expression.this)

def no_pivot_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Pivot) -> str: View Source

    1046def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
    1047    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
    1048    return ""

def no_trycast_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast) -> str: View Source

    1051def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    1052    return self.cast_sql(expression)

def no_comment_column_constraint_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    1055def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
    1056    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
    1057) -> str:
    1058    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
    1059    return ""

def no_map_from_entries_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries) -> str: View Source

    1062def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
    1063    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
    1064    return ""

def property_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Property) -> str: View Source

    1067def property_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Property) -> str:
    1068    return f"{self.property_name(expression, string_key=True)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}"

def strposition_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition, func_name: str = 'STRPOS', supports_position: bool = False, supports_occurrence: bool = False, use_ansi_position: bool = True) -> str: View Source

    1071def strposition_sql(
    1072    self: Generator,
    1073    expression: exp.StrPosition,
    1074    func_name: str = "STRPOS",
    1075    supports_position: bool = False,
    1076    supports_occurrence: bool = False,
    1077    use_ansi_position: bool = True,
    1078) -> str:
    1079    string = expression.this
    1080    substr = expression.args.get("substr")
    1081    position = expression.args.get("position")
    1082    occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence")
    1083    zero = exp.Literal.number(0)
    1084    one = exp.Literal.number(1)
    1085
    1086    if supports_occurrence and occurrence and supports_position and not position:
    1087        position = one
    1088
    1089    transpile_position = position and not supports_position
    1090    if transpile_position:
    1091        string = exp.Substring(this=string, start=position)
    1092
    1093    if func_name == "POSITION" and use_ansi_position:
    1094        func = exp.Anonymous(this=func_name, expressions=[exp.In(this=substr, field=string)])
    1095    else:
    1096        args = [substr, string] if func_name in ("LOCATE", "CHARINDEX") else [string, substr]
    1097        if supports_position:
    1098            args.append(position)
    1099        if occurrence:
    1100            if supports_occurrence:
    1101                args.append(occurrence)
    1102            else:
    1103                self.unsupported(f"{func_name} does not support the occurrence parameter.")
    1104        func = exp.Anonymous(this=func_name, expressions=args)
    1105
    1106    if transpile_position:
    1107        func_with_offset = exp.Sub(this=func + position, expression=one)
    1108        func_wrapped = exp.If(this=func.eq(zero), true=zero, false=func_with_offset)
    1109        return self.sql(func_wrapped)
    1110
    1111    return self.sql(func)

def struct_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract) -> str: View Source

    1114def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
    1115    return (
    1116        f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(exp.to_identifier(expression.expression.name))}"
    1117    )

def var_map_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Map | sqlglot.expressions.VarMap, map_func_name: str = 'MAP') -> str: View Source

    1120def var_map_sql(
    1121    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
    1122) -> str:
    1123    keys = expression.args["keys"]
    1124    values = expression.args["values"]
    1125
    1126    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
    1127        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
    1128        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
    1129
    1130    args = []
    1131    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
    1132        args.append(self.sql(key))
    1133        args.append(self.sql(value))
    1134
    1135    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)

def build_formatted_time( exp_class: Type[~E], dialect: str, default: Union[str, bool, NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    1138def build_formatted_time(
    1139    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
    1140) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    1141    """Helper used for time expressions.
    1142
    1143    Args:
    1144        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
    1145        dialect: target sql dialect.
    1146        default: the default format, True being time.
    1147
    1148    Returns:
    1149        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
    1150    """
    1151
    1152    def _builder(args: t.List):
    1153        return exp_class(
    1154            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1155            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
    1156                seq_get(args, 1)
    1157                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
    1158            ),
    1159        )
    1160
    1161    return _builder

Helper used for time expressions.

###### Arguments:

- exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
- dialect: target sql dialect.
- default: the default format, True being time.

###### Returns:

> A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.

def time_format( dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr | sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix], Optional[str]]: View Source

    1164def time_format(
    1165    dialect: DialectType = None,
    1166) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix], t.Optional[str]]:
    1167    def _time_format(self: Generator, expression: exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1168        """
    1169        Returns the time format for a given expression, unless it's equivalent
    1170        to the default time format of the dialect of interest.
    1171        """
    1172        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    1173        return time_format if time_format != Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).TIME_FORMAT else None
    1174
    1175    return _time_format

def build_date_delta( exp_class: Type[~E], unit_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, default_unit: Optional[str] = 'DAY') -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    1178def build_date_delta(
    1179    exp_class: t.Type[E],
    1180    unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None,
    1181    default_unit: t.Optional[str] = "DAY",
    1182) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    1183    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
    1184        unit_based = len(args) == 3
    1185        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
    1186        unit = None
    1187        if unit_based or default_unit:
    1188            unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string(default_unit)
    1189            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
    1190        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
    1191
    1192    return _builder

def build_date_delta_with_interval(expression_class: Type[~E]) -> Callable[[List], Optional[~E]]: View Source

    1195def build_date_delta_with_interval(
    1196    expression_class: t.Type[E],
    1197) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
    1198    def _builder(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
    1199        if len(args) < 2:
    1200            return None
    1201
    1202        interval = args[1]
    1203
    1204        if not isinstance(interval, exp.Interval):
    1205            raise ParseError(f"INTERVAL expression expected but got '{interval}'")
    1206
    1207        return expression_class(this=args[0], expression=interval.this, unit=unit_to_str(interval))
    1208
    1209    return _builder

def date_trunc_to_time( args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc | sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc: View Source

    1212def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
    1213    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
    1214    this = seq_get(args, 1)
    1215
    1216    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
    1217        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
    1218    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)

def date_add_interval_sql( data_type: str, kind: str) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.Expression], str]: View Source

    1221def date_add_interval_sql(
    1222    data_type: str, kind: str
    1223) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    1224    def func(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1225        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1226        interval = exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression))
    1227        return f"{data_type}_{kind}({this}, {self.sql(interval)})"
    1228
    1229    return func

def timestamptrunc_sql( zone: bool = False) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc], str]: View Source

    1232def timestamptrunc_sql(zone: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.TimestampTrunc], str]:
    1233    def _timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
    1234        args = [unit_to_str(expression), expression.this]
    1235        if zone:
    1236            args.append(expression.args.get("zone"))
    1237        return self.func("DATE_TRUNC", *args)
    1238
    1239    return _timestamptrunc_sql

def no_timestamp_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp) -> str: View Source

    1242def no_timestamp_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Timestamp) -> str:
    1243    zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1244    if not zone:
    1245        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1246
    1247        target_type = annotate_types(expression).type or exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
    1248        return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, target_type))
    1249    if zone.name.lower() in TIMEZONES:
    1250        return self.sql(
    1251            exp.AtTimeZone(
    1252                this=exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    1253                zone=zone,
    1254            )
    1255        )
    1256    return self.func("TIMESTAMP", expression.this, zone)

def no_time_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Time) -> str: View Source

    1259def no_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Time) -> str:
    1260    # Transpile BQ's TIME(timestamp, zone) to CAST(TIMESTAMPTZ <timestamp> AT TIME ZONE <zone> AS TIME)
    1261    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ)
    1262    expr = exp.cast(
    1263        exp.AtTimeZone(this=this, zone=expression.args.get("zone")), exp.DataType.Type.TIME
    1264    )
    1265    return self.sql(expr)

def no_datetime_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Datetime) -> str: View Source

    1268def no_datetime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Datetime) -> str:
    1269    this = expression.this
    1270    expr = expression.expression
    1271
    1272    if expr.name.lower() in TIMEZONES:
    1273        # Transpile BQ's DATETIME(timestamp, zone) to CAST(TIMESTAMPTZ <timestamp> AT TIME ZONE <zone> AS TIMESTAMP)
    1274        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ)
    1275        this = exp.cast(exp.AtTimeZone(this=this, zone=expr), exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1276        return self.sql(this)
    1277
    1278    this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)
    1279    expr = exp.cast(expr, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
    1280
    1281    return self.sql(exp.cast(exp.Add(this=this, expression=expr), exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))

def left_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    1284def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1285    return self.sql(
    1286        exp.Substring(
    1287            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
    1288        )
    1289    )

def right_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    1292def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1293    return self.sql(
    1294        exp.Substring(
    1295            this=expression.this,
    1296            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
    1297        )
    1298    )

def timestrtotime_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime, include_precision: bool = False) -> str: View Source

    1301def timestrtotime_sql(
    1302    self: Generator,
    1303    expression: exp.TimeStrToTime,
    1304    include_precision: bool = False,
    1305) -> str:
    1306    datatype = exp.DataType.build(
    1307        exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ
    1308        if expression.args.get("zone")
    1309        else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
    1310    )
    1311
    1312    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) and include_precision:
    1313        precision = subsecond_precision(expression.this.name)
    1314        if precision > 0:
    1315            datatype = exp.DataType.build(
    1316                datatype.this, expressions=[exp.DataTypeParam(this=exp.Literal.number(precision))]
    1317            )
    1318
    1319    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, datatype, dialect=self.dialect))

def datestrtodate_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate) -> str: View Source

    1322def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
    1323    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))

def encode_decode_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True) -> str: View Source

    1327def encode_decode_sql(
    1328    self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True
    1329) -> str:
    1330    charset = expression.args.get("charset")
    1331    if charset and charset.name.lower() != "utf-8":
    1332        self.unsupported(f"Expected utf-8 character set, got {charset}.")
    1333
    1334    return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.args.get("replace") if replace else None)

def min_or_least( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Min) -> str: View Source

    1337def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
    1338    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
    1339    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def max_or_greatest( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Max) -> str: View Source

    1342def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
    1343    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
    1344    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def count_if_to_sum( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CountIf) -> str: View Source

    1347def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    1348    cond = expression.this
    1349
    1350    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
    1351        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
    1352        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
    1353
    1354    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond, 1, 0))

def trim_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Trim) -> str: View Source

    1357def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
    1358    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1359    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
    1360    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1361    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
    1362
    1363    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
    1364    if not remove_chars:
    1365        return self.trim_sql(expression)
    1366
    1367    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
    1368    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
    1369    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
    1370    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
    1371    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"

def str_to_time_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> str: View Source

    1374def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1375    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))

def concat_to_dpipe_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Concat) -> str: View Source

    1378def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat) -> str:
    1379    return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=y), expression.expressions))

def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs) -> str: View Source

    1382def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str:
    1383    delim, *rest_args = expression.expressions
    1384    return self.sql(
    1385        reduce(
    1386            lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=exp.DPipe(this=delim, expression=y)),
    1387            rest_args,
    1388        )
    1389    )

@unsupported_args('position', 'occurrence', 'parameters')
def regexp_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract | sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll) -> str: View Source

    1392@unsupported_args("position", "occurrence", "parameters")
    1393def regexp_extract_sql(
    1394    self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract | exp.RegexpExtractAll
    1395) -> str:
    1396    group = expression.args.get("group")
    1397
    1398    # Do not render group if it's the default value for this dialect
    1399    if group and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP):
    1400        group = None
    1401
    1402    return self.func(expression.sql_name(), expression.this, expression.expression, group)

@unsupported_args('position', 'occurrence', 'modifiers')
def regexp_replace_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace) -> str: View Source

    1405@unsupported_args("position", "occurrence", "modifiers")
    1406def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
    1407    return self.func(
    1408        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
    1409    )

def pivot_column_names( aggregations: List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType]) -> List[str]: View Source

    1412def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
    1413    names = []
    1414    for agg in aggregations:
    1415        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
    1416            names.append(agg.alias)
    1417        else:
    1418            """
    1419            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
    1420            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
    1421            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
    1422            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
    1423            """
    1424            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
    1425                lambda node: (
    1426                    exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
    1427                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    1428                    else node
    1429                )
    1430            )
    1431            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
    1432
    1433    return names

def binary_from_function(expr_type: Type[~B]) -> Callable[[List], ~B]: View Source

    1436def binary_from_function(expr_type: t.Type[B]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], B]:
    1437    return lambda args: expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))

def build_timestamp_trunc(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc: View Source

    1441def build_timestamp_trunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
    1442    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))

def any_value_to_max_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue) -> str: View Source

    1445def any_value_to_max_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str:
    1446    return self.func("MAX", expression.this)

def bool_xor_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Xor) -> str: View Source

    1449def bool_xor_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Xor) -> str:
    1450    a = self.sql(expression.left)
    1451    b = self.sql(expression.right)
    1452    return f"({a} AND (NOT {b})) OR ((NOT {a}) AND {b})"

def is_parse_json(expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> bool: View Source

    1455def is_parse_json(expression: exp.Expression) -> bool:
    1456    return isinstance(expression, exp.ParseJSON) or (
    1457        isinstance(expression, exp.Cast) and expression.is_type("json")
    1458    )

def isnull_to_is_null(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    1461def isnull_to_is_null(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    1462    return exp.Paren(this=exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.null()))

def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    1465def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1466    self: Generator, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1467) -> str:
    1468    start = self.sql(expression, "start") or "1"
    1469    increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") or "1"
    1470    return f"IDENTITY({start}, {increment})"

def arg_max_or_min_no_count( name: str) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax | sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin], str]: View Source

    1473def arg_max_or_min_no_count(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin], str]:
    1474    @unsupported_args("count")
    1475    def _arg_max_or_min_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin) -> str:
    1476        return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.expression)
    1477
    1478    return _arg_max_or_min_sql

def ts_or_ds_add_cast( expression: sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd) -> sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd: View Source

    1481def ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> exp.TsOrDsAdd:
    1482    this = expression.this.copy()
    1483
    1484    return_type = expression.return_type
    1485    if return_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE):
    1486        # If we need to cast to a DATE, we cast to TIMESTAMP first to make sure we
    1487        # can truncate timestamp strings, because some dialects can't cast them to DATE
    1488        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1489
    1490    expression.this.replace(exp.cast(this, return_type))
    1491    return expression

def date_delta_sql( name: str, cast: bool = False) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff, sqlglot.expressions.DateSub, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff]], str]: View Source

    1494def date_delta_sql(name: str, cast: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF], str]:
    1495    def _delta_sql(self: Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF) -> str:
    1496        if cast and isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
    1497            expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
    1498
    1499        return self.func(
    1500            name,
    1501            unit_to_var(expression),
    1502            expression.expression,
    1503            expression.this,
    1504        )
    1505
    1506    return _delta_sql

def unit_to_str( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, default: str = 'DAY') -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    1509def unit_to_str(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1510    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1511
    1512    if isinstance(unit, exp.Placeholder):
    1513        return unit
    1514    if unit:
    1515        return exp.Literal.string(unit.name)
    1516    return exp.Literal.string(default) if default else None

def unit_to_var( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, default: str = 'DAY') -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    1519def unit_to_var(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1520    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1521
    1522    if isinstance(unit, (exp.Var, exp.Placeholder)):
    1523        return unit
    1524    return exp.Var(this=default) if default else None

def map_date_part( part, dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType] = <class 'Dialect'>): View Source

    1539def map_date_part(part, dialect: DialectType = Dialect):
    1540    mapped = (
    1541        Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).DATE_PART_MAPPING.get(part.name.upper()) if part else None
    1542    )
    1543    return exp.var(mapped) if mapped else part

def no_last_day_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.LastDay) -> str: View Source

    1546def no_last_day_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str:
    1547    trunc_curr_date = exp.func("date_trunc", "month", expression.this)
    1548    plus_one_month = exp.func("date_add", trunc_curr_date, 1, "month")
    1549    minus_one_day = exp.func("date_sub", plus_one_month, 1, "day")
    1550
    1551    return self.sql(exp.cast(minus_one_day, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))

def merge_without_target_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Merge) -> str: View Source

    1554def merge_without_target_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Merge) -> str:
    1555    """Remove table refs from columns in when statements."""
    1556    alias = expression.this.args.get("alias")
    1557
    1558    def normalize(identifier: t.Optional[exp.Identifier]) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1559        return self.dialect.normalize_identifier(identifier).name if identifier else None
    1560
    1561    targets = {normalize(expression.this.this)}
    1562
    1563    if alias:
    1564        targets.add(normalize(alias.this))
    1565
    1566    for when in expression.args["whens"].expressions:
    1567        # only remove the target table names from certain parts of WHEN MATCHED / WHEN NOT MATCHED
    1568        # they are still valid in the <condition>, the right hand side of each UPDATE and the VALUES part
    1569        # (not the column list) of the INSERT
    1570        then: exp.Insert | exp.Update | None = when.args.get("then")
    1571        if then:
    1572            if isinstance(then, exp.Update):
    1573                for equals in then.find_all(exp.EQ):
    1574                    equal_lhs = equals.this
    1575                    if (
    1576                        isinstance(equal_lhs, exp.Column)
    1577                        and normalize(equal_lhs.args.get("table")) in targets
    1578                    ):
    1579                        equal_lhs.replace(exp.column(equal_lhs.this))
    1580            if isinstance(then, exp.Insert):
    1581                column_list = then.this
    1582                if isinstance(column_list, exp.Tuple):
    1583                    for column in column_list.expressions:
    1584                        if normalize(column.args.get("table")) in targets:
    1585                            column.replace(exp.column(column.this))
    1586
    1587    return self.merge_sql(expression)

Remove table refs from columns in when statements.

def build_json_extract_path( expr_type: Type[~F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False) -> Callable[[List], ~F]: View Source

    1590def build_json_extract_path(
    1591    expr_type: t.Type[F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False
    1592) -> t.Callable[[t.List], F]:
    1593    def _builder(args: t.List) -> F:
    1594        segments: t.List[exp.JSONPathPart] = [exp.JSONPathRoot()]
    1595        for arg in args[1:]:
    1596            if not isinstance(arg, exp.Literal):
    1597                # We use the fallback parser because we can't really transpile non-literals safely
    1598                return expr_type.from_arg_list(args)
    1599
    1600            text = arg.name
    1601            if is_int(text):
    1602                index = int(text)
    1603                segments.append(
    1604                    exp.JSONPathSubscript(this=index if zero_based_indexing else index - 1)
    1605                )
    1606            else:
    1607                segments.append(exp.JSONPathKey(this=text))
    1608
    1609        # This is done to avoid failing in the expression validator due to the arg count
    1610        del args[2:]
    1611        return expr_type(
    1612            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1613            expression=exp.JSONPath(expressions=segments),
    1614            only_json_types=arrow_req_json_type,
    1615        )
    1616
    1617    return _builder

def json_extract_segments( name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: Optional[str] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, Union[sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract, sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar]], str]: View Source

    1620def json_extract_segments(
    1621    name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: t.Optional[str] = None
    1622) -> t.Callable[[Generator, JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE], str]:
    1623    def _json_extract_segments(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    1624        path = expression.expression
    1625        if not isinstance(path, exp.JSONPath):
    1626            return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1627
    1628        escape = path.args.get("escape")
    1629
    1630        segments = []
    1631        for segment in path.expressions:
    1632            path = self.sql(segment)
    1633            if path:
    1634                if isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathPart) and (
    1635                    quoted_index or not isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathSubscript)
    1636                ):
    1637                    if escape:
    1638                        path = self.escape_str(path)
    1639
    1640                    path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}"
    1641
    1642                segments.append(path)
    1643
    1644        if op:
    1645            return f" {op} ".join([self.sql(expression.this), *segments])
    1646        return self.func(name, expression.this, *segments)
    1647
    1648    return _json_extract_segments

def json_path_key_only_name( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey) -> str: View Source

    1651def json_path_key_only_name(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str:
    1652    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.JSONPathWildcard):
    1653        self.unsupported("Unsupported wildcard in JSONPathKey expression")
    1654
    1655    return expression.name

def filter_array_using_unnest( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter) -> str: View Source

    1658def filter_array_using_unnest(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArrayFilter) -> str:
    1659    cond = expression.expression
    1660    if isinstance(cond, exp.Lambda) and len(cond.expressions) == 1:
    1661        alias = cond.expressions[0]
    1662        cond = cond.this
    1663    elif isinstance(cond, exp.Predicate):
    1664        alias = "_u"
    1665    else:
    1666        self.unsupported("Unsupported filter condition")
    1667        return ""
    1668
    1669    unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.this])
    1670    filtered = exp.select(alias).from_(exp.alias_(unnest, None, table=[alias])).where(cond)
    1671    return self.sql(exp.Array(expressions=[filtered]))

def to_number_with_nls_param( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber) -> str: View Source

    1674def to_number_with_nls_param(self: Generator, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1675    return self.func(
    1676        "TO_NUMBER",
    1677        expression.this,
    1678        expression.args.get("format"),
    1679        expression.args.get("nlsparam"),
    1680    )

def build_default_decimal_type( precision: Optional[int] = None, scale: Optional[int] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.expressions.DataType], sqlglot.expressions.DataType]: View Source

    1683def build_default_decimal_type(
    1684    precision: t.Optional[int] = None, scale: t.Optional[int] = None
    1685) -> t.Callable[[exp.DataType], exp.DataType]:
    1686    def _builder(dtype: exp.DataType) -> exp.DataType:
    1687        if dtype.expressions or precision is None:
    1688            return dtype
    1689
    1690        params = f"{precision}{f', {scale}' if scale is not None else ''}"
    1691        return exp.DataType.build(f"DECIMAL({params})")
    1692
    1693    return _builder

def build_timestamp_from_parts(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Func: View Source

    1696def build_timestamp_from_parts(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
    1697    if len(args) == 2:
    1698        # Other dialects don't have the TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS(date, time) concept,
    1699        # so we parse this into Anonymous for now instead of introducing complexity
    1700        return exp.Anonymous(this="TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS", expressions=args)
    1701
    1702    return exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list(args)

def sha256_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SHA2) -> str: View Source

    1705def sha256_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SHA2) -> str:
    1706    return self.func(f"SHA{expression.text('length') or '256'}", expression.this)

def sequence_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries | sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray) -> str: View Source

    1709def sequence_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.GenerateSeries | exp.GenerateDateArray) -> str:
    1710    start = expression.args.get("start")
    1711    end = expression.args.get("end")
    1712    step = expression.args.get("step")
    1713
    1714    if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
    1715        target_type = start.to
    1716    elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
    1717        target_type = end.to
    1718    else:
    1719        target_type = None
    1720
    1721    if start and end and target_type and target_type.is_type("date", "timestamp"):
    1722        if isinstance(start, exp.Cast) and target_type is start.to:
    1723            end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
    1724        else:
    1725            start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
    1726
    1727    return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)

def build_regexp_extract( expr_type: Type[~E]) -> Callable[[List, Dialect], ~E]: View Source

    1730def build_regexp_extract(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List, Dialect], E]:
    1731    def _builder(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> E:
    1732        return expr_type(
    1733            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1734            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    1735            group=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.number(dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP),
    1736            parameters=seq_get(args, 3),
    1737        )
    1738
    1739    return _builder

def explode_to_unnest_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Lateral) -> str: View Source

    1742def explode_to_unnest_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
    1743    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Explode):
    1744        return self.sql(
    1745            exp.Join(
    1746                this=exp.Unnest(
    1747                    expressions=[expression.this.this],
    1748                    alias=expression.args.get("alias"),
    1749                    offset=isinstance(expression.this, exp.Posexplode),
    1750                ),
    1751                kind="cross",
    1752            )
    1753        )
    1754    return self.lateral_sql(expression)

def timestampdiff_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff | sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff) -> str: View Source

    1757def timestampdiff_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DatetimeDiff | exp.TimestampDiff) -> str:
    1758    return self.func("TIMESTAMPDIFF", expression.unit, expression.expression, expression.this)

def no_make_interval_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval, sep: str = ', ') -> str: View Source

    1761def no_make_interval_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MakeInterval, sep: str = ", ") -> str:
    1762    args = []
    1763    for unit, value in expression.args.items():
    1764        if isinstance(value, exp.Kwarg):
    1765            value = value.expression
    1766
    1767        args.append(f"{value} {unit}")
    1768
    1769    return f"INTERVAL '{self.format_args(*args, sep=sep)}'"

def length_or_char_length_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Length) -> str: View Source

    1772def length_or_char_length_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1773    length_func = "LENGTH" if expression.args.get("binary") else "CHAR_LENGTH"
    1774    return self.func(length_func, expression.this)